Plant‐parasitic nematodes of potential phytosanitary importance,their main hosts and reported yield losses     

S. K. Singh  M. Hodda  G. J. Ash 《EPPO Bulletin》2013,43(2):334-374

The potential phytosanitary importance of all named plant‐parasitic nematode species was determined by evaluating available information on species characteristics, association with economically‐important crop hosts, and ability to act as vectors of viruses or form disease complexes with other pathogens. Most named species of plant‐parasitic nematodes (PPN) are poorly known, recorded from a single location only, not associated with economically‐important crops, and not known to be associated with other plant disease organisms. However, 250 species from 43 genera fulfilled one or more of the criteria to be considered to present a phytosanitary risk. The genera and number of species (in parentheses) considered as posing phytosanitary risk included: Achlysiella (1), Anguina (8), Aphasmatylenchus (1), Aphelenchoides (12), Aphelenchus (1), Belonolaimus (2), Bitylenchus (3), Bursaphelenchus (4), Cactodera (3), Ditylenchus (8), Dolichodorus (1), Globodera (3), Helicotylenchus (7), Hemicriconemoides (3), Hemicycliophora (3), Heterodera (25), Hirschmanniella (5), Hoplolaimus (5), Ibipora (3), Longidorus (10), Macroposthonia (2), Meloidogyne (38), Merlinius (3), Nacobbus (1), Neodolichodorus (2), Paralongidorus (2), Paratrichodorus (11), Paratylenchus (3), Pratylenchus (24), Punctodera (3), Quinisulcius (3), Radopholus (5), Rotylenchulus (3), Rotylenchus (1), Scutellonema (5), Sphaeronema (1), Subanguina (3), Trichodorus (5), Tylenchorhynchus (8), Tylenchulus (2), Vittatidera (1), Xiphinema (15) and Zygotylenchus (1). For each of the 250 species main hosts and yield loss estimates are provided with an extensive bibliography. Of the 250 species, only 126 species from 33 genera are currently listed as regulated pests in one or more countries worldwide. Almost all of these 250 species were also associated with economically important crops and some also acted as vectors for viruses.  相似文献   

Interaction between optical isomerism and plant pharmacological action,change of modes of action and chirality of 1-(α-methylbenzyl)-3-p-tolylurea     

Hiroyoshi Omokawa  Yoshinori Kawata  Makoto Konnai 《Pest management science》1993,37(1):107-112

The optical isomers, (R)-1(α-methylbenzyl)-3-p-tolylurea ((R)-MBU) and (S)-1-(α-methylbenzyl)-3-p-tolylurea ((S)MBU), which are analogues of daimuron [1-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-3-p-tolylurea], a herbicide for Cyperaceae weeds and a safener for paddy rice, exhibited different biological responses. These two physiological properties of daimuron were observed separately in (R)-MBU and (S)-MBU. Only (R)-MBU had herbicidal activity against Cyperaceae weeds, while the (S)-isomer was a more effective safener against bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) injury of rice seedlings than was (R)-MBU. (S)-MBU promoted root growth of rice seedlings, but the (R)-enantiomer inhibited root growth. (S)-MBU was a more potent inhibitor than (R)-MBU on PS II reaction of spinach broken chloroplasts. Furthermore, (S)-MBU and (R)-MBU showed cross intergenus selective phytotoxicity among the Gramineae plants, Oryza sativa L. (rice, cv. Tsukinohikari, japonica), Triticum aestivum L. (wheat, cv. Norin No. 61) and Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea Wight, on root growth inhibition in the dark.  相似文献   

Identification of two serological flagellar types (H1 and H2) inPseudomonas syringae pathovars     

Christiane Guillorit-Rondeau  Laurence Malandrin  Regine Samson 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1996,102(1):99-104

Flagellar antigen specificity was studied for the speciesPseudomonas syringae, P. viridiflava andP. cichorii. After checking their motility, bacteria were reacted against six polyclonal antisera containing anti-O (LPS) and anti-H (flagellar) antibodies by indirect immunofluorescent staining. Two distinct flagellar serotypes (H1 and H2) were described. The distribution of H1 and H2 serotypes was then determined for a collection of 88 phytopathogenicPseudomonas strains. Serotype H1 was possessed byP. syringae pv.aptata (12 strains),P. s. pv.helianthi (2),P. s. pv.pisi (11), andP. s. pv.syringae (13). Serotype H2 was possessed byP. cichorii (2),P. s. pv.delphinii (1),P. s. pv.glycinea (4),P. s. pv.lacrymans (1),P. s. pv.mori (1),P. s. pv.morsprunorum (10),P. s. pv.persicae (1),P. s. pv.phaseolicola (8),P. s. pv.tabaci (10) andP. s. pv.tomato (1).P. viridiflava (5) revealed HI, H2 and untyped flagella. The following isolates were untypable by the H1/H2 system:P. corrugata (3),P. fluorescens (2),P. tolaasii (1). H1/H2 serotypes distribution is not linked toP. syringae O-serogroups. On the other hand, H1/H2 distribution seems remarkably linked to the new genospecies of theP. syringae group.Abbreviations CFBP French Collection of Phytopathogenic Bacteria, Angers, France - ICMP International Collection of Micro-organisms from Plants, Auckland, New-Zealand - NCPPB National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Harpenden, Great Britain  相似文献   

Contribution to the knowledge of the families apionidae and nanophyidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) from Turkey, with new records     

Rüstern Hayat  Şaban Güçlü  Hikmet Özbek  Karel Schön 《Phytoparasitica》2002,30(1):25-37

Data are presented on the occurrence of 43 species of the family Apionidae and two species of the family Nanophyidae in Turkey based on the material obtained mainly by beating stone-fruit trees in NE Turkey. The identity and information about the three species of Apionidae —Squamapion sp.cf.bifarium (Balfour-Browne),Protapion sp.cf.ruficrus (Germar),Catapion sp.cf.seniculus (Kirby) — must be revised. The faunistic data in the present paper on almost all species add to prior knowledge on their distribution in Turkey.Hypophyes aphyllae (Peyerímhoff),Ceratapion kasbekianum (Gerstaecker),Squamapion ottonis (Wagner),S. samarense (Faust),S. phocopus (Eppelsheim),Taeniapion rufulum (Wencker),Pseudoprotapion astragali (Paykull),P. ergenense (Becker),Stenopterapion intermedium (Eppelsheim) andOxystoma fausti (Desbrochers) are reported for the first time in the Turkish fauna. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 8, 2001.  相似文献   

Relationships Between Angular Leaf Spot, Healthy Leaf Area, Effective Leaf Area and Yield of Phaseolus vulgaris     

W.C. Jesus Junior  F.X.R. Vale  R.R. Coelho  P.A. Paul  B. Hau  A. Bergamin Filho  L. Zambolim  R.D. Berger 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(6):625-632

Three field experiments were carried out with the bean cultivar Carioca Comum to investigate the relationships among visual and virtual severity of angular leaf spot (caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola), area under visual and virtual disease progress curves (AUDPC), healthy leaf area index on any given day (HLAI), healthy leaf area duration (HAD), healthy leaf area absorption (HAA), effective leaf area duration (ELAD), effective leaf area absorption (ELAA) and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris. To obtain a wide range of disease severities, the plots were sprayed with fungicide at different stages of plant growth (before, during and after flowering). Visual and virtual severity and AUDPC showed no significant correlation with yield. However, HAD, HAA, ELAD and ELAA were significantly correlated with yield. Variables that considered the effective leaf area (ELAD and ELAA) provided similar or better coefficients of determination (R²) than those that considered the remaining green leaf area only (HAD and HAA). Single-point models with HLAI, effective leaf area index (ELAI), intercepted radiation by healthy leaf area (HRI) and intercepted radiation by effective leaf area (EHRI) to estimate yield at various times during the crop season were developed. The slope of the relationship between yield and HLAI, ELAI, HRI and EHRI proved to be stable, regardless of planting date and bean growth stage (from R6 to R8).  相似文献   

A mixed function oxidase factor contributing to permethrin and dichlorvos resistance in Lycoriella mali (fitch) (diptera: Sciaridae)     

Kathy K. Brewer  Clifford B. Keil 《Pest management science》1989,26(1):29-39

Several observations suggested that enhanced mixed function oxidase (MFO) activity was one of several factors contributing to permethrin and dichlorvos resistance in the mushroom pest, Lycoriella mali (Fitch) (Diptera: Sciaridae). This was investigated using the mixed function oxidase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), in topical application bioassays with reference and field-selected resistant strains. At the LD₅₀, strains of resistant colonies (AV1, AV2, TK1) used in this study were 41-(AV1), 34-(AV2), and 62-fold (TK1) resistant to permethrin, relative to the reference strain (ONT9). Permethrin in the reference strain was only synergized 2- (ONT9) and 4- (ONT13) at the LD₅₀. Synergist ratios for resistant strains were 12 (AV1), 34 (AV2) and 94 (TK1) at the LD₅₀. Moderate dichlorvos resistance was twice documented in the AV strain. Resistance ratios of 37 (AV4) and 52 (AV9) were observed at the LD₅₀, relative to the reference strain (ONT10). Dichlorvos was synergized only 2-fold at the LD₅₀ in the reference strain (ONT10). However, PBO abolished dichlorvos resistance in the AV9 strain. The effectiveness of PBO in these studies indicated that enhanced MFO activity was present in resistant L. mali from southeastern Pennsylvania. Resistance to DDT (54-fold at the LD₅₀) was also documented. Other factors, such as an altered target site (kdr), may also have contributed to control failures with permethrin.  相似文献   

Photolysis of quinalphos in ethanolic solution     

Alba Pusino  Carlo Gessa  Alberto Frigerio 《Pest management science》1989,26(2):193-197

Photolysis of quinalphos, O,O-diethyl O-(quinoxalin-2-yl) phosphorothioate ( I ), in ethanolic solutions yields two products, O,O-diethyl O-(3-ethoxy-quinoxalin-2-yl) phosphorothioate ( II ) and O,O-diethyl O-(3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-quinoxalin-2-yl) phosphorothioate ( III ). Both products derive from the reaction of photo-excited quinalphos molecule with the solvent. The reactions follow first-order kinetics. A mechanism that accounts for the formation of the above mentioned products is proposed.  相似文献   

Emerging invasive alien plants for the Mediterranean Basin     

S. Brunel  G. Schrader  G. Brundu  G. Fried 《EPPO Bulletin》2010,40(2):219-238

A major step in tackling invasive alien plants consists of identifying those species that represent a future threat to managed and unmanaged habitats. The European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization reviews and organizes data on alien plants in order to build an early warning system. A prioritization system is being developed to select species that represent emerging threats and require the most urgent pest risk analysis to implement preventive measures and to perform eradication and management measures. Attention has been drawn to the Mediterranean Basin which is particularly vulnerable because its climatic conditions potentially allow the establishment of sub‐tropical and tropical species. Surveys and rapid assessments of spread and impact have allowed identification of emerging invasive alien plants for Mediterranean countries: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae), Baccharis halimifolia (Asteraceae), Cortaderia selloana (Poaceae), Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae), Fallopia baldschuanica (Polygonaceae), Hakea sericea (Proteaceae), Humulus japonicus (Cannabaceae), Ludwigia grandiflora and L. peploides (Onagraceae), Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae), Microstegium vimineum (Poaceae), Myriophyllum heterophyllum (Haloragaceae), Pennisetum setaceum (Poaceae), Pistia stratiotes (Araceae), Salvinia molesta (Salviniaceae), Solanum elaeagnifolium (Solanaceae). These species represent priorities for action. Some other species are placed on the observation list, as available information does not allow them to be counted among the worst threats: Akebia quinata (Lardizabalaceae), Araujia sericifera (Apocynaceae), Delairea odorata (Asteraceae), Cabomba caroliniana (Cabombaceae), Nassella neesiana, N. tenuissima and N. trichotoma (Poaceae), Sesbania punicea (Fabaceae), and Verbesina encelioides (Asteraceae).  相似文献   

Data on ecology of some Hemiptera species recorded in the forest of Taygetus Mountain,Peloponnesus, Greece     

G. J. Stathas  P. A. Eliopoulos  I. C. Salmas  F. Kozár 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(4):377-383

Data on ecology of the Hemiptera species found in the forest area of the Taygetus Mountain during the years 2004–2008 are presented. The scale insects Eulecanium sericeum (Lindinger) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Nemolecanium graniformis (Wünn) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Physokermes inopinatus Danzig & Kozár (Hemiptera: Coccidae), Dynaspidiotus abietis (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and the aphid Cinara confinis (Koch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were found infesting fir trees Abies cephalonica (Pinaceae) and the scale species Lineaspis striata (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and Planococcus vovae (Nasonov) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) were found on Juniperus oxycedrus (Cupressaceae). The coccids P. hemicryphus, P. inopinatus, N. graniformis and the diaspidid D. abietis complete one generation per year in the study area. The predatory species Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.), Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.), Ceratomegilla undecimnotata (Schneider), Coccinella septempunctata L. and Scymnus sp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were observed on the infested plants. The encyrtid Pseudorhopus testaceus (Ratzeburg) parasitized female adults of P. hemicryphus. The parasitization level reached 47.8% in July.  相似文献   

Preliminary studies on two Diaspididae (Hemiptera) species feeding on Johnsongrass (<Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Sorghum halepense</Emphasis>) in Turkey     

Mikdat Doğanlar  Abdurrahman Yiğit  Yair Ben-Dov  İlhan Üremiş  Mehmet Arslan 《Phytoparasitica》2010,38(3):231-236

The scale insects Acanthomytilus sacchari (Hall) and Duplachionaspis erianthi Borchsenius (Hemiptera, Diaspididae) are newly recorded as indigenous insects from Turkey. Both A. sacchari and D. erianthi were found to feed only on rhizomes of Johnsongrass. A field study was conducted to determine host ranges and feeding effects of these scale insects on Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. No feeding of these species was observed on Zea mays L. (maize), Sorghum sudanense Staph. (sorghum), Aegilops triuncialis L. (barbed goatgrass), Avena fatua L. (wild oat), A. sterilis (sterile oat), Bromus tectorum L. (downy brome), Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (bermudagrass), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel (common reed), Poa bulbosa L. (bulbous bluegrass), or Secale montanum Guss. (wild rye). The mean infestation rates of the scale insects on Johnsongrass in southeastern Anatolia were 11.47% and 1.64% for A. sacchari and D. erianthi, respectively. Further investigations are required to clarify their biology and damage to Johnsongrass under field conditions.  相似文献   

Potential plant–aphid–fungal associations aiding conservation biological control of cereal aphids in Argentina     

R.G. Manfrino  L. Zumoffen  C.E. Salto  C.C. López Lastra 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):314-318

The overall aim of this study was to identify potential associations between aphids and plants as reservoirs of entomophthoralean fungi. A survey of weeds associated with wheat field borders in two different localities was performed over two years, from April 2010 to April 2012 in the Pampeana central region, Argentina. On each sampling date, five individuals of each plant species were randomly selected, and healthy and infected aphids were collected and quantified once a month. The taxonomic identities of both aphid hosts and entomophthoralean fungi were established. Aphid–fungus associations identified as favorable for inclusion in conservation biological control strategies in borders of wheat crops are the following: Sonchus oleraceus (L.)/Hyperomyzus carduellinus (Theobald), Uroleucon sonchi (L.)/Pandora neoaphidis (Remaudière & Hennebert) Humber; S. oleraceus (L.)/H. carduellinus (Theobald)/Zoophthora radicans (Brefeld) Batko; Lamium amplexicaule (L.)/Cryptomyzus korschelti Bôrner/P. neoaphidis, Z. radicans, Entomophthora planchoniana Cornu; Foeniculum vulgare (Miller)/Dysaphis apiifolia (Theobald)/Z. radicans; Morrenia brachystephana Griseb/Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe/P. neoaphidis and Brassica rapa L./Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)/P. neoaphidis.  相似文献   

Host plants record for tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Sudan          下载免费PDF全文

E. S. I. Mohamed  M. E. E. Mahmoud  M. A. M. Elhaj  S. A. Mohamed  S. Ekesi 《EPPO Bulletin》2015,45(1):108-111

This paper presents the results from a survey that was carried out to determine the host plants of tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in five States in Sudan. This survey was carried out in greenhouses and open‐field vegetable production areas between the years 2011 and 2014 using pheromone traps. The survey showed that the main host plant of T. absoluta is tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), but it also attacks potato (Solanum tuberosum), eggplant (S. melongena) Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) and S. dubium in the family Solanaceae, and broad bean (Vicia faba) and alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa) in the family Fabaceae. This paper is the first record of the following plans being hosts for T. absoluta: Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in the family Cucurbitaceae, Physic nut (Jatropha curcas) in the family Euphorbiaceae, spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus) in the family Amaranthaceae, Ramtouk (Xanthium brasilicum) in the family Asteraceae and S. dubium. The study showed that the leafminer male numbers and the symptoms were significantly increased in S. melongena and S. dubium after severe damage and complete loss of the main host, the tomato crop and these two species may be the preferred alternative host plants.  相似文献   

Phytotoxic and antiphytopathogenic compounds from Thai Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. rhizomes          下载免费PDF全文

Rachsawan Mongkol  Warinthorn Chavasiri  Miki Ishida  Kazuhiko Matsuda  Masanori Morimoto 《Weed Biology and Management》2015,15(2):87-93

The management of weeds and diseases that are caused by phytopathogenic fungi is important for preventing the loss of agricultural products. The aim of the present study was to identify phytotoxic and antiphytopathogenic agents from the Thai Alpinia galanga rhizome. Extracts of the dried rhizomes of A. galanga (Zingiberaceae) were separated and tested for phytotoxic activity against lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Great Lakes) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Wasefudou) and for antiphytopathogenic activity against Alternaria porri, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora nicotianae. 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) was identified as one of the main components, together with trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ) and trans‐p‐acetoxycinnamyl acetate ( 2 ). 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) was solvolyzed with 2% EtOH to yield trans‐p‐coumaryl ethyl ether ( 6 ), trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ) and trans‐p‐coumaryl alcohol ( 5 ). 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) completely inhibited the root growth of the lettuce seedlings at 50 μg mL^–1, but had a weaker inhibitory effect on the growth of Italian ryegrass. 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate also inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae and A. porri, with minimum inhibition concentration values of 15.6 and 31.5 μg mL^–1, respectively. The plant growth‐inhibitory activity and fungal growth‐inhibitory activity of trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ), trans‐p‐coumaryl ethyl ether, trans‐p‐coumaryl alcohol ( 5 ) and trans‐p‐acetoxycinnamyl acetate ( 2 ) were lower than those of 1′‐acetoxychavicol acetate. A structure–activity relationship suggested that the strong phytotoxic and antiphytopathogenic activity of 1′‐acetoxychavicol acetate relied on the 1′‐acetoxyl group.  相似文献   

Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of Pityophthorus pubescens (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) to (E,E)‐α‐farnesene, (R)‐(+)‐limonene and (S)‐(−)‐verbenone in Pinus radiata (Pinaceae) stands in northern Spain     

Sergio López  Carmen Quero  Juan Carlos Iturrondobeitia  Ángel Guerrero  Arturo Goldarazena 《Pest management science》2013,69(1):40-47

BACKGROUND: Some twig beetles in the genus Pityophthorus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) may vector pitch canker disease Fusarium circinatum (Niremberg & O'Donnell) of Pinus spp. (Pinaceae). Because Pityophthorus pubescens (Marsh.) has been found to be associated with F. circinatum in the Basque Country (northern Spain), various experiments were conducted to assess the beetle's behavioural responses to (E, E)‐α‐farnesene, (R)‐(+)‐limonene and (S)‐(?)‐verbenone to develop a potential inhibitor to host attraction. These experiments comprise electroantennographic and double‐choice olfactometer tests, as well as field assays in Pinus radiata D. Don stands. RESULTS: Both sexes of P. pubescens showed similar electroantennographic responses to different doses (from 1 ng to 1 µg in decadic steps) of each individual compound, with depolarisations to (S)‐(‐)‐verbenone (100 ng) being similar to those of the aggregation pheromone (+)‐trans‐pityol. In olfactometer assays, both sexes were significantly attracted to (+)‐trans‐pityol, but the attraction was reduced when increasing amounts of the chemicals were added to the pheromone. Particularly relevant was the repellent effect induced by (S)‐(?)‐verbenone at 1 ng dose and higher. In the field, (E, E)‐α‐farnesene, (R)‐(+)‐limonene and (S)‐(?)‐verbenone reduced significantly the number of beetles attracted to (+)‐trans‐pityol and racemic trans‐pityol, with (S)‐(?)‐verbenone being the most effective. CONCLUSIONS: (S)‐(?)‐Verbenone showed an interesting potential for use in the protection of P. radiata stands. A potentially effective strategy, which could be implemented in further, more in‐depth studies, could involve the use of this semiochemical as repellent and (+)‐trans‐pityol‐baited traps as attractant in a ‘push‐pull’ strategy. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Assessing potential germination period of weeds with base temperatures and base water potentials     

J‐P GUILLEMIN  A GARDARIN  S GRANGER  C REIBEL  N MUNIER‐JOLAIN  N COLBACH 《Weed Research》2013,53(1):76-87

Seed germination partly depends on both base temperature (T_b) and base water potential (Ψ_b), which currently are known only for a small number of species. Laboratory experiments were conducted to estimate these parameters for 14 weed species using the ‘x‐intercept’ method. T_b and Ψ_b (°C and MPa) for the 14 weed species were as follows: Amaranthus retroflexus (8.9 and ?0.95), Ambrosia artemisiifolia (3.6 and ?1.28), Avena fatua (2.2 and ?1.02), Capsella bursa‐pastoris (4.5 and ?0.95), Chenopodium album (5.9 and ?0.80), Echinochloa crus‐galli (6.2 and ?1.19), Geranium dissectum (0.6 and ?3.31), Matricaria perforata (2.0 and ?0.75), Picris echioides (5.2 and ?0.79), Polygonum lapathifolium (5.8 and ?1.55), Senecio vulgaris (2.5 and ?1.23), Setaria pumila (8.6 and ?0.75), Solanum nigrum (11.6 and ?0.89) and Veronica hederifolia (0.2 and ?1.67). The two parameters were used to determine potential germination times during expected non‐dormancy periods for three contrasting climatic years in Dijon, France. The number of potential germination days varied little among the tested climatic years, but substantially among species, ranging from 95 ± 9 days for V. hederifolia to 280 ± 7 days for M. perforata. These results may be of value for development of predictive growth models and understanding times when weed control may be most feasible.  相似文献   

New Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoids of forest insect pests in Bulgaria     

G. Georgiev  J. Kolarov 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》1999,72(3):57-61

During the period 1989–1998 investigations were carried out on the parasitoids of some forest insect pests in Bulgaria. Twenty-one ichneumonid species are reported for the first time in Bulgaria as parasitoids of different coleopteran, lepidopteran, and hymenopteran hosts. From these, 6 parasitoids are new records for the parasitoid complexes of the hosts:Exochus decoratus Holmgr. onEudemis profundana (Den. & Schiff.) andGelechia turpella (Den. & Schiff.);Lissonota culiciformis Grav.—onParanthrene tabaniformis (Rott.);Lissonota unicincta Holmgr.—onG. turpella; Xorides gracilicornis (Grav.)—onXylotrechus sp.; andEriborus terebrator Aubert—onClostera anastomosis (L.). Most parasitoids developed as primary parasitoids in the hosts.Itoplectis alternans (Grav.) is a primary parasitoid ofNycteola asiatica (Krul.) and a hyperparasitoid ofE. terebrator: Acropimpla pictipes (Grav.) is secondary parasitoid onAnacampsis populella (Cl.). With the exception of two species ofOlesicampes genus, which destroyed over 50% ofStauronematus compressicornis (F.) andPristophora conjugata (Dahlm.) larvae, andE. terebrator which killed 15.4% ofC. anastomosis population, the rest of the parasitoids occurred in low densities, and did not play an important role in reducing the number of their hosts.  相似文献   

New and little-known lepidopteran (Lepidoptera) phytophages on the poplars (Populus spp.) in Bulgaria     

G. Georgiev  S. Beshkov 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2000,88(2):1-4

Investigations were carried out during the period 1997-1999 on lepidopteran entomofauna deleterious to poplars (Populus spp.) in Bulgaria. The phytophages were collected in larval and pupal stage and were reared under laboratory con-ditions to the adult stage. In two regions of Bulgaria, Sofia and Montana, 18 new and little-known phytophages in seven families were established on the trees in Populus genus: Limenitis populi (L.) (Nymphalidae); Anacampsis populefia (Cl.), Gelechia turpella (Den. & Schiff.) (Gelechiidae); Synanthedon melliniformis (Lasp.) (Sesiidae); Euproctis similis (Fuessl.) (Lymantriidae); Drymonia velitaris (Hufn.), Notodonta tritophus (Den. & Schiff.) (Notodontidae); Amphipyra pyramidea (L.), Catocala nupta (L.), Cosmia trapezina (L.), Enargia paleacea (Esp.), Eupsilia transversa (Hufn.), Ipomorpha subtusa (Den. & Schiff.), Parastichtis ypsilon (Den. & Schiff.), Scoliopteryx libatrix (L.) (Noctuidae); Gastropacha quercifolia (L.), Phyllodesma tremulifolia (Hb.) and Poecilocampa populi (L.) (Lasiocampidae). G. turpella and S. melliniformis are new records for Bulgaria and D. velitaris was found for the first time in Northern Bulgaria. Thirteen species (L. populi, E. similis, D. velltaris, N. tritophus, A. pyramidea, C. nupta, C. trapezina, E. transversa, I. subtusa, P. ypsilon, G. quercifolia, P. tremulifolia and P. populi) were established for the first time in Bulgaria to have a trophic relationship with poplars. G. turpella and L subtusa were occurred in the highest population densities – up to 1.6 larvae/m and up to 1.1 larvae/m respectively. The remaining species occurred in low population densities in the studied habitats and were not considered to be pests on the poplars.  相似文献   

New and little-known lepidopteran (Lepidoptera) phytophages on the poplars (Populus spp.) in Bulgaria     

G. Georgiev  S. Beshkov 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2000,73(1):1-4

Investigations were carried out during the period 1997-1999 on lepidopteran entomofauna deleterious to poplars (Populus spp.) in Bulgaria. The phytophages were collected in larval and pupal stage and were reared under laboratory con-ditions to the adult stage. In two regions of Bulgaria, Sofia and Montana, 18 new and little-known phytophages in seven families were established on the trees in Populus genus: Limenitis populi (L.) (Nymphalidae); Anacampsis populefia (Cl.), Gelechia turpella (Den. & Schiff.) (Gelechiidae); Synanthedon melliniformis (Lasp.) (Sesiidae); Euproctis similis (Fuessl.) (Lymantriidae); Drymonia velitaris (Hufn.), Notodonta tritophus (Den. & Schiff.) (Notodontidae); Amphipyra pyramidea (L.), Catocala nupta (L.), Cosmia trapezina (L.), Enargia paleacea (Esp.), Eupsilia transversa (Hufn.), Ipomorpha subtusa (Den. & Schiff.), Parastichtis ypsilon (Den. & Schiff.), Scoliopteryx libatrix (L.) (Noctuidae); Gastropacha quercifolia (L.), Phyllodesma tremulifolia (Hb.) and Poecilocampa populi (L.) (Lasiocampidae). G. turpella and S. melliniformis are new records for Bulgaria and D. velitaris was found for the first time in Northern Bulgaria. Thirteen species (L. populi, E. similis, D. velltaris, N. tritophus, A. pyramidea, C. nupta, C. trapezina, E. transversa, I. subtusa, P. ypsilon, G. quercifolia, P. tremulifolia and P. populi) were established for the first time in Bulgaria to have a trophic relationship with poplars. G. turpella and L subtusa were occurred in the highest population densities – up to 1.6 larvae/m and up to 1.1 larvae/m respectively. The remaining species occurred in low population densities in the studied habitats and were not considered to be pests on the poplars.  相似文献   

Susceptibility of the obscure mealybug,Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Pseudococcidae), to South African isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes     

Nomakholwa F. Stokwe 《国际虫害防治杂志》2016,62(2):119-128

Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), the obscure mealybug, is a serious pest of apples and pears in South Africa. The potential use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against P. viburni was assessed in laboratory bioassays. The results showed Heterorhabditis zealandica (J34) to be most effective, causing 80% mortality of P. viburni 48-h post inoculation at 25 ºC. After 48 h, the LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ values were 54 and 336 nematodes, respectively. H. zealandica (J34) and Steinernema yirgalemense successfully reproduced in P. viburni, with H. zealandica (J34) attaining greater penetration ability than did the S. yirgalemense. Mealybug size affected infectivity, with the crawlers being less susceptible (22%) than were the adults and intermediates, with mortalities of 78% and 76%, respectively. H. zealandica (J34) were able to enter the apple core of infested apples, where they infected the P. viburni. This work represents the first report on using EPNs to control P. viburni.  相似文献   

New parasitoids of Paraphytomyza populi (Kltb.) (Diptera, Agromyzidae) in Bulgaria     

G.Ts. Georgiev  P. Boyadzhiev 《Anzeiger für Sch?dlingskunde》2002,77(2):69-71

The parasitoid complex of Paraphytomyza populi (Kltb.) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) was studied in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1997. Poplar leaves with P. populi larvae and pupae were collected from poplar stump shoots and examined in a laboratory. As a result, eleven parasitoid species were established: Chorebus albipes (Haliday) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Pediobius metallicus (Nees), Danuviella subplana Erdos, Chrysocharis nephereus (Walker), Chrysocharis pubicornis (Zetterstedt), Diglyphus crassinervis Erdos, Diglyphus isaea (Walker), Diglyphus albiscapus Erdos, Cirrospilus diallus Walker, Cirrospilus pictus (Nees) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and Elasmus sp. (Hymenoptera, Elasmidae). Six species (D. crassinervis, D. isaea, D. albiscapus, C. diallus, C. pictus and Elasmus sp.) have been recorded as new parasitoids of P. populi. The genus Danuviella was found for the first time in Bulgaria. Five species (C. albipes, P. metallicus, D. subplana, D. crassinervis and D. albiscapus) are new records for the fauna of the country. The total mortality of P. populi caused by parasitoids was 19.1% and 49.0% for the overwintering and the summer generations, respectively. P. metallicus was the most important in reducing the pest number.  相似文献