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1.
Summary Fifty-six isolates of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium spp. (Cajanus) were studied for their plasmid profile and N2-fixation efficacy. One to three plasmids were reproducibly detected in all the Rhizobium spp. strains but no plasmid was detected in the Bradyrhizobium spp. strains. Rhizobium sp. strain P-1 was mutagenized by Tn5 and three nod– and six nod+fix– were screened for symbiotic parameters. Neomycin-sensitive mutants were isolated by elevated temperatrue (40°C) from tranconjugants carrying Tn5 insertions. The high temperature cured these mutants from the single large plasmid present in the parent strain P-1. All these cured mutants were nod–, indicating that the genes for nodulation were present on this plasmid, which is readily cured at a high temperature (40°C). The high temperature in the semi-arid zones of Haryana could be responsible for the low nodulation of pigeonpea because the plasmid carrying the nodulation genes is cured at 40°–45°C giving rise to non-nodulating mutants.  相似文献   

2.
Summary Two Australian Acacia species, A. mangium and A. auriculiformis were inoculated in vitro with eight strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. and two strains of Rhizobium spp. On the two plant species, only Bradyrhizobium spp. strains formed effective N2-fixing nodules. A. mangium, which nodulates effectively with a restricted range of Bradyrhizobium spp. strains, is a specific host compared to A. auriculiformis. A. auriculiformis is assumed to be a promiscuous host because it nodulates effectively with a wide range of Bradyrhizobium spp. strains. Nodule efficiency as expressed by the ratio of N2 fixed to nodule dry weight appeared to be higher in A. auriculiformis (0.44–0.81) than in A. mangium (0.23–0.55).  相似文献   

3.
Summary Experiments were conducted to determine the extent to which populations of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain Tal 209SR were suppressed by the antagonistic activity of a Streptomyces sp. isolated from a highly weathered tropical soil. The activity of the actinomycete was evaluated in culture medium in the presence or absence of clay minerals and in the soil from which the actinomycete was isolated after sterilization by gamma-irradiation. The presence of the actinomycete in culture medium was associated with a significant reduction in the density of Bradyrhizobium sp. (Tal 209SR). Nevertheless, the density of the Bradyrhizobium sp. surviving in the medium in the presence of the actinomycete was much higher than that normally observed when comparable densities of rhizobia are introduced into non-sterile soils. The presence of the antagonistic actinomycete in culture medium was associated with a drastic decrease in the optical density of the medium. This decrease was accompanied by a significant decrease in the insoluble exopolysaccharide content of the medium in addition to the significant decrease in bradyrhizobial cells. The actinomycete did not appear to significantly influence the growth and survival of the test Bradyrhizobium sp. in sterile soil. The inability of the actinomycete to significantly antagonize the test bacterium in sterile soil was not adequately explained by the presence of clay minerals.Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Journal Series No. 3129  相似文献   

4.
Summary Chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.) and their symbiosis with specific strains of Rhizobium spp. were examined under salt stress. The growth of rhizobia declined with NaCl concentrations increasing from 0.01 to 2% (w : v). Two Rhizobium spp. strains (F-75 and KG 31) tolerated 1.5% NaCl. Of the 10 chickpea cultivars examined, only three (Pusa 312, Pusa 212, and Pusa 240) germinated at 1.5% NaCl. The chickpea — Rhizobium spp. symbiosis was examined in the field, with soil varying in salinity from electrical conductivity (EC) 4.5 to EC 5.2 dSm-1, to identify combinations giving satisfactory yields. Significant interactions between strains and cultivars caused differential yields of nodules, dry matter, and grain. Four chickpea — Rhizobium spp. combinations, Pusa 240 and F-75 (660 kg ha-1), Pusa 240 and IC 76 (440 kg ha-1), Pusa 240 and KG 31 (390 kg ha-1), and Pusa 312 and KG 31 (380 kg ha-1), produced significantly higher grain yields in saline soil.  相似文献   

5.
Summary Antibiotic-resistant Rhizobium spp. strains have been used in ecological studies of legumerhizobia symbiosis. It has been suggested that in the course of acquiring resistance against high doses of antibiotics, rhizobia might lose their symbiotic effectiveness. Evidence both for and against this argument has been presented (Kremer and Peterson 1982; Materon and Hagedron 1983). This communication reports our experience with streptomycin-resistant (Str+) mutants of chickpea Rhizobium spp. strains. Parent strains were used as controls.Research paper No. 5233 from the Experiment Station, G.B.P.U.A.&T. Pantnagar, Nainital  相似文献   

6.
Developmentally specific expression of Rhizobium spp. genes involved in symbiotic N2 fixation is known to operate through cascade regulation of various nif and fix operons. Fusion constructs of lacZ under symbiotic promoters P1 (for nifHDK operon) and P2 (for fixABCX operon) of Rhizobium meliloti were mobilized into Rhizobium spp. (Cicer) strains Rcd301 and RCR13. The assays for -galactosidase activity to monitor the expression of lacZ under these promoters was performed in host backgrounds of Escherichia coli, R. meliloti, and Rhizobium spp. (Cicer). The enzyme assays indicated significant levels of expression from P1 and P2 promoters in chickpea rhizobia, specifically in symbiotic cells from nodules. However, as in R. meliloti, these promoters did not induce strong expression in free-living cells of Rhizobium spp. (Cicer). This indicates functional homology of R. meliloti promoters in rhizobium spp. (Cicer). Functional cross-reactivity of trans regulatory factors like NtrA, NtrC, and NifA between these rhizobia seems evident from the nodule-specific expression of P1 and P2 cis elements.  相似文献   

7.
The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize rhizobial strains from root nodules of cultivated legumes, i.e. chickpea, mungbean, pea and siratro. Preliminary characterization of these isolates was done on the basis of plant infectivity test, acetylene reduction assay, C-source utilization, phosphate solubilization, phytohormones and polysaccharide production. The plant infectivity test and acetylene reduction assay showed effective root nodule formation by all the isolates on their respective hosts, except for chickpea isolate Ca-18 that failed to infect its original host. All strains showed homology to a typical Rhizobium strain on the basis of growth pattern, C-source utilization and polysaccharide production. The strain Ca-18 was characterized by its phosphate solubilization and indole acetic acid (IAA) production. The genetic relationship of the six rhizobial strains was carried out by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) including a reference strain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum TAL-102. Analysis conducted with 60 primers discriminated between the strains of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium in two different clusters. One of the primers, OPB-5, yielded a unique RAPD pattern for the six strains and well discriminated the non-nodulating chickpea isolate Ca-18 from all the other nodulating rhizobial strains. Isolate Ca-18 showed the least homology of 15% and 18% with Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, respectively, and was probably not a (Brady)rhizobium strain. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for MN-S, TAL-102 and Ca-18 strains showed 97% homology between MN-S and TAL-102 strains, supporting the view that they were strains of B. japonicum species. The non-infective isolate Ca-18 was 67% different from the other two strains and probably was an Agrobacterium strain.  相似文献   

8.
We constructed lacZ fusions in Rhizobium sp. (Cicer) by random Tn5-lacZ mutagenesis. The lacZ+ fusants formed blue colonies on a Rhizobial minimal medium containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl--D-galactopyranoside (X-gal). Rhizobium sp. (Cicer) fusant HSL-2 was identified in nodules and soil in a mixed population on the basis of the lacZ+ phenotype. Nodule occupancy of inoculated Rhizobium sp. (Cicer) HSL-2 (lacZ+) was assessed by directly streaking the nodule sap on X-gal plates. This method revealed differences between rhizobia carrying identical antibiotic markers. The rhizobial population in soil was estimated by direct plate counts using a medium containing X-gal. Introduction of lacZ into the Rhizobium sp. thus provided a simple and direct method for identifying strains from nodules and soil.  相似文献   

9.
Summary Variation in nodulation and N2 fixation by the Gliricidia sepium/Rhizobium spp. symbiosis was studied in two greenhouse experiments. The first included 25 provenances of G. sepium inoculated with a mixture of three strains of Rhizobium spp. N2 fixation was measured using the 15N isotope dilution method 12 weeks after planting. On average, G. sepium derived 45% of its total N from atmospheric N2. Significant differences in fixation were observed between provenances. The percentage of N derived from atmospheric N2 ranged from 26 to 68% (equivalent to 18–62 mg N plant-1) and was correlated with total N in the plant (r=0.70; P=0.05). The second experiment included six strains of Rhizobium spp. and two methods of inoculation and the plants were harvested 14,35 and 53 weeks after planting. In the first harvest significant differences were found between the number of nodules and the percentage and amount of N2 fixed. There was also a significant correlation between the number of nodules and the amount of N2 fixed (r=0.92; P=0.05). In the final harvest no correlation was observed, although there were significant differences between the number of nodules and the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere. The amount of N2 fixed increased with time (from an average of 27% at the first harvest to 58% at the final harvest) and was influenced by the Rhizobium spp. strain and the method of inoculation. It ranged from 36% for Rhizobium sp. strain SP 14 to 71% for Rhizobium SP 44 at the last harvest. Values for the percentage of atmosphere derived N2 obtained by soil inoculation were slightly higher than those obtained by seed inoculation.  相似文献   

10.
We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.  相似文献   

11.
The interactions between Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium spp. strains nodulating P. vulgaris, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were assessed under greenhouse conditions in a nonsterilized Typic Haplustalf soil from Cauca, Colombia. Our results indicate a specific involvement of AM fungal species in nitrogen acquisition by the legume plants from symbiotic nitrogen fixation and from soil. A significant specific influence of inoculation with Glomus spp. on the 15N/14N ratio in plant shoots was dependent on the inoculated rhizobial strain, but AM fungal inoculation had no significant effect on shoot dry weight or nodule occupancy in the two different rhizobial strain treatments. The results imply that in low P soils the effects of an improved mycorrhizal symbiosis may include improved symbiotic N2 fixation efficiency and/or improved soil N uptake. Received: 11 May 1996  相似文献   

12.
Summary Soil solarization greatly reduced the native chickpea Rhizobium population. With inoculation, it was possible to increase the population of the Rhizobium in solarized plots. In the 1st year, 47% nodulation was obtained with chickpea inoculant strain IC 59 when introduced with a cereal crop 2 weeks after the soil solarization and having a native Rhizobium count of <10 g-1 soil, and only 13% when introduced 16 weeks after solarization at the time the chickpeas were sown, with 2.0×102 native rhizobia g-1 soil. In the non-solarized plots inoculated with 5.6×103 native rhizobia g-1 soil, only 6% nodulation was obtained with the inoculant. In the succeeding year, non-inoculated chickpea was grown on the same plots without any solarization or Rhizobium inoculation. The treatment that showed good establishment of the inoculant strain in year 1 formed 68% inoculant nodules. Other treatments indicated a further reduction in inoculant success, from 1%–13% to 1%–9%. Soil solarization thus allowed an inoculant strain to successfully displace the high native population in the field and can serve as a research tool to compare strains in the field, irrespective of competitive ability. In year 1, Rhizobium inoculation of chickpea gave increased nodulation and increased plant growth 20 and 51 days after sowing, and increased dry matter, grain yield, and grain protein yield at maturity. These beneficial effects of inoculation on plant growth and yield were not measured in the 2nd year.Submitted as Journal Article No. JA 945 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India  相似文献   

13.
We studied the effect of bacteria involved in rock phosphate (four isolates), iron phosphate (two isolates), and aluminium phosphate (two isolates) solubilization, and two phytate-mineralizing bacteria in terms of their interaction with two Glomus spp. on Pueraria phaseoloides growth and nutrition. The plant —Rhizobium sp. — mucorrhiza symbiosis system may increase in yield and nutrition in association with specific rhizosphere bacteria that solubilize calcium, iron, and aluminium phosphates. No benefit from phytate-mineralizing bacteria was found under these experimental conditions. P. phaseloides growth responses were influenced in different ways by specific combinations of the selected bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Considerable stimulation of nutrient uptake was observed with fungus-bacteria combinations of Azospirillum sp. 1, Bacillus sp. 1 or Enterobacter (spp. 1 or 2) associated with G. mosseae. The fact that Bacillus sp. 1, a calcium-phosphate solubilizing isolate, positively interacted with G. mosseae and negatively with G. fasciculatum is an indication of specific functional compatibility between the biotic components integrated in the system. From our results, the interactions between bacterial groups able to solubilize specific phosphate and mycorrhizal fungi cannot be interpreted as occurring only via P solubilization mechanisms since no generalized effect was obtained. Iron-phosphate solubilizing microorganisms were more active alone than in dual associations with Glomus sp., but the aluminium-phosphate dissolving isolates positively interacted in mycorrhizal plants. Further work is needed in this area in order to elucidate the mechanisms that affect rhizosphere microorganism interactions. G. mosseae was more effective but less infective than G. fasciculatum in most of the combined treatments.  相似文献   

14.
Summary We investigated the reliability of antibiotic resistance and colony morphology of clones of a Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus) strain for strain identification in nodulation competitiveness experiments in soil. There was no difference in nodulation competitiveness between the wild type strain and each of five mutants resistant to streptomycin and spectinomycin at the time of their isolation from antibiotic-containing media. However, these mutants were significantly less competitive when tested 4 months later. The apparent instability of the newly isolated mutants and their subsequently decreased nodulation competitiveness show that mutants must be examined carefully after being allowed time to stabilize. Two clones of the Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus) strain that differed in colony morphology on yeast mannitol medium did not differ in antigenic properties, whole cell protein electrophoresis profiles, mean cell generation times in yeast mannitol medium, N2-fixing ability, nodulation of Lotus pedunculatus in growth pouches, or in nodulation competitiveness. Both clones retained their colony morphology after numerous transfers on yeast mannitol agar over 3 years and after at least 6 months in soil. A limiting factor, which may restrict the use of colony morphology as a marker for strain identification in competition experiments, is the problem of detecting double-infected nodules when the small colony type comprises a relatively small portion of the total nodule population.  相似文献   

15.
species were isolated from the rhizosphere of green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] and some of the rhizobacterial isolates were found to have a wide range of antifungal activity inhibiting growth of the phytopathogenic fungi Aspergillus sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani in culture. These isolates also showed slight inhibition of the growth of a Bradyrhizobium strain (Vigna) in a spot test which was mainly a result of nutrient competition as culture supernatants of the Pseudomonas isolates did not inhibit the growth of bradyrhizobia but inhibited the growth of fungi. The rhizobacterial isolates produced siderophores in Fe-deficient succinate medium. However, the inhibition of fungal growth by different Pseudomonas isolates in Luria Bertani and King's medium B which were not limiting in Fe3+ ions suggested that, besides siderophores, other antifungal compounds (antibiotics) produced by these rhizobacteria were involved in antagonism. On coinoculation of green gram with Pseudomonas strains MRS13 and MRS16 and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Vigna) strain S24, there was a significant increase in nodule weight, plant dry weight and total plant N as compared to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium strain S24 alone, suggesting that the nodule-promoting effects of Pseudomonas sp. lead to an increase in symbiotic N fixation and plant growth. Received: 27 October 1997  相似文献   

16.
Summary Once symbiosis between the pigeonpea cultivar ICPL 227 and the Rhizobium sp. strain IC 3024 is established, it is efficient in fixing N2 under saline conditions and can support growth comparable to N-fed plants in growth media with up to 6 dS m-1 salinity. However, the early stages of establishment of the pigeonpea-IC 3024 symbiotic system have proved sensitive to salinity. The present study showed that the number of nodules was markedly reduced at 8 dS m-1 salinity; however, nodule development and functioning were not affected by salinity in the pigeonpea-IC 3024 symbiosis. The symbiotic system of Atylosia platycarpa and Rhizobium sp. strain IC 3087 was established successfully even at 12 dS m-1 and supported growth comparable to that of N-fed plants. P levels in leaves were increased under saline conditions in N-fed and N2-fixing pigeonpea and A. platycarpa. There were no consistent differences in the leaf Na and chloride levels between N-fed and N2-fixing plants of pigeonpea and A. platycarpa. The present study suggests that the rhizobial symbiosis may not be a necessary factor for initial screening of pigeonpea and related wild species for salinity tolerance.Submitted as JA No. 964 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)  相似文献   

17.
The comparative symbiotic properties of Rhizobium spp. and Bradyrhizobium spp. strains infecting pigeon pea were evaluated. Bradyrhizobium strains (Cajanus) were found to be superior to Rhizobium strains (Cajanus) and the superiority was ascertained to be due to the higher enzyme activity of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in comparison to Rhizobium spp. strains. Moreover, metabolic superiority or rapid growth rate does not necessarily correlate with symbiotic effectiveness. The symbiotic performance of isolates varied with the host cultivar. The dry matter accumulation could be correlated with the total acetylene reduction activities rather than nodule number or nodule fresh weight per plant. Received: 3 March 1993  相似文献   

18.
利用微生物防除根寄生杂草列当   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
根寄生杂草列当(Orobanche spp.)已经严重制约全球许多地区的农业发展,寻找有效防除措施迫在眉睫。由于列当具有特殊生活史且与寄主关系密切,常规防除杂草措施难以达到理想防效。目前,尚无既能有效防除列当又不对寄主造成危害且便于大规模推广应用的列当防除措施。在众多列当防除措施中,微生物防除越来越引起关注和重视。本文对微生物防除列当的国内外研究进展及防除机理进行了综述。目前,列当生防微生物的研究主要集中在镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)等列当病原菌和根瘤菌(Rhizobium spp.)等列当寄主植物共生菌上。微生物防除列当的机制主要包括两方面:一是通过产生代谢产物直接影响列当的萌发和生长,或通过降解列当种子萌发诱导物质间接影响列当的萌发;二是通过提高寄主植物自身对列当的抗性间接影响列当的寄生和生长。此外,本文还重点介绍了植物土传病害的土壤拮抗微生物防除列当杂草的可行性及研究进展。植物土传病害病原菌和列当均首先通过在地下侵染作物的根系进而危害作物正常生长,而作物抗土传病害的机理也与抗列当的机理类似。因此,存在于土壤中具有防治植物土传病害能力的微生物可能也具有防除根寄生杂草列当的功能。本团队前期试验从植物土传病害的土壤拮抗微生物中筛选到在盆栽试验中能够有效防除向日葵列当(O.cumana Wallr.)和瓜列当(O.aegyptiaca Pers.)的放线菌各1株,分别为淡紫褐链霉菌(Streptomyces enissocaesilis Sveshnikova)和密旋链霉菌(Streptomyces pactum Bhuyan B.K)。其中,密旋链霉菌的菌剂在田间试验中既降低了瓜列当的出土数量又增加了番茄的产量。总之,微生物是防除根寄生杂草列当的一条有效途径。  相似文献   

19.
A cowpea rhizobiophage (JRW 3 phage) from Jamaican soil was isolated and characterized. The phage has a polyhedral head and a non-contractile tail; maximum adsorption of the phage to the host occurred after 5 min. A one-step growth experiment revealed that the latent period, rise period and burst size of JRW3 phage were 12 h, 16 h, and 28 plaque-forming units/cell, respectively. The JRW 3 phage was highly sensitive to heat, but survived well between pH 5 and 8. The phage was stable in EDTA, though completely inactivated in sodium citrate. Host range analysis showed that 7 of the 40Rhizobium andBradyrhizobium strains tested were sensitive to phage infection. The phage significantly reduced nodule numbers and shoot dry weight of cowpea plants when inoculated with rhizobia in combination with the phage.  相似文献   

20.
The efficiency of 13 phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB; four Burkholderia sp., five Enterobacter sp., and four Bradyrhizobium sp.) was assessed in a soil plate assay by evaluating soil phosphorus (P) availability. A commercial argentine strain, Pseudomonas fluorescens, was used for comparing solubilizing activity. Burkholderia sp. PER2F, Enterobacter sp. PER3G, and Bradyrhizobium sp. PER2H strains solubilized the largest quantities of P in the soil plate assay after 60 days as compared with the other strains, including the commercial one. The effect of PSB inoculation on growth and nutrient uptake of soybean plants was also studied under greenhouse conditions. Plants inoculated with Burkholderia sp. PER2F had the highest aerial height and showed an appropriate N/P ratio. However, none of the PSB increased P uptake by plants. This suggests that PSB inoculation does not necessarily improve P nutrition in soybean, nor was there any relationship between P availability in the soil plate assay and P content in the soybean shoot in the greenhouse. We concluded that the selection of efficient PSB strains as possible inoculation tools for P-deficient soils should focus on the integral interpretation of soil assays, greenhouse experiments, and field trials.  相似文献   

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