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1.
苏尼特右旗草原矿区土壤重金属污染特征与生态恢复 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《林业资源管理》2017,(6):124-130
以苏尼特右旗某草原采矿区的气象资料及采矿区周边草原表层土重金属含量为依据,分析该草原矿区输沙势能与土壤重金属污染特征。结果表明:调查区域的土壤重金属污染主要集中在以尾矿库为中心的主导风向的下风向,即主要输沙势方向的下风向,重金属铜污染是导致该草原区土壤重金属污染的主要因素。常年的主导风向对尾矿库周边草原的土壤重金属污染程度的影响显著。苏尼特右旗受风蚀影响比较严重的地区,应该加强对尾矿区的底泥和矿渣的苫盖措施,防治风、水蚀加剧对草原土壤重金属污染的影响。输沙势较大的上风向要建植防风林带或沙障,对输沙势较大的下风向要采取生态修复措施,不同的受损生态系统的恢复,根据区域特征结合生态恢复建议进行生态恢复,保证生态系统健康发展,保障人畜健康安全。 相似文献
2.
《内蒙古林业科技》2019,(4)
土壤粒度特征是反映土壤质地的重要属性之一。为了弄清不同干扰程度对巴音温都尔沙漠梭梭林表层土壤粒径特征的影响,本文对不同干扰程度的巴音温都尔沙漠梭梭林下表层土壤进行采样实测,分析了巴音温都尔沙漠梭梭树下表层土壤粒度特征。结果表明:不同干扰程度下梭梭林下土壤中极细砂含量百分比最高,且自然状态样地极细砂含量为56.86%,轻度干扰样地为44.15%,中度干扰样地为34.25%;中砂含量百分比随干扰程度的增加而增加,自然状态样地为7.94%,轻度干扰样地为18.75%,中度干扰样地为31.00%。中等干扰样地平均粒径为2.19 mm,轻度干扰程度为2.53 mm,自然状态下为2.94 mm。自然、轻度干扰、中度干扰状态下分选系数平均值分别为-0.78、-1.00、-0.79。偏度为轻度中度自然,均属负偏;峰度平均值分别为1.10、1.79、1.18,分别属中等、很窄和窄峰态。植被保护使梭梭林能够有效降低风速,增加土壤表层较细颗粒物含量。 相似文献
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为探究油松人工林土壤粒度特征随林龄变化的规律,揭示油松人工林对林下土壤的影响作用,为辽西北地区以油松为建群种的造林模式、土壤地力恢复及环境保护提供科学依据,以辽宁省昌图县东部太阳山风景区13、25、37和44年生的油松人工林为研究对象,采集各林龄油松林表层(0~20cm)土壤样,基于激光衍射技术,对土壤粒度,组成和特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)研究区内土壤粒度组成以沙粒为主,其次是粉粒和黏粒;(2)中龄林的粒度特征最好,其次为近熟林、成熟林,而幼龄林稍差,且有林样地的粒度特征均比对照好;(3)整体上,从幼龄林期到中龄林期,油松林随林龄的增大,表层土壤粒度特征有良好的发展趋势,而从中龄林期到近熟林、成熟林期,油松林随林龄增大表层土壤粒度特征逐渐变差。 相似文献
5.
PLA纤维是一种新兴固沙材料,用它灌沙形成的筒状沙袋铺设于沙丘上形成沙障,可以改变近地表风沙流结构和地表粗糙度等因子。为了解该PLA沙障对沙丘地表土壤粒径的影响情况,在铺设沙障沙丘及对照沙丘分别取0～11 cm土样,用Rise-2008型激光粒度分析仪测定土样平均粒径,对比研究不同规格、不同部位PLA沙障与对照沙丘表层平均粒径的差异。结果表明：1 m×1 m、2 m×2 m、3 m×3 m PLA沙障3种规格相比,规格越大其平均粒径反而越小,但是均显著高于对照沙丘（P〈0.005）;铺设沙障沙丘的迎风坡、坡顶和背风坡平均粒径分别比对照沙丘高11.4%、26.8%和1.8%;并且坡顶平均粒径最大,迎风坡次之,背风坡最小,对照出现相同的变化趋势。 相似文献
6.
以天马山土壤粒度特征为研究对象,通过室外调查与室内试验相结合,分析了不同坡度对土壤粒度特征的影响以及受旅游干扰后土壤粒度特征的变化。结果表明:研究区土壤粒度组成以黏粒为主,粉粒次之,砂粒最低;粒度特征受旅游干扰影响后呈现出分选性变差,偏度多为极负偏,峰态值普遍偏高。不同坡度的平均粒径不存在显著差异;分选系数、偏度、峰度之间均存在显著性差异。相关分析证明分选系数与偏度呈显著正相关关系,与峰度呈极显著的负相关。表明土壤粒度分选性越差,偏度值越小,峰度值越趋向窄峰态。受旅游干扰后土壤粒度频率分布曲线均发生明显变化,由对称的单峰曲线向复杂的多峰曲线转移。说明在旅游干扰下粒度特征存在多成因组分,且平坡较陡坡更易受到旅游干扰的影响。 相似文献
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毛乌素沙地油蒿植冠下表层土壤粒径特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探索毛乌素沙地油蒿植冠下表层土壤结构与土壤稳定性的关系,分析了油蒿植冠微环境下土壤粒径特征及其相关因素。研究表明:油蒿植冠下表层土壤机械组成以砂粒为主,占总质量的81.51%,其次是粉粒,占16.66%,粘粒含量最少,占1.83%,有机质平均含量4.52 g/kg,总氮平均含量0.19 g/kg,受油蒿植株形态结构特征等因素影响,油蒿植冠下表层土壤不同方向、同一方向不同距离处土壤颗粒组成及养分状况存在差异;油蒿植冠下表层土壤颗粒分形维数介于1.694至1.876之间,土壤分形维数与土壤粘粒含量呈显著正相关(p0.05),与砂粒、粉粒的相关性不显著,与土壤有机质、总氮含量呈显著负相关(p0.05)。土壤微团聚体作为土壤结构的颗粒单元,其含量及组成与土壤抗侵蚀性密切相关,在对油蒿群落进行恢复重建过程中,要充分考虑油蒿植冠微环境下表层土壤粒径特征。 相似文献
9.
黄土丘陵区林-草景观边界土壤表层大型动物多样性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章通过对黄土高原丘陵区刺槐林-草地复合系统景观边界上3种景观位置的土壤表层大型动物调查、分析,结果表明:复合系统共有大型土壤动物16类,隶属于3门6纲;林缘处是土壤表层大型动物多样性最高的地方,这里土壤动物群落较复杂,类群数较多,分布均匀;草地是土壤表层大型动物多样性最低的地方,这里土壤动物群落较单一,土壤动物类群数偏少,个体数偏多,分布的均匀性较差,优势类群表现突出;林地的土壤表层大型动物多样性介于二者之间。林缘与林地内土壤动物的分布特征相似性较大,林缘与草地内土壤动物的分布特征相似性较小。 相似文献
10.
研究了韶关市曲江小坑果园表层土壤(0~20 cm)和亚表层土壤(20~40 cm)中细菌、放线菌、真菌数量状况及垂直分布特点.结果表明:(1)果园中土壤微生物数量在土壤中具有明显的垂直分布特征,土壤微生物数量随土壤深度的增加而递减.表层土壤的3种微生物总数高于亚表层(p=0.001),是亚表层的4.03倍.(2)表层与亚表层土壤中的细菌数量均远高于同层的放线菌、真菌的数量,前者约占微生物总量的80%,后两者各占微生物总数的10%左右.(3)果园土壤微生物数量随不同时间而变化,总体变异系数为8.7%,且不同土壤深度的微生物数量变化存在明显差异(p=0.001).表层土壤的微生物数量变动系数(10.7%)为亚表层土壤变动系数(1.3%)的8.2倍. 相似文献
11.
采用盆栽控制试验,研究了不同浓度(0、60、120和180 mmol·L-1)Na2SO4胁迫对沙枣幼苗生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫对沙枣幼苗生长具有显著的抑制效应。不同浓度Na2SO4胁迫沙枣的株高、侧枝数、总叶面积、单株叶片数、比叶面积以及各组织(除根)生物量均显著低于对照,且均随盐胁迫浓度的升高呈下降趋势,而根冠比值则由对照的0.153 1显著增加到180 mmol·L-1Na2SO4胁迫幼苗的0.348 7。(2)盐胁迫显著降低了沙枣幼苗的光合能力。随着Na2SO4胁迫的加剧,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈下降的趋势,而气孔限制值(Ls)和水分利用效率(WUE)则依次增加,且Pn下降主要受气孔限制;180 mmol·L-1Na2SO4胁迫沙枣幼苗的Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr分别为对照的71.57%、30.85%、67.15%和51.65%,而Ls和WUE则分别为对照的1.91、1.38倍。(3)盐胁迫强度与幼苗株高、总叶面积、单株叶片数、比叶面积、茎生物量、叶生物量、总生物量等生长指标以及Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr等光合参数呈极显著负相关,叶片的光合参数与总叶面积、单株叶片数呈显著或极显著正相关,而叶片的生长指标、光合参数与幼苗的株高生长和生物量累积也呈显著或极显著正相关。 相似文献
12.
Babassu palms (Orbignya spp.) cover nearly 200,000 km2 in Brazil, providing cash income, fuel, fibre, edible oil and food to a large number of tenant farm households. Babassu is closely integrated within pastoral and shifting cultivation systems of Mid-North Brazil. In pastures, babassu provides shade for cattle, aids soil moisture retention, produces organic matter, generates supplementary farm income at little cost, and offers year-round employment. On the other hand, the persistence of juvenile palms reduces pasture grass productivity due to plant competition, and therefore there is a trend to eradicate babassu through clearcutting and understorey suppression. At moderate densities of less than 100 individuals per ha, mature babassu palms in cropland do not appear to harm crop productivity. In such cases, palms are thinned and leaves of the remaining ones are cut back, supplying fuel for the burn and nutrients to the soil. However, reduced fallow cycles due to pasture conversion threaten babassu as well as crop productivity.
Resumo Palmeiras de babaçu (Orbignya spp.) occorrem em quase 200.000 km2 no Brazil, proporcionando renda em dinheiro, combustível, fibras, óleo e alimentos para cerca de quinhentas mil famílias de pequenos produtores rurais, a maioria arrendatários ou posseiros. O babaçu aparece integrado dentro de sistemas de produção pastorís e de agricultura migratória no Meio Norte do Brazil. Nas pastagens, o babaçu provê sombra para o gado, ajuda na retenção da umidade no solo, produz matéria orgânica, gera renda suplementar com investimento mínimo, e oferece condições para fixar a força de trabalho durante a entressafra dos produtos agrícolas. A presença de palmeiras juvenís, porém, reduz a produtividade dos pastos devido a competição, o que leva os criadores de gado a erradicar o babaçu, suprimindo tanto as palmeiras juvenís, como as palmeiras adultas.No que diz respeito à agricultura migratória, o babaçu adulto em densidades moderadas, ou seja, até 100 indivíduos por hectare, aparentemente não reduz a produtividade das culturas anuais. Nestes casos, parte das palmeiras são desbastadas e as folhas das restantes cortadas, proporcionando combustível para a queima e nutrientes para o solo. No entanto, a redução nos ciclos de descanso devido à conversão das terras agrícolas em pastagens ameaça a produtividade quer do babaçu quer das próprias culturas.相似文献
13.
Weiqiang Zhang Kangning He Yunqi Wang Baitian Wang Juntao Deng Yi Zhou Xijun Zhong Zhaoqing Li 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2007,2(2):192-197
In order to offer a scientific basis for cultivation and management of forests, effects of light radiation intensity on photosynthetic
characteristics and water use efficiency of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis were studied under different soil moisture contents. By adopting artificial control methods to soil moisture, and under simulated
photosynthetic radiation (SPR), the net photosynthetic rate (P
N), transpiration rate (T
r), water use efficiency (WUE) and intercellular CO2 concentration (C
i) of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau, were studied. Results are as follows: within the photon range of 0–2,200 μmol/(m2·s), P
N, T
r and WUE were enhanced with an increase in SPR in both species. P
N and WUE of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis, however, declined with continued increase in SPR. P
N, T
r, WUE and light saturation point (LSP) of Platycladus orientalis were higher than those of Pinus tabulaeformis, while light compensation point (LCP) of Platycladus orientalis was lower than that of Pinus tabulaeformis at the same soil moisture content. The efficiency of light energy utilization of Platycladus orientalis was higher than that of Pinus tabulaeformis; P
N, T
r and C
i of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabulaeformis were enhanced by increasing soil moisture content, whereas WUE declined. At soil moistures of 7.90%, 13.00% and 19.99%, LSP of Platycladus orientalis was 1,275, 1,450 and 1,675 μmol/(m2·s) respectively, and LCP was 42, 25 and 13 μmol/(m2·s) respectively, with corresponding maximal net CO2 photosynthetic rates (P
max) of 3.04, 4.06 and 5.53 μmol/(m2·s). At soil moistures of 7.83%, 13.04% and 20.15%, the LSP of Pinus tabulaeformis was 1,100, 1,325 and 1,500 μmol/(m2·s) respectively, and LCP was 60, 30 and 23 μmol/(m2·s), with P
max of 1.08, 3.35 and 4.36 μmol/(m2·s) respectively.
__________
Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(3): 108–113 [译自: 中国水土保持科学] 相似文献
14.
Kana Yamashita Yasuhiko Hirakawa Hiroshi Nakatani Motoyoshi Ikeda 《Journal of Wood Science》2009,55(3):161-168
The transverse shrinkage variation within trees was examined for five sugi cultivars. The within-tree trends of tangential
shrinkage (α
T) were different by cultivar, whereas radial shrinkage (α
R) increased from pith to bark in most cultivars. The tangential/radial shrinkage ratio (α
T/α
R) decreased from pith to bark in most cultivars, because the radial variation of α
R was larger than that of α
T. The cultivars showed significant differences among cultivars in α
T, α
R, and α
T/α
R, but the difference among cultivars for α
T/α
R was smaller. The relationships between transverse shrinkage and microfi bril angle (MFA), basic density (BD), tree ring parameters,
and modulus of elasticity were examined. The α
T and α
R showed positive relationships with BD, latewood percentage, latewood density, and modulus of elasticity, and negative relationships
with MFA and ring width. The relationships with earlywood density were weak. Sugi exhibited variation in transverse shrinkage
within stem and among cultivars, with the variation affected by MFA, density, and tree ring parameters.
Part of this article was presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Akita, Japan, August 2006,
and the 57th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Hiroshima, Japan, August 2007 相似文献
15.
A simple HPLC method was developed to quantify rabbit plasma tetrandrine (Tet) with propranolol (Pro) as internal standard. Based on the established method Tet and Pro were eluted at 7.1 and 12.0 min, respectively. It was shown that the concentration-time data of Tet fit the classical two-compartment model, no matter the drug was administered intravenously or orally to rabbits. The values of AUC0 → ∞, clearance (Cl0 → ∞), volume of distribution (Vd), and elimination half-life (t1/2β) of Tet were 59861.149 ± 26962.196 μg/L ? min, 0.503 ± 0.173 L/min/kg, 179 ± 76.185 L/kg, and 283.808 ± 162.937 min for intravenous injection of 5 mg/kg, or 18986.217 ± 7462.308 μg/L ? min, 0.805 ± 0.267 L/min/kg, 110.284 ± 94.176 L/kg, and 732.919 ± 847.32 min for gavage administration of 10 mg/kg , respectively. The results indicate that Tet displays a limited absorption in intestinal tract, even though it has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile after oral or intravenous administration. 相似文献
16.
William R. Cobb Rodney E. Will Richard F. Daniels Marshall A. Jacobson 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,255(12):4032-4039
We quantified the effect of water and nutrient availability on aboveground biomass and nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in four species from the southeastern United States, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis). The 6-year-old stands received five levels of resource input (control, irrigation with 3.05 cm water week−1, irrigation + 57 kg N ha−1 year−1, irrigation + 85 kg N ha−1 year−1, and irrigation + 114 kg N ha−1 year−1). Irrigation significantly increased foliage, stem, and branch biomass for sweetgum and sycamore, culminating in 103% and 238% increases in total aboveground biomass. Fertilization significantly increased aboveground components for all species resulting in 49, 58, 281, and 132% increases in total aboveground biomass for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Standing total aboveground biomass of the fertilized treatments reached 79, 59, 48, and 54 Mg ha−1 for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Fertilization increased foliar nitrogen concentration for loblolly pine, sweetgum, and sycamore foliage. Irrigation increased total stand nitrogen content by 6, 14, 93, and 161% for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Fertilization increased total nitrogen content by 62, 53, 172, and 69% with maximum nitrogen contents of 267, 212, 237, and 203 kg ha−1 for loblolly pine, slash pine, sweetgum, and sycamore, respectively. Growth efficiency (stem growth per unit of leaf biomass) and nitrogen use efficiency (stem growth per unit of foliar nitrogen content) increased for the sycamore and sweetgum, but not the loblolly or slash pine. 相似文献
17.
P.L. Mafongoya R. Chintu T.S. Chirwa J. Matibini S. Chikale 《Agroforestry Systems》2003,59(3):279-288
Seeking an alternative to Sesbania spp. tree fallows, a Tephrosia species and provenance trial was conducted at Msekera Research Station, Chipata (Zambia) to evaluate eleven Tephrosia vogelii and three Tephrosia candida provenances. They were tested for biomass production, quality of biomass, resistance to root-knot nematodes, nitrogen release,
and for their effects on soil nitrogen dynamics. At the end of 1.5 years, the T. candida provenances 02970, 02971 and 02972 from Madagascar produced two times greater amount of aboveground biomass than the T. vogelii provenances. There was little variability among the T. vogelii provenances in terms of litter and biomass production. Weed growth was significantly greater under T. vogelii than T. candida provenances. While Tephrosia vogelii provenance 98/02 from Zambia and T. candida 02972 were highly tolerant to the Meloidogyne incognita nematodes, T. vogelii provenances 02977, 98/03, 02973 from Kenya, Zambia and Malawi, respectively, were highly susceptible to the nematodes. The
Tephrosia species and provenances showed a wide variability in terms of N, lignin and polyphenol concentration in their foliage. Mineralization
of N in the foliage of T. candida provenances 02970 and 02971 and T. vogelii provenances 98/04 and 02974 from Malawi occurred rapidly within 14 weeks of incubation. At the end of the 2-year growth period,
there was significantly greater total inorganic N under T. candida provenance 02972 (12.5 mg kg−1) than T. vogelii (5 mg kg−1) provenance Mungwi 98/02. Maize (Zea mays L.) yields after T. candida provenances were greater than those after T. vogelii provenances. Further testing of the most promising provenances is needed for their effects on subsequent maize yields under
a range of farm conditions.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
This study was conducted to determine carbon (C) dynamics following forest tending works (FTW) which are one of the most important forest management activities conducted by Korean forest police and managers. We measured organic C storage (above- and below-ground biomass C, forest floor C, and soil C at 50 cm depth), soil environmental factors (soil CO2 efflux, soil temperature, soil water content, soil pH, and soil organic C concentration), and organic C input and output (litterfall and litter decomposition rates) for one year in FTW and non-FTW (control) stands of approximately 40-year-old red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) forests in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. This forest was thinned in 2005 as a representative FTW practice. The total C stored in tree biomass was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the FTW stand (40.17 Mg C ha−1) than in the control stand (64.52 Mg C ha−1). However, C storage of forest floor and soil layers measured at four different depths was not changed by FTW, except for that at the surface soil depth (0–10 cm). The organic C input due to litterfall and output due to needle litter decomposition were both significantly lower in the FTW stand than in the control stand (2.02 Mg C ha−1 year−1 vs. 2.80 Mg C ha−1 year−1 and 308 g C kg−1 year−1 vs. 364 g C kg−1 year−1, respectively, both P < 0.05). Soil environmental factors were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by FTW, except for soil CO2 efflux rates and organic C concentration at soil depth of 0–20 cm. The mean annual soil CO2 efflux rates were the same in the FTW (0.24 g CO2 m−2 h−1) and control (0.24 g CO2 m−2 h−1) stands despite monthly variations of soil CO2 efflux over the one-year study period. The mean soil organic C concentration at a soil depth of 0–20 cm was lower in the FTW stand (81.3 g kg−1) than in the control stand (86.4 g kg−1) but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). In contrast, the mean soil temperature was significantly higher, the mean soil water content was significantly lower, and the soil pH was significantly higher in the FTW stand than in the control stand (10.34 °C vs. 8.98 °C, 48.2% vs. 56.4%, and pH 4.83 vs. pH 4.60, respectively, all P < 0.05). These results indicated that FTW can influence tree biomass C dynamics, organic C input and output, and soil environmental factors such as soil temperature, soil water content and soil pH, while soil C dynamics such as soil CO2 efflux rates and soil organic C concentration were little affected by FTW in a red pine stand. 相似文献
19.
Multipurpose tree species （MPTs） were studied in an agroforestry arboretum under subtropical humid climate in Northeast India. Out of 12 MPTs planted under agroforestry systems, Acacia auriculiformis in spacing of 2 m × 2 m （2500 stems·hm^-2） could have the potentiality to meet the timber/fuelwood requirement due to its high wood production of 635 m^3·hm^-2 with mean annual increment （MAI） of 2.54×10^-2 m^3.treel.a^-1 in a short rotation period of 10 years. Thus, A. auriculiformis is a short rotation forest tree species suitable to grow in subtropical humid climate. On the other hand, at 16 years of age, Eucalyptus hybrid and Michelia champaca in spacing of 3 m × 3 m （1111 stems.hm^2） produced appreciably high timber volume of 315 m^3.hm^-2 and 165 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.77×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1·a^-1 and 0.92×10.2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1, respectively. At 16 years of age, Gmelina arborea produced a timber volume of 147 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.47×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1 followed by Samania saman （140 m^3.hm^-2）, Albizziaprocera （113 m^3·hm^-2） and Tectona grandis （79 m3.hm^-2） with MAI of 1.40, 1.13 and 0.78 × 10^-2 m^3 .tree^-1a^-1, respectively in 4 m × 4 m spacing （625 stems.hm^-2）. Gliricidia maculata and Leucaena leucocephala could be used as live fences around the farm boundary to supply their N-rich leaves for mulch as well as manure to crops. In agroforestry arboretum, direct seeded upland rice （Oryza sativa - variety, AR-11）, groundnut （Arachis hypogaea - variety, JL-24） and sesamum （Sesamum indicum - variety, B-67） were grown during the initial period upto 8 years of tree establishment. Under other MPTs, there was a reduction in crop productivity as compared to open space. After 8 years of tree establishment, horti-silvi and silvi-pastoral systems were developed and pineapple （Ananas comosus - variety Queen）, turmeric （Curcuma longa -variety RCT -1） and cowpea （Vigna sinensis - variety Pusa Barsati） as forage crop were raised. The productivity of p 相似文献
20.
AbbasAli Zamani AliAsghar Talebi Yaghoub Fathipour Valiollah Baniameri 《Journal of pest science》2006,79(4):183-188
The functional response of two aphid parasitoids, Aphidius colemani Viereck and Aphidius matricariae (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), on the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), was examined. Five constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C) and six host densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64) were used during a 24-h period. At each temperature, 2–64 third-instar nymphs of A.
gossypii were exposed to individual wasp mating pairs. A type II functional response model for both parasitoid wasps was fit separately for each temperature. The results showed that instantaneous attack rate (a) in A.
colemani increased linearly as the temperature increases from 10 to 30°C, but in A.
matricariae, (a) increased almost linearly with temperature to reach a maximum at 25°C, and then decreased at 30°C, displaying an asymmetrical dome-shaped pattern. The highest instantaneous attack rate for A.
colemani and A.
matricariae were calculated 0.940 ± 0.144 day−1 at 30°C and 0.687 ± 0.157 day−1 at 25°C, respectively. Handling time (T
h) for A.
colemani was inversely proportional to temperature and ranged from 0.093 ± 0.026 day at 10°C to 0.032 ± 0.004 day at 30°C, but in A.
matricariae, (T
h) was between 0.078 ± 0.015 day at 10°C and 0.036 ± 0.014 day at 20°C. A.
colemani achieved higher parasitism rate than A. matricariae at higher temperatures. This observation suggests that A.
colemani maybe more effective for biological control of the cotton aphid during warmer periods. 相似文献