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1.
Climate change is an apparent phenomenon affecting life in many aspects including crop production, so the assessment of its impact on crop production is urgently required to establish strategies and technologies to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Numerous efforts have been made to investigate the effects of climate change with emphases on elevated temperature and CO2 on crops, to assess climate change impact on crop production, and to develop application technologies for coping with climate change in a sustainable manner. This special issue of JCSB contains a collection of peer-reviewed research articles covering the impact of microclimate conditions on crop production (4 papers), modeling approaches for impact assessment (3 papers), and applications of crop science and biotechnology for climate change adaptation (3 papers). It is believed that this special issue will help crop scientists broaden their knowledge and understanding on climate change issues in crop production and facilitate research in crop science and biotechnology in battling against climate change to sustain current crop production and increase future crop production to feed ever continuously increasing human population.  相似文献   

2.
Food security is a major concern in China due to increasing nutritional demands, limited resources, and a changing and uncertain climate. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plays an important role in food security, whilst its yield is greatly influenced by climate change. Thus, it is critical to quantify changes in rice yield, determine the potential climatic conditions affecting yield variation, and identify strategies to counter the effects of climate change. Historical double-rice yields and climatic variables were analyzed in the major double-rice region of Southern China. Yield varied nonlinearly in most provinces, fluctuated more for late-rice, and exhibited stagnation in 1980–2012. During the growth stages, the mean temperature (Tmean) increased significantly at 75.1% of the stations examined (P < 0.05), while high inter-annual variation in precipitation (Prec) and radiation (Rad) decreased for 64.2% and 62.2% of stations. The joint effects of the three climatic variables increased yields of early- and late- rice by 0.51% and 2.83%, respectively. Climatic variation accounted for 40.04% and 29.72% of yield variability for early- and late-rice, respectively. Thus, double-rice production in Southern China is strongly affected by inter-annual climatic variation, requiring resilient farming practices to adapt to climate change and consequently enhance food security.  相似文献   

3.
气候变化背景下陕西关中西部作物气候生产潜力变化特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了研究气候变化背景下关中西部作物气候生产潜力变化规律,选用宝鸡市11个气象站1961—2010年温度、降水等气象资料,应用Tuynthwhite Memoral模式计算分析宝鸡地区作物气候生产力状况及其变化趋势。结果表明：关中西部气候生产力呈递减趋势;年及各季平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,降水量呈下降趋势;气候暖干化使作物气候生产潜力以35.69 kg/(hm2·10 a)的速率波动下降,降水是主要限制因子;气候生产力利用率平均为34.8%,作物生产有较大的发展潜力;未来气候情景下,“暖湿型”气候对区域作物生产最有利,平均增产幅度8.5%~22.5%,而“冷干型”气候对作物生产最不利,平均减产幅度为5.7%~20.8%。  相似文献   

4.
Effects of climate variability and change on yields of pearl millet have frequently been evaluated but yield responses to combined changes in crop management and climate are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to determine the combined effects of nutrient fertilization management and climatic variability on yield of pearl millet in the Republic of Niger. Considered fertilization treatments refer to (i) no fertilization and the use of (ii) crop residues, (iii) mineral fertilizer and (iv) a combination of both. A crop simulation model (DSSAT 4.5) was evaluated by using data from field experiments reported in the literature and applied to estimate pearl millet yields for two historical periods and under projected climate change. Combination of crop residues and mineral fertilizer resulted in higher pearl millet yields compared to sole application of crop residues or fertilizer. Pearl millet yields showed a strong response to mean temperature under all fertilization practices except the combined treatment in which yields showed higher correlation to precipitation. The crop model reproduced reported yields well including the detected sensitivity of crop yields to mean temperature, but underestimated the response of yields to precipitation for the treatments in which crop residues were applied. The crop model simulated yield declines due to projected climate change by −11 to −62% depending on the scenario and time period. Future crop yields in the combined crop residues + fertilizer treatment were still larger than crop yields in the control treatment with baseline climate, underlining the importance of crop management for climate change adaptation. We conclude that nutrient fertilization and other crop yield limiting factors need to be considered when analyzing and assessing the impact of climate variability and change on crop yields.  相似文献   

5.
The studies on anthropogenic climate change performed in the last decade over Europe show consistent projections of increases in temperature and different patterns of precipitation with widespread increases in northern Europe and decreases over parts of southern and eastern Europe. In many countries and in recent years there is a tendency towards cereal grain yield stagnation and increased yield variability. Some of these trends may have been influenced by the recent climatic changes over Europe.A set of qualitative and quantitative questionnaires on perceived risks and foreseen impacts of climate and climate change on agriculture in Europe was distributed to agro-climatic and agronomy experts in 26 countries. Europe was divided into 13 Environmental Zones (EZ). In total, we had 50 individual responses for specific EZ. The questionnaires provided both country and EZ specific information on the: (1) main vulnerabilities of crops and cropping systems under present climate; (2) estimates of climate change impacts on the production of nine selected crops; (3) possible adaptation options as well as (4) adaptation observed so far. In addition we focused on the overall awareness and presence of warning and decision support systems with relevance for adaptation to climate change.The results show that farmers across Europe are currently adapting to climate change, in particular in terms of changing timing of cultivation and selecting other crop species and cultivars. The responses in the questionnaires show a surprisingly high proportion of negative expectations concerning the impacts of climate change on crops and crop production throughout Europe, even in the cool temperate northern European countries.The expected impacts, both positive and negative, are just as large in northern Europe as in the Mediterranean countries, and this is largely linked with the possibilities for effective adaptation to maintain current yields. The most negative effects were found for the continental climate in the Pannonian zone, which includes Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania. This region will suffer from increased incidents of heat waves and droughts without possibilities for effectively shifting crop cultivation to other parts of the years. A wide range of adaptation options exists in most European regions to mitigate many of the negative impacts of climate change on crop production in Europe. However, considering all effects of climate change and possibilties for adaptation, impacts are still mostly negative in wide regions across Europe.  相似文献   

6.
Long-term field measured yield data provides good opportunity to assess the impacts of climate and management on crop production. This study used the yield results from a long-term field experiment (1979–2012) at Luancheng Experimental Station in the central part of the North China Plain (NCP) to analyze the seasonal yield variation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under the condition of sufficient water supply. The yield change of winter wheat over the last 33 growing seasons was divided into three time periods: the 1980s, the 1990s, and the years of 2001–2012. The grain yield of winter wheat during the 1980s was relative stable. During the 1990s, the annual yield of this crop was continuously increased by 193 kg/ha/year (P < 0.01). While for the past 12 years, yield of winter wheat was maintained at relative higher level, but with larger seasonal yield variation than that back in 1980s. CERES-Wheat model was calibrated and was used to verify the effects of management practices on grain yield. Seven scenarios were simulated with and without improvements in management. The simulated results show that the yield of winter wheat was decreased by 5.3% during 1990s and by 9.2% during the recent 12 seasons, compared with that during 1980s, under the scenario that the yield of winter wheat was solely affected by weather. Seasonal yield variation caused by weather factors was around −39% to 20%, indicating the great effects of weather on yearly yield variation. Yield improvement by cultivars was around 24.7% during 1990s and 52.0% during the recent 12 seasons compared with that during 1980s. The yield improvement by the increase in soil fertility and chemical fertilizer input was 7.4% and 6.8% during the two periods, respectively. The initial higher soil fertility and chemical fertilizer input might be the reasons that the responses of crop production to the further increase in chemical fertilizer were small during the simulation period. Correlation analysis of the grain yield from the field measured data with weather factors showed that sunshine hours and diurnal temperature difference (DTR) were positively, and relative humidity was negatively related to grain yield of winter wheat. The climatic change trends in this area showed that the DTR and sunshine hours were declining. This type of climatic change trend might further negatively affect winter wheat production in the future.  相似文献   

7.
Climatic conditions and hence climate change influence agriculture. Most studies that addressed the vulnerability of agriculture to climate change have focused on potential impacts without considering adaptation. When adaptation strategies are considered, socio-economic conditions and farm management are often ignored, but these strongly influence current farm performance and are likely to also influence adaptation to future changes. This study analysed the adaptation of farmers and regions in the European Union to prevailing climatic conditions, climate change and climate variability in the last decades (1990–2003) in the context of other conditions and changes. We compared (1) responses in crop yields with responses in farmers’ income, (2) responses to spatial climate variability with responses to temporal climate variability, (3) farm level responses with regional level responses and (4) potential climate impacts (based on crop models) with actual climate impacts (based on farm accountancy data). Results indicated that impacts on crop yields cannot directly be translated to impacts on farmers’ income, as farmers adapt by changing crop rotations and inputs. Secondly, the impacts of climatic conditions on spatial variability in crop yields and farmers’ income, with generally lower yields in warmer climates, is different from the impacts of temporal variability in climate, for which more heterogeneous patterns are observed across regions in Europe. Thirdly, actual impacts of climate change and variability are largely dependent on farm characteristics (e.g. intensity, size, land use), which influence management and adaptation. To accurately understand impacts and adaptation, assessments should consider responses at different levels of organization. As different farm types adapt differently, a larger diversity in farm types reduces impacts of climate variability at regional level, but certain farm types may still be vulnerable. Lastly, we observed that management and adaptation can largely reduce the potential impacts of climate change and climate variability on crop yields and farmers’ income. We conclude that for reliable projections of the impacts of climate change on agriculture, adaptation should not be seen anymore as a last step in a vulnerability assessment, but as integrated part of the models used to simulate crop yields, farmers’ income and other indicators related to agricultural performance.  相似文献   

8.
We investigated the impact of GCM-projected climate change on dryland crop rotations of wheat-fallow and wheat-corn-fallow in the Central Great Plains (Akron in Colorado, USA) using the CERES 4.0 crop modules in RZWQM2. The climate change scenarios for CO2, temperature, and precipitation were produced by 22 GCM projections for Colorado based on the A1B scenario. The climate change for years 2050 and 2075 was super-imposed on measured 30-year-baseline climate data (1989–2008). For all the cropping rotations and projection years, simulated yields of wheat and corn decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing temperatures. The yield declines due to the elevated temperatures should be attributable to the shortening of crop maturity duration and concurrent decreases in soil water and evapotranspiration. The model was also projected to decrease crop yields for the combined climate change scenarios of CO2, temperature, and precipitation in the dryland cropping rotations.  相似文献   

9.
为合理利用气候资源,提高农作物生产潜力提供科学依据,利用柴达木盆地1991—2017年气温、降水量和主要农作物（小麦、油菜）产量等资料,应用数理统计方法,分析了该区近27年来主要的气候因子（气温和降水）、作物产量的变化特征以及气候因子对农作物产量的影响。结果表明：（1）1991—2017年柴达木盆地年平均气温升高显著,升温率为0.5℃/10 a,降水呈略增加趋势,增幅为16.5 mm/10 a,气候趋于暖湿化。（2）农作物产量增加趋势明显,小麦平均每年增加73.0 kg/hm 2,油菜平均每年增加37.9 kg/hm 2;相对气象产量小麦年际正负变化较明显,油菜年际正负变化较频繁。（3）农作物产量与年平均气温、年降水量存在着显著的相关性,气温每升高1.0℃,小麦产量增加845.8 kg/hm 2,油菜产量增加454.5 kg/hm 2;降水量每增加10 mm,小麦产量增加140.0 kg/hm 2,油菜产量增加74.0 kg/hm 2,气温对农作物产量影响较降水大。  相似文献   

10.
气候变异对内蒙古武川县麦类作物产量的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
【研究目的】内蒙古武川县位于阴山北麓农牧交错带温凉旱区,是春小麦、莜麦等喜凉作物的适宜产地,但由于气候的年际波动,产量低而不稳。通过分析产量与气候的关系,可采取措施减轻潜在的气候风险。【方法】笔者根据产量统计资料、生育期观测资料和历年气象数据,用相关分析法分析各时期平均温度、日照时数、降水量三个气候因子对春小麦、莜麦产量的影响,建立多因子产量评估模式。【结果】结果表明,武川小麦和莜麦的丰歉与生长季各月的平均气温及其总和呈负相关,与生长季各月降水量及生长季降水之和呈正相关,与日照时数关系不显著。通过找出影响产量丰歉的气象指标因子进行多元回归分析,得出产量的评价模型,可用于武川县麦类作物产量丰歉年评估。【结论】研究认为,气候暖干化将增加武川麦类作物生产的气候风险  相似文献   

11.
In the past decade, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) has become the world’s most important oil crop. The large demand for palm oil has resulted in a rapid expansion of oil palm cultivation across the globe. Because of the dwindling availability of land in Southeast Asia, most expansion of the industry is expected in Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa, where land with suitable agro-ecological conditions is available. Using Ghana as a case study, a method for evaluating areas that are both suitable and available for oil palm production is presented. Our assessment used spatial data and GIS techniques, and showed that areas with suitable climatic conditions (annual average water deficit <400 mm) is about 20% greater than was previously identified. The observed differences are the result of using different methods to determine suitability, and climate change. A major climatic factor limiting suitability for oil palm production in Ghana is the annual water deficit, with the most suitable areas located in the rainforest and semi-deciduous forest zones with higher rainfall in southern Ghana. Opportunities for large-scale oil palm plantation development is limited, however, because of the lack of availability of large and contiguous tracts of land that are required for commercial plantation oil palm development. A feasible strategy for oil palm expansion is therefore smallholder production, which can make use of smaller parcels of land. Alternatively, oil palm production in Ghana can be increased by yield intensification on land already planted to oil palm. This can also reduce the requirement for further land clearance for new plantations to meet the growing demand for palm oil. Such assessments will be essential for guiding government policy makers and investors considering investments in oil palm development.  相似文献   

12.
The possible impact of climate change on frequency and severity of weather extremes is hotly debated among climate scientists. Weather extremes can have a significant impact on agricultural production, but their effect is often unclear; this due to interaction with other factors that affect yield and due to lack of precise definitions of relevant weather extremes. We show that an empirical analysis of historical yields can help to identifying such rare, high impact climate events. A reconstructed time series of ware potato production in Flevoland (The Netherlands) over the last 60 years (1951-2010) enabled us to identify the two main yield affecting weather extremes. In around 10% of the years yield anomalies were larger than −20%. We found that these anomalies could be explained from two weather extremes (and no other), namely a wet start of the growing season and wet end of the growing season. We derived quantitative, meteorological definitions of these extremes. Climate change scenarios for 2050 show either no change or increased frequency of the two extremes. We demonstrate there is large uncertainty about past and future frequencies of the extremes, caused by a lack of sufficiently long historical weather records and uncertainties in climate change projections on precipitation. The approach to identify weather extremes presented here is generally applicable and shows the importance of long term crop and weather observations for investigating key climatic risks to production.  相似文献   

13.
近 50年气候变化对中国小麦生产潜力的影响分析   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  
为了定量评估气候变化背景下中国小麦生产潜力变化主要特征和气候归因,将1961-2010年分为1961-1990年和1991-2010年2个时段,对比分析近50年气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化,并基于IIASA最新开发的农业生态区模型AEZ 3.0模拟气候变化对中国小麦生产潜力的影响.结果表明,由于热量、水分条件以及小麦生育期的变化,近50年中国雨养和灌溉小麦单产潜力增加的区域主要为东北、华北和四川盆地,单产潜力减少的区域为西北和东南地区.中国冬小麦的适宜区域出现较明显的北扩南收态势,而雨养春小麦适宜面积在中国半湿润半干旱的过渡带显著减少.全国雨养小麦总生产潜力减少5％,而灌溉小麦总生产潜力变化不大.东北区域雨养和灌溉小麦总生产潜力增加都最为明显,是气候变化背景下实现中国小麦增产的重点区域.中国小麦生产需要合理利用气候资源和优化布局,以适应气候变化带来的影响.  相似文献   

14.
In this study we report the results obtained from an island-wide survey aimed at researching an under-emphasized key feature of climate change adaptation—namely willingness to adapt on the basis of the perceptions and beliefs held by the Gozitan livestock and crop farmers. Some of the main objectives of this study included the: (1) determination of whether the current perception is in line with the observed climatic changes at the local scale, and (2) identification of the typology of these farmers, together with those factors that affect both skepticism and acceptance of climate change. This study provided an important first step in the objective validation of local farmers' perceptions of climate change, as well as in the development of a comprehensive understanding of their attitude, beliefs, willingness and capacity to adjust their practices in response to climate change. The results pointed to several important conclusions that can be used to inform research, outreach strategies and policy formulation, targeting the Gozitan farming sector to adapt to climate change without delay. The forgoing analysis showed a dire need for more information both on impacts and risks, as well as on ways how to introduce new farming techniques and practices.  相似文献   

15.
Climate change is expected to affect agricultural crop production in the Philippines. Several studies were already done to quantify the effect of climate change on agricultural crop production in the country. Most of these studies focus only on the effect of climate change on crop yield. This study estimated the effect of climate change on the area (suitable area) for corn production. Using the Land Use Suitability Evaluation Tool (LUSET), change in corn suitability in the province of Isabela was estimated for the years 2050, 2060, and 2070. Based on the results, climate change will negatively impact corn suitability in the province. Decreasing trend in corn suitability rating was observed due to increasing temperature resulting to loss of highly suitable areas for corn production. For example, during the first cropping season the estimated average decreases in suitability scores due to an increase in temperature were 6.7, 11.4, and 20.7% in the years 2050, 2060, and 2070, respectively. These decreases in suitability resulted in the loss of 6,777 ha highly suitable areas for corn production.  相似文献   

16.
Crop models are suitable tools to assess the potential impacts of climate change on crop productivity. While the associated assessment reports have been focused on major rice production regions, there is little information on how climate change will impact the future rice crop production in mountainous highland regions. This study investigated effects of climate change on yield of paddy rice (Oryza sativa) in mountainous highland terrains of Korea using the CERES-Rice 4.0 crop model. The model was first calibrated and validated based on observed data and then applied to simulations for the future projections of rice yield in a typical mountainous terrain which borders North and South Korea, the Haean Basin in Kangwon Province, Republic of Korea. Rice yield in the highland terrain was projected to increase by 2050 and 2100 primarily due to elevated CO2 concentration. This effect of CO2 fertilization on yield (+10.9% in 2050 and +20.0% in 2100) was also responsible for increases in water-use efficiency and nitrogen-use efficiency. With management options, such as planting date shift and increasing nitrogen application, additional yield gains were predicted in response to the future climate in this area. We also found that improving genetic traits should be another option to get further yield increases. All in all, climate change in mountainous highland areas should positively influence on paddy rice productivity.  相似文献   

17.
气候变化对中国粮食生产的影响已得到高度关注,并形成了诸多研究成果,但影响的评估结果存在一定的争议。笔者对21世纪以来百篇国内外相关高质量文献进行整合梳理,总结讨论了气候变化对中国粮食生产的影响。研究表明：（1）1961年以来气候变化主要通过影响作物生长发育、引起种植结构改变、导致农业病虫害和气象灾害加剧的方式影响了中国的粮食生产,影响结果正负共存,总体上呈负效应,且气温升高的负效应最为显著。（2）气候变化对粮食生产的影响存在地域差异,在东北、西北绿洲等高纬度地区,气温升高改善了区域热量条件,粮食产量有增加趋势;在华北平原、南方稻区、西南地区和西北旱作区,气温升高缩短了作物生育期,加上降水变化,导致区域的粮食产量下降。（3）不考虑CO2肥效作用,未来气候变化很可能造成粮食产量下降,且小麦的减产幅度可能高于水稻和玉米;考虑CO2肥效作用,负面影响将会减弱,并可能对东北地区的水稻和华北平原的小麦产生正面影响。  相似文献   

18.
Simulation models, informed and validated with datasets from long term experiments (LTEs), are considered useful tools to explore the effects of different management strategies on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and evaluate suitable mitigative options for climate change. But, while there are several studies which assessed a better prediction of crop yields using an ensemble of models, no studies are currently available on the evaluation of a model ensemble on SOC stocks. In this study we assessed the advantages of using an ensemble of crop models (APSIM-NWheat, DSSAT, EPIC, SALUS), calibrated and validated with datasets from LTEs, to estimate SOC dynamics. Then we used the mean of the model ensemble to assess the impacts of climate change on SOC stocks under conventional (CT) and conservation tillage practices (NT: No Till; RT: Reduced Tillage). The assessment was completed for two long-term experiment sites (Agugliano – AN and Pisa – PI2 sites) in Italy under rainfed conditions. A durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) – maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system was evaluated under two different climate scenarios over the periods 1971–2000 (CP: Present Climate) and 2021–2050 (CF: Future Climate), generated by setting up a statistical model based on canonical correlation analysis. Our study showed a decrease of SOC stocks in both sites and tillage systems over CF when compared with CP. At the AN site, CT lost −7.3% and NT −7.9% of SOC stock (0–40 cm) under CF. At the PI2 site, CT lost −4.4% and RT −5.3% of SOC stocks (0–40 cm). Even if conservation tillage systems were more impacted under future scenarios, they were still able to store more SOC than CT, so that these practices can be considered viable options to mitigate climate change. Furthermore, at the AN site, under CF, NT demonstrated an annual increase of 0.4%, the target value suggested by the 4 per thousand initiative launched at the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties in Paris. However, RT at the PI2 needs to be coupled with other management strategies, as the introduction of cover crops, to achieve such target.  相似文献   

19.
气候变化对湖南主要农作物种植结构的影响   总被引：10，自引：8，他引：2  
基于湖南省97个地面气象观测站1961－2008年逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、降水量、日照时数等气象观测资料,选择最佳小网格推算模型推算出500m×500m的高空间分辨率的网格序列资料;基于双季稻、油菜、棉花、柑桔、油茶、烟草等主要农作物生长条件及相关区划研究成果,确立相应农作物种植适宜性气候区划指标;结合地理信息资料,运用GIS技术,开展主要农作物种植适宜性动态气候区划。结果表明：气候变化对湖南主要农作物种植结构均有一定的影响,对双季稻的影响主要表现为熟性搭配区的变化,对油菜、油茶、柑桔的影响主要是最适宜种植面积增大,对棉花、烟草的影响主要最适宜种植面积减少。针对气候变化对湖南主要农作物种植适宜性的影响及相应农作物种植适宜性的气候区划结果,提出应对建议为：充分利用滨湖平原、河谷平原和盆地气候资源,扩大复种指数,提高单位面积产量;充分利用山地气候资源,做大做强湖南油茶产业;充分利用区域气候资源,打造湖南柑桔品牌;充分利用小气候资源,发展湘西、湘南特色烟叶。  相似文献   

20.
Under irrigated Mediterranean conditions, no-tillage permanent bed planting (PB) is a promising agriculture system for improving soil protection and for soil carbon sequestration. However, soil compaction may increase with time up to levels that reduce crop yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mid-term effects of PB on soil compaction, root growth, crop yield and carbon sequestration compared with conventionally tilled bed planting (CB) and with a variant of PB that had partial subsoiling (DPB) in a Typic Xerofluvents soil (Soil Survey Staff, 2010) in southern Spain. Traffic was controlled during the whole study and beds, and furrows with (F + T) and without traffic (F − T), were spatially distinguished during measurements. Comparisons were made during a crop sequence of maize (Zea mays L.)—cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)—maize, corresponding to years 4–6 since trial establishment. After six years, soil compaction was higher in PB than in CB, particularly under the bed (44 and 27% higher in top 0.3- and 0.6-m soil layers, respectively). Around this time, maize root density at early grain filling was 17% lower in PB than in CB in the top 0.6-m layer. In DPB, the subsoiling operation was not effective in increasing root density. Nevertheless, root density appeared to maintain above-ground growth and yield in both PB and DPB compared to CB. Furthermore, at the end of the study, more soil organic carbon was stocked in PB than in CB and the difference increased significantly with a depth down to 0.5 m (5.7 Mg ha−1 increment for the top 0.5-m soil layer). Residues tended to accumulate on furrows, and this resulted in spatial and temporal differences in superficial soil organic carbon concentration (SOC) in the permanent planting systems. In PB, SOC in the top 0.05-m layer increased with time faster in furrows than on beds, and reached higher stable values (1.67 vs. 1.09% values, respectively). In CB, tillage homogenized the soil and reduced SOC in the top 0.05-m layer (average stable value of 0.96% on average for beds and furrows).  相似文献   

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