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1.
山西省苹果园山楂叶螨对5种杀虫剂抗药性监测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了明确山西省苹果园山楂叶螨(Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher)对化学杀虫剂的抗性现状及发展趋势,本文采用玻片浸渍法建立了山楂叶螨相对敏感种群对5种杀虫剂的敏感基线,连续3年(2013-2015年)监测了采自山西省苹果主产区运城苹果园的山楂叶螨对5种杀虫剂的抗性水平及变化动态。监测结果表明:田间监测种群对阿维菌素和三唑锡均处于敏感性下降及低水平抗性阶段,对哒螨灵和噻螨酮的抗性由低水平抗性升至中等水平抗性,对炔螨特处于低水平抗性。田间防治山楂叶螨时,哒螨灵与噻螨酮应淘汰不再使用,阿维菌素、三唑锡、炔螨特则应注意减少用药量及轮换用药,以延缓产生更高水平的抗药性。 相似文献
2.
Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, were collected from commercial onion fields in 2001, 2002 and 2003 to assess resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin and diazinon. In 2001, six of eight adult populations were resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin, with resistance ratios (RR) ranging from 2 to 13.1 and four of these were also resistant to deltamethrin, with RR ranging from 19.3 to 120. Three of four adult populations were resistant to diazinon with RR ranging from 2.5 to 165.8. In 2002, four of seven nymphal populations and three of six adult populations were resistant to deltamethrin, with RR ranging from 4.3 to 72.5 and 9.4 to 839.2, respectively. Only one of six nymphal populations and one of five adult populations were resistant to diazinon, with RR of 5.6 and 2.3, respectively. In 2003 diagnostic dose bioassays, 15 of 16 onion thrips populations were resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin and all were resistant to deltamethrin. Eight of the 16 were resistant to diazinon. These results indicate that insecticide resistance is widespread in onion thrips in commercial onion fields in Ontario. 相似文献
3.
灰飞虱对几种杀虫剂的抗性 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用稻苗浸渍法测定了灰飞虱对7种常用杀虫剂的抗性。2011年监测了我国江苏、浙江、安徽三省9个灰飞虱种群对噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺、毒死蜱、吡蚜酮、噻嗪酮、高效氯氰菊酯及氟虫腈的抗性。结果表明:灰飞虱对噻虫嗪都处于敏感阶段(0.6~2.2倍);对烯啶虫胺处于敏感阶段(0.8~3.0倍);对毒死蜱产生了中-高水平抗性(17.5~83.6倍);对吡蚜酮为敏感到低水平抗性(1.9~5.5倍);对噻嗪酮的抗性为高-极高水平(136.4~271.1倍);对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性为低-中等水平(5.2~34.9倍);对氟虫腈为低水平抗性(0.9~8.0倍)。基于灰飞虱对7种药剂的抗性情况,对田间治理灰飞虱合理使用药剂进行了讨论。 相似文献
4.
立足宁南旱地小杂粮生产现状,通过分析影响产业化发展的主要限制因子,提出了以持续增进降水生产潜力,提高降水利用率和农田水分效率为重点,大力推广优质高效抗旱新品种及配套栽培技术、优化集成抗旱节水农业技术、培肥土壤、建设高产稳产基本农田、加强产业化开发等关键技术。 相似文献
5.
采用浸叶法分别测定了宁夏8个地区烟粉虱成虫田间种群对4类5种杀虫剂的抗性。结果表明,供试烟粉虱种群对高效氯氰菊酯已产生了中等至极高水平抗性,抗性倍数为33.31~227.98倍;对烯啶虫胺产生了中等至高水平抗性,抗性倍数为12.14~69.33倍;对毒死蜱和吡虫啉产生了低至中等水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为7.63~38.85倍和6.05~22.43倍,个别地区种群对吡虫啉尚处于敏感水平;对阿维菌素处于敏感性降低至中等水平抗性,抗性倍数为4.54~13.22倍。烟粉虱对5种杀虫剂的抗性有明显的区域性,抗性最为普遍且严重的地区为贺兰新平和吴忠,其次为贺兰产业园、石嘴山大武口、中卫和永宁,而西夏区军马场、固原烟粉虱种群的抗性则相对较低。对银川3地烟粉虱抗药性监测结果表明,在5种杀虫剂中,其对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性发展最为迅速,其次为烯啶虫胺,对阿维菌素和吡虫啉的抗性发展相对较慢,而西夏区军马场和贺兰产业园种群对毒死蜱敏感性有所恢复。 相似文献
6.
Three collections of Bemisia tabaci were taken from cotton and vegetable crops at the beginning of the growing season in Egypt. These displayed marked resistance to the carbamates carbosulfan (ca 20- to 50-fold) and aldicarb (ca 40- to 80-fold) and moderate resistance to the pyrethroids cypermethrin (ca 10- to 30-fold) and lambda-cyhalothrin (ca 10- to 25-fold). They displayed no resistance to the organophosphates profenofos and pirimiphos-methyl, or to imidacloprid. Another population, collected at the end of the growing season, differed markedly in its response. In this population, resistance to carbosulfan remained high (ca 40-fold), resistance to profenofos and cypermethrin was increased (ca 20- and 50-fold respectively) and a slight resistance to imidacloprid was detected (ca 6-fold). Resistance to cypermethrin and profenofos was shown to be similar among adults and nymphs. Irrespective of collection date, none of the populations showed resistance to pyriproxyfen. These Egyptian populations were compared with two representative Israeli populations. The differences between their resistance profiles is discussed in terms of their collection date, their geographical proximity and the patterns of insecticide use at their sites of collection. 相似文献
7.
以整个黄土高原地区为研究区域,建立作物的气候变化适应度模型,通过数理统计和地理空间分析方法,分析了自1960—2011年来,区域冬、春小麦对水分、温度、光照的适应度时空变化特征,并进行了适应度分区。结果表明：区域冬小麦全生育期的综合适应度达到了较强适应水平,有减小趋势;除返青—拔节期在中度适应水平外,其他生育期均为较强适应水平。春小麦全生育期的综合适应达到较强适应水平,有升高趋势;灌浆—成熟期最大,达到了较强适应水平;播种—出苗期最小,只达到中度适应水平。区域综合适应度由西北向东南呈增加趋势且与水分适应度分布的相关性最大,与温度适应度的相关性相对较小,与日照适应度的空间分布呈负相关;其倾向率在西部、西北和东北地区呈增加趋势;在南部和东南部呈减少趋势。冬小麦在返青—拔节期,春小麦在播种—出苗期需要加强人工管理,以增强其适应度;且气候变化对北部的春麦种植较为有利,而对南部的冬麦种植不利。 相似文献
8.
Crop diseases affect crop yield and quality and cause significant losses of total food production worldwide. With the ever-increasing world population and decreasing land and water resources, there is a need not only to produce more food but also to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to mitigate climate change and avoid land use change and biodiversity loss. Thus, alternative climate-smart farming systems need to adapt to produce more food per hectare in a more sustainable way than conventional high-input farming systems. In addition to breeding new high-yielding cultivars adapted to future climates, there is a need to deploy Integrated Crop Management (ICM) strategies, relying less on synthetic inputs for fertilization and crop protection and less on fossil fuel-powered machinery to decrease yield losses due to pest and pathogens and guarantee food security. In this review, we compare some low-input farming systems to conventional agricultural systems with a focus on ICM solutions being developed to reduce synthetic inputs; these include crop genetic resistance to pathogens, intercropping, canopy architecture manipulation, and crop rotation. These techniques have potential to decrease crop disease frequency and severity by decreasing amounts and dispersal of pathogen inoculum and by producing microclimates that are less favourable for pathogen development, while decreasing GHG emissions and improving environmental sustainability. More research is needed to determine the best deployment of these ICM strategies in various cropping systems to maximize yield, crop protection, and other ecosystem services to address trade-offs between climate change and food security. 相似文献
9.
Taking an area of about 2.3×104 km2 of southeastern Iran, this study aims to detect and predict regional-scale salt-affected lands. Three sets of Landsat images, each set containing 4 images for 1986, 2000, and 2015 were acquired as the main source of data. Radiometric, atmospheric and cutline blending methods were used to improve the quality of images and help better classify salinized land areas under the support vector machine method. A set of landscape metrics was also employed to detect the spatial pattern of salinized land expansion from 1986 to 2015. Four factors including distance to sea, distance to sea water channels, slope, and elevation were identified as the main contributing factors to land salinization. These factors were then integrated using the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) procedure to generate land sensitivity map to salinization and also to calibrate the cellular-automata (CA) Markov chain (CA-Markov) model for simulation of salt-affected lands up to 2030, 2040 and 2050. The results of this study showed a dramatic dispersive expansion of salinized land from 7.7 % to 12.7% of the total study area from 1986 to 2015. The majority of areas prone to salinization and the highest sensitivity of land to salinization was found to be in the southeastern parts of the region. The result of the MCE-informed CA-Markov model revealed that 20.3% of the study area is likely to be converted to salinized lands by 2050. The findings of this research provided a view of the magnitude and direction of salinized land expansion in a past-to-future time period which should be considered in future land development strategies. 相似文献
10.
In Europe and North America, deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most prevalent mycotoxin associated with wheat head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. Because DON is toxic to plants and enhances the ability of the pathogen to spread within a spike, wheat lines with resistance to DON should be more resistant to head blight. Resistance to DON has been associated with resistance gene Fhb1 that confers resistance to spread within a spike. The objectives of this study were to determine if wheat lines resistant to head blight were also resistant to DON, if genes other than Fhb1 confer resistance to DON, and to identify lines able to fill grain in the presence of DON. Susceptible controls and diverse North American and European winter wheat lines with resistance to head blight were screened for molecular markers linked to known head blight resistance genes, and evaluated in a greenhouse for resistance to DON and relative yield after application of DON to spikes at flowering. Fhb1 appeared to have the unique ability to confer resistance to DON, as measured by the number of DON‐bleached primary florets. However, this resistance did not protect plants from the phytotoxic effects of DON on kernel formation as measured by the relative yield of treated spikes. Furthermore, measuring the relative yield loss following DON application may be useful for identifying lines with tolerance to head blight. 相似文献
11.
Jonas Roos Richard Hopkins Anders Kvarnheden Christina Dixelius 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,129(1):9-19
Cold winters and geographic isolation have hitherto protected the Nordic countries from many plant pathogens and insect pests,
leading to a comparatively low input of pesticides. The changing climate is projected to lead to a greater rise in temperature
in this region, compared to the global mean. In Scandinavia, a milder and more humid climate implies extended growing seasons
and possibilities to introduce new crops, but also opportunities for crop pests and pathogens to thrive in the absence of
long cold periods. Increased temperatures, changed precipitation patterns and new cultivation practices may lead to a dramatic
change in crop health. Examples of diseases and insect pest problems predicted to increase in incidence and severity due to
global warming are discussed. 相似文献
12.
Genome-wide analyses of gene function and gene expression are beginning to yield valuable information in many areas of biological research, and these genomic tools are now being applied to crop pest and disease research. DNA sequencing of cDNA libraries to generate sets of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) are allowing gene compendiums for crop diseases to be compiled. Annotation of such data collections is also providing a wealth of functional information about gene products through similarities to proteins with known function. The next phase of the functional genomics era will be to employ large-scale techniques to knock out or silence genes in order to synthesize gene-specific mutants for phenotypic analysis and to use micro-array methodology to analyze global gene expression, protein turnover and protein processing during the processes of parasitism and colonization. Application of these technologies promises to accelerate the pace that biological information relevant to crop protection accrues. The ability of researchers to assimilate this information into complex models and workable hypotheses is, thus, set to revolutionize the way we study pests and diseases of crop plants. 相似文献
13.
Suspected imazaquin-resistant accessions of Amaranthus palmeri were studied to determine the magnitude of resistance and cross-resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides and compare differential tolerance of A palmeri and Amaranthus hybridus to ALS inhibitors. Five of seven A palmeri accessions were resistant to imazaquin. The most imazaquin-resistant accession, accession 7, also showed 74, 39 and 117 times higher resistance than the susceptible biotype to chlorimuron, diclosulam and pyrithiobac, respectively. Resistance to imazaquin and cross-resistance to other ALS inhibitors in A palmeri was due to a less-sensitive ALS enzyme. A palmeri was 70 times more tolerant to imazaquin than A hybridus. A palmeri was also seven times more tolerant to pyrithiobac than A hybridus. Differences in ALS enzyme sensitivity could not fully account for the high tolerance of A palmeri to imazaquin compared to A hybridus. Both species were equally affected by chlorimuron and diclosulam. 相似文献
14.
在1983-84两年中,用赣W-2和赣S-3两白叶枯病菌株分别接种8个杂交水稻组合的亲本、F1、F2和F3代的结果表明,各抗病亲本所具有的抗W-2菌株的基因数目和作用方式均与其抗S-3菌株的基因数目和作用方式相同。就对W-2或S-3菌株的单一抗性来说,早36具有2对显性抗病基因;VT34-1具有2对互补的显性抗病基因;IR26和3624-33都具有3对互补的显性抗病基因。
在VT34-1中,有1对基因既控制对W-2菌株的抗性又控制对S-3菌株的抗性,另外2对基因则分别控制对这两菌株之一的抗性。在早36中,抗W-2菌株的2个独立基因分别与抗S-3菌株的2个独立基因连锁,其配子重组值为13.3%,基因重组值为6.887%。在IR26和3624-33中,抗W-2的菌株的3个独立基因均与抗S-3菌株的3个独立基因连锁,但它们的配子重组值和基因重组值均无法估计。预料同时选择对W-2和S-3菌株的抗性非常容易。 相似文献
在VT34-1中,有1对基因既控制对W-2菌株的抗性又控制对S-3菌株的抗性,另外2对基因则分别控制对这两菌株之一的抗性。在早36中,抗W-2菌株的2个独立基因分别与抗S-3菌株的2个独立基因连锁,其配子重组值为13.3%,基因重组值为6.887%。在IR26和3624-33中,抗W-2的菌株的3个独立基因均与抗S-3菌株的3个独立基因连锁,但它们的配子重组值和基因重组值均无法估计。预料同时选择对W-2和S-3菌株的抗性非常容易。 相似文献
15.
采用田间小区试验方法,测定了4种磺酰脲类除草剂对玉米、小麦、谷子、高粱4种禾本科作物的安全性。结果表明,4%玉农乐悬浮剂苗后茎叶处理,有效成份推荐量40g/hm2对玉米安全,2倍量80g/hm2对玉米有轻微药害,3倍量120g/hm2对玉米药害严重,植株矮化穗小。推荐量对小麦、谷子、高粱药害严重,苗期死亡;75%宝收干悬浮剂播后苗前土壤处理,有效成分推荐量25g/hm2、2倍量50g/hm2和3倍量75g/hm2对4种作物均安全。苗后茎叶处理,3个剂量对小麦均无明显药害。推荐量对玉米安全,高粱有轻度药害,谷子药害严重,苗期死亡。2倍量玉米有轻度药害,高粱药害严重,部分苗期死亡。3倍量玉米和高粱药害严重,玉米不能恢复正常生长,高粱大部分苗期枯死;25%宝成干悬浮剂苗后茎叶处理,有效成分推荐量18.75g/hm2推荐量对玉米安全,2倍量37.5g/hm2对玉米有轻微药害,7d左右恢复正常生长。推荐量对小麦、谷子、高粱均有药害,2倍量药害严重,苗期死亡;20%豆磺隆可溶性粉剂播后苗前土壤处理,有效成份推荐量15g/hm2下对4种作物均安全,2倍量30g/hm2和3倍量45g/hm2下对玉米、小麦、谷子安全,高粱有轻度药害。苗后茎叶处理,推荐量、2倍量和3倍量对小麦均安全。推荐量对谷子安全,2倍量和3倍量谷子有轻度药害。推荐量下玉米、高粱均有药害,2倍量和3倍量药害严重,不能恢复正常生长。 相似文献
16.
湖北省甜菜夜蛾田间种群抗药性监测 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
2006年采用浸叶法监测了湖北武汉、荆州、宜昌、襄樊和麻城5个地区甜菜夜蛾田间种群对10种药剂的抗药性。结果表明,5个种群对氯氰菊酯均已产生了高水平抗性(抗性倍数50.5~263.6);对毒死蜱属中—高水平抗性(抗性倍数36.0~371.5);对灭多威属低—中水平抗性(抗性倍数7.8~20.7);对虫酰肼、氟啶脲、多杀菌素和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的抗性都处于敏感—中水平抗性;除武汉种群对茚虫威的抗性达到高抗水平外,各种群对甲氧虫酰肼、虫螨腈和茚虫威的抗性都处于敏感—低水平抗性。5个甜菜夜蛾田间种群中以武汉种群和宜昌种群抗性水平相对较高。 相似文献
17.
用国际鉴别寄主及中国鉴别寄主分别在华南及菲律宾两地,同时多次重复研究、比较、分析两地的稻白叶枯病病原菌株的致病力。用人工剪接法测定明确了中国及菲律宾的病情分级调查记载标准呈显著相关,均能反映华南与菲律宾的病情调查实际结果。对4个菲律宾和5个华南菌群而言,"金南风"及"脱脱普"全感,而"早生爱国3号"和"爪哇14号"则全抗。"黄玉"对华南菌群Ⅰ及Ⅱ抵抗,但对Ⅲ及Ⅳ群与4个菲律宾菌群则全感。"IR8"及"Cas209"对5个华南菌群全感,而"DV85"则全抗。"IR20"及"IR1545-339"抗华南菌群Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ,但感染Ⅴ群。"TN1"及"金刚30"等品种全部感染华南及菲律宾菌群。"IR26"抗华南菌群Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和菲律宾菌群Ⅰ,但感染华南菌群Ⅴ和菲律宾菌群Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ。试验结果指出:华南菌群Ⅲ、Ⅳ的,致病力与菲律宾菌群Ⅰ相仿,而华南菌群Ⅴ则与菲律宾菌群Ⅳ相类似。此外,还研究比较分析了华南菌株与东南亚菲律宾、泰国和印度尼西亚诸国菌株间的致病力的异同情况。 相似文献
18.
Commissie voor de Terminologie van de Nederlandse Planteziektenkundige Verenigin 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1968,74(3):65-84
Due to rapid developments in plant pathology and increasing international contacts there is a considerable influx of new concepts and terms into Dutch phytopathological communication. Many terms are being directly derived from foreign languages and increasing specialization gives rise to a differential usage of certain terms.To promote clarity, uniformity, and intelligibility of Dutch phytopathological terms and to avoid use of any term which is liable to be misinterpreted the Committee on Terminology of the Netherlands Society of Plant Pathology has prepared an alphabetical list with definitions and explanations of terms, and has made recommendations on their use.The Committee encourages the use of good Dutch terms when available, since they should be intelligible to outsiders and beginners as well as to advisory workers, teachers, and growers who have to deal with practical aspects.It is accepted that terms defined here will have to be continuously reconsidered and adapted to developing understanding of the phenomena. 相似文献
19.
本研究利用RT-PCR技术对我国部分地区鲜食辣椒和辣椒加工品中的辣椒轻斑驳病毒Pepper mild mottle virus(PMMoV)进行了调查。其中,鲜食辣椒样品(249份)中PMMoV检出率为75.5%;147份辣椒加工品中有97份检测到PMMoV,且所采集的每一类别的辣椒制品中都有阳性样品。调查结果表明:PMMoV不仅广泛分布于我国辣椒种植区,而且在多种辣椒加工品中的检出率也较高。该研究进一步明确了PMMoV的来源及可能的传播途径,为该病毒的防控提供了理论依据。 相似文献
20.
柞树白粉病是柞树的主要病害,在我国的大部分有柞林的省份都有发生和危害,严重的影响柞树的生长发育和放养柞蚕。1977~1980年,我们对此病的病原菌的生物学特性和传染规律及防治方法等进行了研究。本文报道的是病原菌形态观察、传染规律及其与环境条件和树种的关系、对柞树生长和养柞蚕的影响及有效的防治方法:6月下旬~7月上旬,往柞树上喷布0.05~0.1%浓度的霉锈净或甲菌定,大面积防治效果分别达到78.4~92.5%和75.5~87.5%,对柞树和柞蚕无药害。 相似文献