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1.
试验旨在研究不同泌乳阶段奶牛饲喂相同日粮对采食行为和日粮营养物质表观消化率的影响。选择体重、胎次相近的8头健康泌乳牛,其中4头处于泌乳盛期(泌乳盛期组),4头处于泌乳后期(泌乳后期组),2组奶牛饲喂相同日粮,预试期15 d,正试期15 d。结果表明:泌乳盛期组奶牛每天干物质采食量(24.0 kg)高于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),泌乳盛期组奶牛每千克干物质的采食时间、一昼夜总反刍时间、躺卧时间均低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01),;泌乳盛期组奶牛日粮中中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率低于泌乳后期组(P<0.01)。由此可见,泌乳盛期奶牛采食时间极显著高于泌乳后期奶牛,泌乳盛期奶牛躺卧时间极显著少于泌乳后期。  相似文献   

2.
文章旨在评价甘蔗渣作为粗饲料对泌乳奶牛采食量、消化率、采食行为、泌乳量、乳成分及微生物蛋白合成等方面的影响。试验选择10头初始体重为(450±25.6)kg,泌乳天数为(143.7±30.7)d的杂交奶牛为研究对象,试验采用5×5拉丁方设计,饲喂周期为5个21 d(1~14 d为适应期,15~21 d为数据采集期)。试验日粮分为对照日粮、45%、50%、55%和60%甘蔗渣日粮。结果:对照组与45%和50%甘蔗渣组干物质、有机物、总可消化养分摄入量、干物质和有机物消化率无显著差异(P>0.05),而55%和60%甘蔗渣组干物质和有机物消化率最低(P<0.05)。甘蔗渣组与对照组对中性洗涤纤维摄入量和表观消化率的影响具有显著差异(P<0.05),其中45%甘蔗渣组奶牛的非纤维碳水化合物摄入量和消化率与对照组相似(P>0.05)。日粮甘蔗渣添加水平对营养物质的摄入量和消化率呈显著线性降低(P<0.05)。60%甘蔗渣组较对照组显著降低了奶牛反刍时间,显著提高空闲时间(P<0.05)。奶牛的反刍时间、反刍和采食效率随日粮甘蔗渣添加水平的升高显著线性降低(P<0.05),而空闲时间随饲粮中甘蔗渣含量的增加线性增加(P<0.05)。结论:日粮添加甘蔗渣降低了奶牛日产奶量,但添加水平为45%~50%时可以使奶牛泌乳量达到12 kg/d。  相似文献   

3.
日粮精粗比对泌乳奶牛咀嚼活动的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
本试验旨在研究口粮精粗比与泌乳奶牛咀嚼活动的关系.选择4头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的初产荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,按4×4拉丁方设汁,研究精粗比约为30:70的高低质粗料型日粮、30:70的混合型高青贮日粮、50:50的精粗料比例相当的日粮及65:35的高精料日粮对奶牛干物质(dry mater,DM)、中性洗涤纤维(neutraldetergent fiber,NDF)与物理有效NDF(physical effective NDF,peNDF)等营养物质进食量及采食与反刍等咀嚼活动的影响.结果表明:H粮精粗比显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛DM、NDF和peNDF进食量;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛日采食时间和单位DM、NDF、peNDF进食量的采食时间及日采食次数、单次采食时间;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响除奶牛单次反刍时间和日反刍次数外的反刍活动参数;显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛日咀嚼时间、单位DM、NDF、peNDF、ADF进食量咀嚼时间及单位DM、peNDF进食量咀嚼次数.由此可知,通过调节咀嚼活动,4种不同精粗比的日粮均能满足奶牛对peNDF的需要量,且能获得维持合适乳脂率和瘤胃pH的咀嚼时间.  相似文献   

4.
本试验采用六氟化硫(SF6)示踪技术测定生产条件下泌乳奶牛瘤胃甲烷(CH4)排放量,旨在研究饲粮中性洗涤纤维/非纤维性碳水化合物(NDF/NFC)对泌乳高峰期奶牛甲烷排放量、营养物质表观消化率及生产性能的影响。试验选用体重(564.04±24.97)kg、胎次(1.58±0.23)胎、泌乳天数(88.00±15.32)d、产奶量(20.83±0.77)kg/d的荷斯坦奶牛12头,随机分成3组,每组4头。各组饲粮NDF/NFC分别为1.14、1.30、1.55。试验期为24 d,包括14 d预饲期和10 d正试期。结果表明:(1)低NDF组甲烷排放量、甲烷能极显著低于高NDF组(P≤0.01),甲烷/干物质采食量、甲烷能/总能摄入量在3个处理组间有极显著差异(P≤0.01);(2)各营养物质的表观消化率在3组间无显著差异(P> 0.05);(3)低NDF组日增重显著高于高NDF组(P <0.05)。综上,在不影响奶牛健康和生产性能的前提下,NDF/NFC为1.14的低NDF组饲粮能显著降低泌乳高峰期奶牛瘤胃甲烷排放量。  相似文献   

5.
本试验旨在研究酿酒酵母培养物对泌乳奶牛生产性能、营养物质表观消化率及血清生化和免疫指标的影响。选取产奶量、胎次和泌乳天数相近的健康荷斯坦泌乳奶牛45头,随机分成3个组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组饲喂基础饲粮组,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组分别在基础饲粮中添加精料量1%和2%的酿酒酵母培养物。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)试验Ⅱ组产奶量极显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01);试验Ⅰ组产奶量较对照组提高了0.36 kg/d,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的干物质采食量较对照组分别提高了0.22和0.46 kg/d,但差异不显著(P>0.05);各组之间乳成分和饲料转化效率差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组干物质表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组粗蛋白表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各组之间中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)。4)试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组丙血清氨酸转移酶活性极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),试验Ⅱ组血清免疫球蛋白G含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),各组之间其他各项血清生化和免疫指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加精料量2%的酿酒酵母培养物可显著提高泌乳奶牛生产性能,改善机体免疫能力,从而增加牧场经济效益。  相似文献   

6.
以40头中等产奶量的荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,应用随机分组试验设计将试验动物分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,日粮精粗比例依次为50%:50%,40%:60%,35%:65%,30%:70%。研究TMR不同精粗比例对奶牛碳水化合物消化的影响,结果表明:随着粗饲料比例增加,CF、NFE、NDF和ADF表观消化率均呈先增加后降低趋势;其中试验Ⅱ组CF表观消化率显著(P<0.05)高于试验Ⅰ组,试验Ⅲ组极显著(P<0.01)高于试验Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组;试验Ⅲ组NDF表观消化率最高,并显著(P<0.05)高于试验Ⅳ组;试验Ⅱ的ADF表观消化率组较高,但各组间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过比较发现,当TMR日粮中粗饲料比例在60%~65%时各试验组CF、NDF、ADF和NFE表观消化率均较高,即碳水化合物消化利用最充分。因此,TMR的精粗比例为(40%:60%)~(35%:65%)是中产奶牛TMR较适宜的比例。  相似文献   

7.
试验旨在研究日粮中添加霉菌毒素吸附剂蒙脱石对中国荷斯坦奶牛营养物质表观消化率和血液指标的影响。选择45头胎次、泌乳日龄和产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛,采用随机区组设计分为5组,每组9头,分别在基础日粮中添加0%(对照组)、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%的蒙脱石,试验期70 d,测定各组的饲料营养物质表观消化率、血液中酶和矿物元素含量的变化。结果表明:随着蒙脱石添加量的增大,血清中谷草转氨酶浓度无显著变化(P>0.05),但0.5%组血清中谷丙转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶的浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);血液中锌和镁浓度无显著变化,但1.0%~2.0%组血液中钙浓度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),铜和铁浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);对粗脂肪、钙和总磷的表观消化率无显著影响,但粗蛋白质表观消化率有升高趋势,且0.5%组的NDF、ADF表观消化率最高。综合考虑,本试验条件下(奶牛日粮中霉菌毒素含量在安全范围内),日粮中霉菌毒素吸附剂蒙脱石的推荐添加量为0.5%。  相似文献   

8.
研究了具有南方奶牛日粮类型特征的相同精粗比日粮的不同饲喂方式对奶牛的采食行为、产奶性能、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物的影响.选用体重相近的12头荷斯坦奶牛,采用单因子设计,根据产奶量、胎次及泌乳天数随机分为2组(n=6),分别为精粗分饲组(SI)和全混合日粮组(TMR),精饲料:粗饲料均为50:50.试验结果表明:奶牛采食量无差异,在相同精粗比日粮下,TMR饲养技术极显著减少了奶牛的采食时间(P<0.01),显著增加了反刍时间(P<0.05),TMR组奶牛的乳脂率、4%标准奶产量、乳脂产量、乳糖产量和乳固形物产量分别比SI组显著提高11.20%、11.60%、17.50%、13.21%和9.86%(P<0.05),但对奶牛咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物影响不显著(P>0.05).在南方奶牛典型日粮采用TMR饲养技术时,与精粗分饲相比,可提高奶牛的产奶性能,但对奶牛的采食量、咀嚼行为、全肠道养分表观消化率和血清代谢产物没有显著影响.  相似文献   

9.
选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,分别在4个阶段饲喂日粮(I基础日粮+棕榈油脂肪粉400g/d)、日粮I(I基础日粮+棕榈油脂肪酸钙400g/d)、日粮II(I基础日粮+豆油400g/d)和日粮Ⅳ(基础日粮)4种日粮,研究了棕榈油脂肪粉、棕榈油脂肪酸钙、豆油对纤维素瘤胃降解率和表观消化率的影响。结果表明:各试验组有降低日粮NDF、ADF、CF瘤胃降解率的趋势,添加豆油组72hNDF、CF瘤胃降解率与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01),除个别时间点外添加棕榈油脂肪粉组NDF、ADF、CF瘤胃降解率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);添加棕榈油脂肪粉组、棕榈油脂肪酸钙组日粮DM、NDF、ADF、CF表观消化率与对照组差异不显著。  相似文献   

10.
本试验旨在研究在不同日粮条件下对奶牛干物质采食量(DMI)及养分消化率的影响。用4头安装永久瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠瘘管的泌乳奶牛(体重为483±21kg,泌乳日龄为175±6天)通过4×4拉丁方试验设计,日粮包括30:70CW组(粗料仅由羊草组成)、30:70CCA组(粗料为玉米青贮+苜蓿+羊草)、50:50CCA组和65:35CCA组,共设4期试验,每期23天。30:70CCA组干物质采食量与有机物采食量极显著低于其它日粮组(P<0.01),30:70CCA组能量采食量显著低于其它日粮组,30:70CW组DM、OM在瘤胃消化率(P<0.05)及全肠道消化率(P<0.01)均显著低于其它日粮组;NDF、ADF瘤胃及全肠道消化率均无显著差异。65:35CCA组产奶量极显著高于其它组(P<0.01)。  相似文献   

11.
选用4头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的初产奶牛采用4×4拉丁方设计，研究不添加油脂（CK）、添加4％豆油（LOC1）、4％胡麻油（LOC2）以及2％豆油+2％胡麻油（LOC3）对DM、OM、NDF、ADF瘤胃表观消化率及全肠道消化率的影响。结果表明：在60%高粗料日粮基础上添加4%豆油、亚麻油或二者的混合物，对奶牛干物质采食量没有影响。与对照组相比,添加油组DM、OM、NDF、ADF的瘤胃表观消化率和全肠道消化率都有降低的趋势，但差异不显著（P＞0.05），3个添加油组之间差异也不显著（P＞0.05）。  相似文献   

12.
为研究不同中性洗涤纤维/非纤维性碳水化合物(NDF/NFC)饲粮对泌乳后期奶牛甲烷排放量、营养物质消化率和生产性能的影响,试验选用体重(777.46±27.31)kg、胎次(1.5±0.15)胎、泌乳天数(242.92±15.28)d、产奶量(18.75±0.62)kg/d的奶牛12头,随机分配到3组,每组4头。各组饲粮NDF/NFC分别为2.10(精粗比为42:58)、1.96(精粗比为37:63)、1.52(精粗比为30:70),采用六氟化硫(SF_6)示踪技术测定自然状态下泌乳奶牛甲烷排放量。预试期14 d,正试期9 d。结果表明:饲喂不同NDF/NFC饲粮的泌乳后期奶牛甲烷排放量、甲烷能、单位干物质采食量的甲烷排放量以及单位总能摄入量的甲烷能均有显著差异;随着NDF/NFC降低,奶牛生产性能、饲料转化率和营养物质消化率无显著差异。综上,在不影响奶牛健康和生产性能的前提下,NDF/NFC为1.52的低NDF组饲料能显著降低泌乳后期奶牛瘤胃甲烷排放量。  相似文献   

13.
Twelve multiparous Holstein dairy cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square changeover design to evaluate the effects of graded inclusion of soya bean hulls (SHs) in replacement of diet forages at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of dietary dry matter (DM) basis on peNDF > 8 and peNDF > 1.18 contents of diets and their resulting effects on chewing activity, nutrient digestibility and milk production of dairy cattle. The control diet contained 50% forage, 50% concentrate and no SH. In the other three diets, SH was substituted for alfalfa hay, corn silage and wheat bran to supply 10%, 20% and 30% of the dietary DM. Increasing SH concentration in the diets resulted in decreasing concentrations of forage neutral detergent fibre (NDF), physically effective NDF (peNDF) and mean particle size (p < 0.01). Chewing activity per kilogram of daily dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected by the different diets tested. However, chewing activity significantly decreased for kilogram intake of NDF, but increased for peNDF > 1.18 when SH was included in the diets (p < 0.01). Total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients significantly increased for DM, organic matter (p < 0.05) and NDF (p < 0.01) but decreased for crude protein (p < 0.05) as the proportion of SH was increased in the diets. Rumen pH value of cattle was not influenced by the diets. Including medium and high amounts of SH in the diets decreased DMI of the animals (p < 0.05) without any significant effect on their daily milk or 4% fat‐corrected milk production. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the NDF from a non‐forage fibre source like SH had a lower potential for stimulating chewing activity than did forage NDF. Despite this, the small size of dietary particles increased not only the chewing activity per kilogram of peNDF intake but also saliva secretion as well as the potential for rumen to neutralize acids. The findings of this study demonstrate the greater differences in peNDF > 8 among the diets and that these differences are better reflected in terms of DMI, chewing activity and nutrient digestibility, but not in rumen pH.  相似文献   

14.
This experiment was carried out to study the effect of a directly fed exogenous fibrolytic enzyme on intake and digestion of DM, OM, protein, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose of alfalfa and ryegrass hay by sheep. Four diets were randomly assigned to four ruminally cannulated lambs using a 4 x 4 Latin square design, repeated in time, with a factorial arrangement (2 x 2) of diets: 1) alfalfa hay; 2) alfalfa hay + exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (enzyme); 3) ryegrass hay; and 4) ryegrass hay + enzyme. Lambs consumed more DM and OM from alfalfa than from ryegrass hay (P < 0.001). The ADF intake was not different between the hays, but NDF intake was lower for alfalfa (P < 0.001). For both hays, the enzyme increased intake of DM (P < 0.01), as well as OM and CP (P < 0.05); however, NDF and ADF intake were not changed. Alfalfa hay had higher apparent digestibility of DM, OM, and CP (P < 0.001), but lower digestibility for NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose. The enzyme increased apparent digestibility of CP, hemicellulose (P < 0.05), and NDF (P < 0.10) for alfalfa. Also, for both hays, the enzyme improved N balance because lambs retained more N (P < 0.05). The enzyme increased (P < 0.05) total VFA concentration (3 and 6 h) for both hays. Results from this trial indicate that directly fed exogenous fibrolytic enzymes may change ruminal fermentation, intake, and digestibility of forages with different nutritive value.  相似文献   

15.
Brangus cows (n = 29) were used in three experiments to evaluate the effects of parity (multiparous vs. primiparous) and potential genetic merit for milk production (high vs. low) on forage intake during late gestation, early lactation, and late lactation. Cows were selected for milk production based on their sire's EPD for milk production (MEPD). Cows had ad libitum access to (130% of previous 2-d average intake) low-quality hay (5.3% CP and 76% NDF), and cottonseed meal was supplemented to ensure adequate degradable intake protein. All females were adapted to diets for at least 7 d, and individual intake data were collected for 9 d. During the lactation trials, actual milk production was determined using a portable milking machine following a 12-h separation from calves. During late gestation, multiparous cows consumed 24% more (P = 0.01) forage DM (kg/d) than primiparous cows; however, parity class did not influence forage intake when intake was expressed relative to BW. Furthermore, MEPD did not influence forage intake during late gestation. During early lactation, multiparous cows produced 66% more (P < 0.001) milk than primiparous cows, and high MEPD tended (P = 0.10) to produce more milk than low MEPD. Multiparous cows consumed 19% more (P < 0.0001) forage DM than did primiparous cows when expressed on an absolute basis, but not when expressed on a BW basis. High-MEPD cows consumed 8% more (P < 0.05) forage DM than did low-MEPD cows. During late lactation, multiparous cows produced 84% more milk than primiparous cows, although MEPD did not influence (P = 0.40) milk yield. In addition, multiparous cows consumed 17% more (P < 0.01) forage DM per day than primiparous cows, but when intake was expressed relative to BW, neither parity nor MEPD influenced forage DMI during late lactation. Milk yield and BW explained significant proportions of the variation in forage DMI during early and late lactation. Each kilogram increase in milk yield was associated with a 0.33- and 0.37-kg increase in forage DMI for early and late lactation, respectively. Results suggest that multiand primiparous cows consume similar amounts of low-quality forage DM, expressed per unit of BW, during late gestation and lactation. Selecting beef cows for increased genetic merit for milk production increases forage DMI during early lactation.  相似文献   

16.
Twelve Angus (237 +/- 13 kg) and twelve Holstein (235 +/- 15 kg) steers were used to determine whether corn silage-based diets with different NDF levels influence DMI to a similar extent in Angus and Holstein steers and as body weight of the steers increase. Steers were randomly assigned to individual slatted-floor pens and used in a crossover design consisting of six 14-d periods. Experimental diets contained corn silage from a normal hybrid (low-fiber; LF) and its male-sterile counterpart (high-fiber; HF) and were alternated each period. The LF and HF diets contained 33.8 and 50.8% NDF, respectively. The HF diet decreased (P < 0.01) overall steer mean DMI 14.0% relative to LF, with mean differences increasing as steers increased in BW (P < 0.01). Feeding the HF diet also reduced ADG by an average of 13.8% relative to the LF diet (P < 0.01). Holstein steers consumed 14.4% more DM and gained 14.3% faster (P < 0.01) than Angus steers. There was a fiber level x breed-type interaction (P = 0.08) for efficiency of gain. Angus steers receiving the HF diet had greater efficiency of gain than Angus steers consuming the LF diet; however, Holstein steers consuming the LF diet had greater efficiency of gain than those receiving the HF diet. The HF treatment reduced total-tract digestibility of DM and GE by 4.6 and 4.5%, respectively (P < 0.01), and decreased DE intake by 20.5% (P < 0.01) but increased apparent totaltract digestibility of NDF and ADF (9.4 and 8.4%, respectively; P < 0.01). Holstein steers had similar digestibility of DM and GE (P > 0.10) but had greater DE intake (P < 0.01) compared to Angus steers. There were fiber level x breed-type interactions for total-tract digestibility of NDF and ADF (P < 0.06). The difference in DM digestibility was negatively associated with the difference in DMI (r2 = 0.23; P < 0.01) for LF minus HF within Angus steers, but not within Holstein steers (P = 0.42). Total-tract digestibility of NDF and ADF was 4.1 and 3.4% lower for the HF diet but was only 1.1 and 0.6% lower for the LF diet when fed to Holstein compared to Angus steers. Results from this trial demonstrate that high-NDF corn silage-based diets reduced intake of both Angus and Holstein steers, and this reduction in DMI continued as steers increased in BW from 235 to 330 kg. Breed differences were also noted for digestible energy intake as influenced by fiber level.  相似文献   

17.
奶牛日粮中不同水平酵母硒对表观消化率的影响   总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1  
本试验选取8头体况、奶产量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛，采用4×4拉丁方设计分为4组分别添加4种不同的预混料：对照组不添加酵母硒而添加亚硒酸钠，Se含量为0.3 mg/kg日粮，处理组添加酵母硒，硒水平分别为0.3、0.45、0.6 mg/kg日粮，试验期全天收集牛粪，对常规营养成分进行测定。结果表明：与对照组相比，添加酵母硒0.45 mg/kg组可以提高奶牛对OM、NDF、ADF、纤维素（CEL）、半纤维素（HC）、钙、磷的表观消化率（P<0.01）和粗蛋白质的消化率（P<0.05）；和其他酵母硒处理组相比，0.45 mg/kg组的养分表观消化率也较高。  相似文献   

18.
A study involving a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was conducted to evaluate effects of hybrid (Pioneer 3335 and 3489), maturity (half milkline and blacklayer), and mechanical processing (field chopper with and without on-board rollers engaged) on intake and digestibility of corn silage. Forty Angus steers (322 +/- 5.2 kg BW) were assigned to the eight silage treatments (five steers per treatment) and individually fed using electronic gates. Diets consisted of 60% corn silage and 40% chopped alfalfa hay (DM basis). Following a 5-d adaptation period, intake was measured for 7 d and subsequently fecal samples were collected for 5 d. Chromic oxide (5 g/d) was fed beginning 7 d before fecal sample collection and digestibility was determined by the ratio of Cr in the feed and feces. Steers were reallocated to treatments and these procedures were repeated, providing 10 observations per treatment. In addition, all silages were ruminally incubated in six mature cows for 0, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 96 h to determine extent and rate of DM, starch, NDF, and ADF disappearance. Processing increased DMI of hybrid 3489 but did not affect DMI of hybrid 3335 (hybrid x processing; P < 0.06). Total tract digestibility of DM, starch, NDF, and ADF decreased (P < 0.01) as plant maturity increased. Maturity tended to decrease starch digestibility more for hybrid 3489 than for hybrid 3335 (hybrid x maturity; P < 0.10). Processing increased (P < 0.01) starch digestibility but decreased (P < 0.01) NDF and ADF digestibility, resulting in no processing effect on DM digestibility. There was a numerical trend for processing to increase starch digestibility more for latethan for early-maturity corn silage (maturity x processing; P = 0.11). Processing increased in situ rates of DM and starch disappearance and maturity decreased in situ disappearance rates of starch and fiber. These data indicate that hybrid, maturity, and processing all affect corn silage digestibility. Mechanical processing of corn silage increased starch digestibility, which may have been associated with the observed decreased fiber digestibility.  相似文献   

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