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<正>奶牛由于高强度代谢很容易受到氧化应激,氧化应激对奶牛的健康和产能具有负面影响,生产中有必要通过添加抗氧化剂来提高机体的抗氧化能力和减少氧化应激对奶牛的损害。氧化应激产生的过量自由基会导致细胞大分子的氧化修饰、功能异常及坏死,称为氧化损伤,另外氧化产物还作为内源的信号分子,对细胞凋亡和炎症起推动作用。机体的氧化应激被看作是一种代谢状态或生理状态的负荷或异常,研究表明氧化应激对动物多种慢性疾病和生产性能造成影响。奶牛容易遭受氧化应激,多个阶段的氧化应激都对奶牛健康和生产性能产生了损害,因此对奶牛氧化应激和抗氧化的研究 相似文献
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奶牛乳房炎是一种常见的奶牛代谢性疾病,发病率呈逐年上升趋势。目前已证实,氧化应激成为困扰围产期奶牛生产中的一大问题,在诱发奶牛乳腺细胞破坏或功能障碍方面发挥关键作用。主要是由于动物机体抗氧化功能降低导致自由基产生和清除失衡所致,且持续的氧化应激可通过产生大量的氧自由基来攻击细胞,干扰其正常代谢、增殖和分化,并可能进一步诱发机体自身免疫反应,形成瀑布式效应,造成乳腺细胞产生不可逆性损伤。且核因子E2相关因子2-抗氧化反应元件(Nrf2-ARE)信号通路是细胞对抗外源性刺激和氧化损伤的主要机制。本文主要综述了氧化应激、氧化应激与围产期奶牛乳房炎、机体氧化应激的自我调控机制,对于确保奶牛在围产期内能够维持机体健康、发挥正常的泌乳功能和提高生产性能具有重要意义。 相似文献
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马莉花马贵马学虎马燕芬 《饲料研究》2023,(9):163-167
围产期奶牛经历妊娠、分娩、泌乳以及高精料饲喂等一系列代谢应激及外部环境的变化,极易诱发奶牛机体产生氧化应激,进而导致抗氧化功能下降及免疫功能失调,诱发奶牛产生代谢病和炎性疾病。因此,缓解奶牛机体的氧化应激是实现奶牛高生产力的有效方式。茶多酚作为一种绿色无公害的天然抗氧化剂,将其合理地添加到奶牛的日粮中,能够提高奶牛机体的抗氧化性,有效缓解因氧化应激出现的炎性反应、免疫功能失调等问题。文章围绕由氧化应激引起的围产期奶牛代谢病和炎性疾病的发病机制以及茶多酚的调控作用进行综述,旨在为后续在奶牛生产中应用茶多酚提供思路。 相似文献
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Nrf-ARE信号通路在机体氧化应激损伤中的作用及与其他信号通路的关系 《畜牧与饲料科学》2016,37(3):42-42
氧化应激损伤与机体中多种疾病的发生与发展过程密不可分,当机体产生严重氧化应激时,抑制氧化应激和清除氧自由基是治疗机体产生疾病的重要策略。Nrf2-ARE信号通路是机体内极为重要的内源性防御体系,通过调控Nrf2-ARE信号通路可起到维持机体细胞内氧化还原状态平衡和降低氧化应激造成损伤的作用。综述了Nrf2-ARE信号通路调控机体抗氧化酶活性、与机体氧化应激相关疾病的相关性及其与其他信号通路的关系,以期为深入了解Nrf2-ARE信号通路在抵抗机体产生氧化应激损伤的作用和机制方面提供参考。 相似文献
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处于围产期的奶牛由于能量负平衡引起脂质动员,导致大量非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)释放进入肝脏和血液。当NEFA处于较高浓度时,可改变机体抗氧化系统与氧化系统的平衡状态,并激活核因子κB信号通路及丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路,同时也会抑制核因子E2相关因子2信号通路的活化,诱发机体炎性损伤,最终诱导奶牛产生氧化应激,从而直接影响奶牛养殖业的经济效益。本文主要综述了NEFA对围产期奶牛氧化应激的诱导作用及其机制的研究进展,旨在为奶牛生产中缓解氧化应激、提高免疫机能及促进生产性能的发挥提供理论依据。 相似文献
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Molecular insights into the mechanisms of liver‐associated diseases in early‐lactating dairy cows: hypothetical role of endoplasmic reticulum stress 
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下载免费PDF全文 R. Ringseis D. K. Gessner K. Eder 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2015,99(4):626-645
The transition period represents the most critical period in the productive life of high‐yielding dairy cows due to both metabolic and inflammatory stimuli, which challenge the liver and predispose dairy cows to develop liver‐associated diseases such as fatty liver and ketosis. Despite the fact that all high‐yielding dairy cows are affected by marked metabolic stress due to a severe negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation, not all cows develop liver‐associated diseases. Although the reason for this is largely unknown, this indicates that the capacity of the liver to cope with metabolic and inflammatory challenges varies between individual high‐yielding dairy cows. Convincing evidence exists that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a key role in the development of fatty liver, and it has been recently shown that ER stress occurs in the liver of high‐yielding dairy cows. This indicates that ER stress may be involved in the development of liver‐associated diseases in dairy cows. The present review shows that the liver of dairy cows during early lactation is exposed to several metabolic and inflammatory challenges, such as non‐esterified fatty acids, tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin‐1β, reactive oxygen species and lipopolysaccharides, which are known inducers of ER stress. Thus, ER stress may represent a molecular basis for fatty liver development and account for the frequent occurrence of fatty liver and ketosis in high‐yielding dairy cows. Interindividual differences between dairy cows in the activation of hepatic stress response pathways, such as nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2, which is activated during ER stress and reduces the sensitivity of tissues to oxidative and inflammatory damage, might provide an explanation at the molecular level for differences in the capacity to cope with pathological inflammatory challenges during early lactation and the susceptibility to develop liver‐associated diseases between early‐lactating dairy cows with similar NEB and milk yield. 相似文献
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现代规模化、集约化奶牛养殖生产模式下,不断供给高营养水平日粮是维持后备牛快速生长发育和泌乳母牛高泌乳性能的物质基础。然而,在遗传品质到达"瓶颈期"后,尽管随着日粮营养浓度的不断提高和干物质采食量（DMI）的增加,奶牛单产水平可以继续维持在一定的高水平状态,但是高产奶牛的营养代谢性疾病的发病率也呈现快速增长趋势,特别是围产期能量负平衡（negative energy balance,NEB）引起的酮病,高精日粮引发的酸中毒、高蛋白质日粮引起的血液中尿素氮升高等营养代谢性疾病,负调控奶牛繁殖性能,造成奶牛产后发情不明显,配种率和受胎率下降等,直接影响奶牛生产群的更新速度、优质牛群泌乳性能正常发挥以及奶牛养殖的经济效益。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同营养代谢性疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料,重点分析了酮病、低血钙、瘤胃酸中毒等围产期高发的营养代谢性疾病影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制,并对营养代谢性疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考,以期为提高中国规模化牧场高产奶牛群繁殖效率和母牛围产期营养管理水平提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。 相似文献
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ZHAO Shanjiang HAO Haisheng LIU Yunxiang WANG Xianjun XU Li LI Laibao HU Zhihui ZHU Huabin 《中国畜牧兽医》2007,47(11):3618-3625
Under the modern large-scale and intensive dairy farming production mode,the continuous supply of feed with high nutrition level is the material basis for maintaining the rapid growth and development of reserve cows and the high lactation performance of lactating cows.However,after the genetic quality reaches the "bottleneck period",although the milk yield of dairy cow can continue to maintain a certain high level with the continuous improvement of the nutrient concentration of feed and the increase of dry matter intake (DMI),the incidence of nutritional metabolic diseases of high-yield dairy cows also shows a rapid growth trend,especially ketosis caused by the negative energy balance in perinatal period,acidosis caused by high-precision diet and the increase of blood urea nitrogen caused by high-protein diet,negatively regulate the reproductive performance of dairy cows,resulting in inconspicuous postpartum estrus,decreased mating rate and conception rate of dairy cows,which directly affect the update speed of dairy cows production groups,the normal performance of high-quality cattle and the economic benefits of dairy farming.In this paper,the author introduced in detail the relevant research on the current situation and its mechanism influence of different nutritional metabolic diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focused on analyzing the molecular mechanism of nutritional and metabolic diseases with high perinatal incidence such as ketosis,low blood calcium and moderate gastric acid,and put forward the prospect and thinking on the future research direction of nutritional and metabolic diseases and reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows,in order to provide some reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows in large-scale pastures in China and the perinatal nutrition management level of dairy cows. 相似文献
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奶牛热应激综合征是指奶牛受到超过本身体温调节能力的高温刺激而产生的非特异性防御反应。奶牛发生热应激后会激活体内的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴,改变机体的神经内分泌调节网络,引起奶牛体内皮质醇激素和多种激素水平变化,协同作用于机体以抵抗热应激对自身的影响;此外,热应激奶牛采食量和消化率普遍降低,营养物质摄入不足,机体处于能量负平衡状态。在这种状态下,奶牛会通过增加体内糖、脂肪和蛋白质的代谢来为机体提供能量从而缓解热应激。然而,严重热应激会导致奶牛代谢功能紊乱及免疫系统损伤,最终导致奶牛消化率、产奶量、繁殖率下降,而疾病易感风险性增加,从而影响奶牛生产的经济效益,给畜牧业带来巨大的经济损失。目前,关于奶牛热应激的研究较多,且多集中于产奶性能和繁殖性能等方面,而有关生理和免疫机能的研究报道较少。作者阐述了奶牛发生热应激时皮质醇激素的变化和调节、三大代谢过程的改变及免疫细胞和相关细胞因子的表达分泌等过程,旨在更加深入地了解热应激对奶牛生理状态及免疫功能的影响,从而为奶牛热应激综合征的防控、诊断和治疗提供理论依据。 相似文献
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奶牛养殖过程中,围产期被认为是最重要的时期之一,在该时期奶牛从干奶状态转为泌乳状态,生理上所受的应激造成奶牛泌乳早期采食量降低,易发生能量负平衡.此外,奶牛生产性能和繁殖性能也会降低,并常常伴有一些围产期疾病的发生,如脂肪肝、酮症、乳房炎等.胆碱能影响奶牛的生产与繁殖性能,参与奶牛的脂肪代谢,可降低脂肪肝发生率,提高免疫性能.对围产期奶牛饲喂过瘤胃保护胆碱(rumen protected choline,RPC),可改善奶牛机体代谢,增加小肠胆碱供应,进而提高奶产量、改善乳成分、缓解脂肪肝、减少围产期疾病的发生.本文综述了RPC对围产期奶牛干物质采食量、生产性能、乳成分以及健康状况的影响,旨在为围产期奶牛的养殖提供理论参考依据. 相似文献
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高产奶牛更容易发生氧化应激,氧化应激可以导致生物学大分子和生物膜系统的破坏,并可以增加炎症反应时的组织损伤：奶牛氧化应激的产生除了与机体的生理状态、健康状况和饲料成分有关外,环境因素也会引起氧化应激。目前主要通过饲喂抗氧化添加剂来预防奶牛氧化应激。 相似文献
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代谢组学技术在筛选奶牛脂肪肝生物标志物中的应用研究进展 《畜牧与饲料科学》2023,44(1):38-43
脂肪肝是奶牛养殖过程中一种高发的营养代谢性紊乱病,会降低奶牛产奶量和平均使用寿命,影响后续生产性能的发挥,给奶牛养殖业造成巨大经济损失。组学技术的应用已经成为奶牛疾病研究的重要手段,可为预防和治疗奶牛脂肪肝提供理论基础和技术支撑。综述了代谢组学技术在筛选奶牛脂肪肝生物标志物中的应用研究进展,以期为生产实践中快速诊断和治疗奶牛脂肪肝提供参考。 相似文献
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Health problems occurring during the transition period in dairy cattle are of utmost importance as they can decrease the animal’s reproductive performance and favor the development of various metabolic diseases with resultant significant reproductive disorders. Among the commonly reported metabolic diseases occurring during that time, hyperketonemia is the most prevalent and could provoke a significant economic impact. The failing of a dairy cow to transit optimally between pregnancy and lactation is economically very relevant and should be considered. Until now, the role of insulin resistance (IR) in the etiology of subclinical ketosis (SCK) in dairy cattle is not clearly understood. This review aims to shed some light on the role of IR and oxidative stress in dairy cows with SCK during the transition period. The data presented in this review demonstrates that dairy cows could be vulnerable to the development of negative energy balance during transition. Moreover, the transitional cows could succumb to both IR and oxidative stress; however, the exact role of IR in cows with SCK needs further investigations. It is imperative to elaborate a suitable nutritional strategy to facilitate an easy transit of cows through this critical period and to minimize health problems and improve productivity during lactation. 相似文献
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奶牛分娩后其生理代谢发生巨大变化,由于体能的消耗,其抗病力也相对较低,若产后护理不当容易出现代谢性疾病。本文通过实地走访、座谈方式对沂水县奶牛产后代谢病进行调查,对当地奶牛产后代谢疾病的发病率、易发牛群和发病症状进行总结,并从分娩时体能损耗、运动量、饲喂方式、营养搭配、应激和病理因素分析沂水县奶牛产后代谢病的发病原因,提出科学分娩与接产、适量运动、合理搭配日粮、定时定量饲喂、预防应激、做好产后护理等措施,促进奶牛产后体能和体质恢复,为减少产后代谢病发生提供参考依据。 相似文献