共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Measurement of the abundance of atmospheric carbon dioxide as an indicator of air pollution has been of very limited value because of variations in urban areas in the substantial concentration of natural carbon dioxide produced from combustion and noncombustion (natural) sources. A solution to this problem is the use of precise isotopic assay of ratios of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in atmospheric carbon dioxide. There is very little variation of carbon isotopic composition in samples taken over rural or urban areas where rapid mixing and diffusion of gaseous combustion products is possible. Significant differences in this composition in samples taken at centrally located points at street level in the lower Manhattan business district show an increase in concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide of roughly 20 percent produced primarily by automobile exhaust. 相似文献
2.
The geographical distribution of the change in soil wetness in response to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide was investigated by using a mathematical model of climate. Responding to the increase in carbon dioxide, soil moisture in the model would be reduced in summer over extensive regions of the middle and high latitudes, such as the North American Great Plains, western Europe, northern Canada, and Siberia. These results were obtained from the model with predicted cloud cover and are qualitatively similar to the results from several numerical experiments conducted earlier with prescribed cloud cover. 相似文献
3.
TH Jones LJ Thompson JH Lawton TM Bezemer RD Bardgett TM Blackburn KD Bruce PF Cannon GS Hall SE Hartley G Howson CG Jones C Kampichler E Kandeler DA Ritchie 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,280(5362):441-443
In model terrestrial ecosystems maintained for three plant generations at elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, increases in photosynthetically fixed carbon were allocated below ground, raising concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in soil. These effects were then transmitted up the decomposer food chain. Soil microbial biomass was unaffected, but the composition of soil fungal species changed, with increases in rates of cellulose decomposition. There were also changes in the abundance and species composition of Collembola, fungal-feeding arthropods. These results have implications for long-term feedback processes in soil ecosystems that are subject to rising global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. 相似文献
4.
A record of foraminiferal shell weight across glacial-interglacial Termination I shows a response related to seawater carbonate ion concentration and allows reconstruction of a record of carbon dioxide in surface seawater that matches the atmospheric record. The results support suggestions that higher atmospheric carbon dioxide directly affects marine calcification, an effect that may be of global importance to past and future changes in atmospheric CO2. The process provides negative feedback to the influence of marine calcification on atmospheric carbon dioxide and is of practical importance to the application of paleoceanographic proxies. 相似文献
5.
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the last glacial termination 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Monnin E Indermühle A Dällenbach A Flückiger J Stauffer B Stocker TF Raynaud D Barnola JM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,291(5501):112-114
A record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene, obtained from the Dome Concordia, Antarctica, ice core, reveals that an increase of 76 parts per million by volume occurred over a period of 6000 years in four clearly distinguishable intervals. The close correlation between CO2 concentration and Antarctic temperature indicates that the Southern Ocean played an important role in causing the CO2 increase. However, the similarity of changes in CO2 concentration and variations of atmospheric methane concentration suggests that processes in the tropics and in the Northern Hemisphere, where the main sources for methane are located, also had substantial effects on atmospheric CO2 concentrations. 相似文献
6.
Le Quéré C Rödenbeck C Buitenhuis ET Conway TJ Langenfelds R Gomez A Labuschagne C Ramonet M Nakazawa T Metzl N Gillett N Heimann M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5832):1735-1738
Based on observed atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and an inverse method, we estimate that the Southern Ocean sink of CO2 has weakened between 1981 and 2004 by 0.08 petagrams of carbon per year per decade relative to the trend expected from the large increase in atmospheric CO2. We attribute this weakening to the observed increase in Southern Ocean winds resulting from human activities, which is projected to continue in the future. Consequences include a reduction of the efficiency of the Southern Ocean sink of CO2 in the short term (about 25 years) and possibly a higher level of stabilization of atmospheric CO2 on a multicentury time scale. 相似文献
7.
Europe's terrestrial biosphere absorbs 7 to 12% of European anthropogenic CO2 emissions 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Janssens IA Freibauer A Ciais P Smith P Nabuurs GJ Folberth G Schlamadinger B Hutjes RW Ceulemans R Schulze ED Valentini R Dolman AJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5625):1538-1542
Most inverse atmospheric models report considerable uptake of carbon dioxide in Europe's terrestrial biosphere. In contrast, carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems increase at a much smaller rate, with carbon gains in forests and grassland soils almost being offset by carbon losses from cropland and peat soils. Accounting for non-carbon dioxide carbon transfers that are not detected by the atmospheric models and for carbon dioxide fluxes bypassing the ecosystem carbon stocks considerably reduces the gap between the small carbon-stock changes and the larger carbon dioxide uptake estimated by atmospheric models. The remaining difference could be because of missing components in the stock-change approach, as well as the large uncertainty in both methods. With the use of the corrected atmosphere- and land-based estimates as a dual constraint, we estimate a net carbon sink between 135 and 205 teragrams per year in Europe's terrestrial biosphere, the equivalent of 7 to 12% of the 1995 anthropogenic carbon emissions. 相似文献
8.
通过田间小区试验研究不同大气CO2浓度对土壤养分及植株干物质量的影响.结果表明:正常大气CO2浓度(CK)下施氮降低了土壤pH值,C540、C720水平下,不施氮处理土壤pH值先降后升,施氮处理土壤pH值先升后降.随大气CO2浓度增加,土壤碱解氮增加;有机碳在不同土层表现出不同变化,0～20 cm土层呈现出下降趋势,20～40 cm土层先降后升.棉花地上部干物质量随大气CO2浓度升高而增加.CK水平下施用氮肥棉花根冠比减少,C540和C720并没有得出一致性结果. 相似文献
9.
通过田间小区试验研究不同大气CO2浓度对土壤养分及植株干物质量的影响。结果表明：正常大气CO2浓度（CK）下施氮降低了土壤pH值,C540、C720水平下,不施氮处理土壤pH值先降后升,施氮处理土壤pH值先升后降。随大气CO2浓度增加,土壤碱解氮增加;有机碳在不同土层表现出不同变化,0~20 cm土层呈现出下降趋势,20~40cm土层先降后升。棉花地上部干物质量随大气CO2浓度升高而增加。CK水平下施用氮肥棉花根冠比减少,C540和C720并没有得出一致性结果。 相似文献
10.
Bacastow RB Adams JA Keeling CD Moss DJ Whorf TP Wong CS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1980,210(4465):66-68
The observed rate of change of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at the South Pole, Fanning Island, Hawaii, and ocean weather station P correlates with an index of the southern oscillation and with El Ni?o occurrences. There are changes at all four stations that seem to be in response to the weak 1975 El Ni?o. Thus, even poorly developed El Ni?o events may affect the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. 相似文献
11.
不同二氧化碳浓度对玉米秸秆分解期间土壤微生物生物量碳的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过室内模拟试验,研究了不同二氧化碳浓度对玉米秸秆分解期间土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)的响应。研究结果表明:土壤添加玉米秸秆后,激发了土壤微生物的生长,在培养第1 d各处理SMBC达到了整个培养期的最高峰后迅速下降,90 d以后SMBC的下降趋势趋于平缓。在不同浓度的二氧化碳培养条件下,0～15 d短期培养期间,各处理SMBC间差异不显著。30～270 d长期培养期间,SMBC随着二氧化碳浓度的升高而减少,各处理之间差异显著。通过相关性分析,各处理的SMBC分别与土壤有机碳、腐殖物质、富里酸、胡敏素间均呈显著正相关。二氧化碳浓度为0.03%的SMBC与土壤可溶性有机碳呈显著正相关(r=0.649,P<0.05),表明正常大气条件更有利于土壤微生物的活动。 相似文献
12.
L Cheng FL Booker C Tu KO Burkey L Zhou HD Shew TW Rufty S Hu 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,337(6098):1084-1087
The extent to which terrestrial ecosystems can sequester carbon to mitigate climate change is a matter of debate. The stimulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) has been assumed to be a major mechanism facilitating soil carbon sequestration by increasing carbon inputs to soil and by protecting organic carbon from decomposition via aggregation. We present evidence from four independent microcosm and field experiments demonstrating that CO(2) enhancement of AMF results in considerable soil carbon losses. Our findings challenge the assumption that AMF protect against degradation of organic carbon in soil and raise questions about the current prediction of terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance under future climate-change scenarios. 相似文献
13.
Uncertainties in carbon dioxide radiative forcing in atmospheric general circulation models 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Cess RD Zhang MH Potter GL Barker HW Colman RA Dazlich DA Del Genio AD Esch M Fraser JR Galin V Gates WL Hack JJ Ingram WJ Kiehl JT Lacis AA Le Treut H Li ZX Liang XZ Mahfouf JF McAvaney BJ Meleshko VP Morcrette JJ Randall DA Roeckner E Royer JF Sokolov AP Sporyshev PV Taylor KE Wang WC Wetherald RT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,262(5137):1252-1255
Global warming caused by an increase in the concentrations of greenhouse gases, is the direct result of greenhouse gas-induced radiative forcing. When a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide is considered, this forcing differed substantially among 15 atmospheric general circulation models. Although there are several potential causes, the largest contributor was the carbon dioxide radiation parameterizations of the models. 相似文献
14.
培养条件下CO2对施入玉米秸秆后土壤有机质的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过室内模拟试验研究了玉米秸秆分解期间土壤有机质及其各组分对CO2浓度升高的响应。研究结果表明:随着培养时间的延长,土壤有机碳、水溶性有机碳、胡敏素逐渐减少,可提取腐殖物质先增加后下降,可提取腐殖物质中胡敏酸(HA)的相对比例(PQ)则在玉米秸秆分解初期表现为先减少后增加、最后趋于稳定,表明富里酸(FA)和HA经历了一段相互转化的过程后达到了动态平衡。土壤微生物量碳随着CO2浓度升高而减少,高浓度CO2处理抑制土壤微生物的活动,降低了土壤有机碳的分解速度,有利于水溶性有机碳的积累;CO2浓度升高使PQ下降,不利于HA的形成。通过相关分析,表明不同处理的土壤有机碳与土壤微生物量碳、可提取腐殖物质与土壤微生物量碳、土壤有机碳与FA间均呈显著正相关,在正常大气培养条件下,土壤微生物量碳与水溶性有机碳呈显著正相关(r=0.649,P<0.05)。 相似文献
15.
The effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide on corn, soybeans, loblolly pine, and sweetgum were studied in the field during a growing season. The plants were exposed to a range of concentrations of carbon dioxide day and night in open-topped, flow-through chambers. At a mean daytime carbon dioxide concentration of 910 parts per million, increases in total biomass ranged from 157 to 186 percent of the control values. Seed yield and wood volume increased and there were changes in plant anatomy and form. Net photosynthesis increased with increasing carbon dioxide concentration in soybeans and sweetgum, but was unaffected in corn. Water use efficiency also increased in corn, soybeans, and sweetgum. 相似文献
16.
Estimates of glacial-interglacial climate change in tropical Africa have varied widely. Results from a process-based vegetation model show how montane vegetation in East Africa shifts with changes in both carbon dioxide concentration and climate. For the last glacial maximum, the change in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration alone could explain the observed replacement of tropical montane forest by a scrub biome. This result implies that estimates of the last glacial maximum tropical cooling based on tree- line shifts must be revised. 相似文献
17.
Records of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in biogenic silica and carbon isotopes in planktonic foraminifera from deep-sea sediment cores from the Southern Ocean reveal that the primary production during the last glacial maximum was lower than Holocene productivity. These observations conflict with the hypothesis that the low atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations were introduced by an increase in the efficiency of the high-latitude biological pump. Instead, different oceanic sectors may have had high glacial productivity, or alternative mechanisms that do not involve the biological pump must be considered as the primary cause of the low glacial atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. 相似文献
18.
19.
甲烷(CH4)是重要的温室气体之一，对全球变暖的贡献值约为20%，仅次于CO2。近年来大气中CH4含量的迅速增加，主要是由于CH4的产生和消耗不平衡。好气性土壤是大气CH4重要的汇之一，虽然其氧化的绝对量较小，但土壤若丧失对CH4的氧化能力，大气中CH4的浓度会以目前增长速率的1.5倍的速度增加。农业生产活动对土壤的理化性质有着极为强烈的影响，因而显著地影响土壤对大气CH4的氧化能力。大量的研究表明森林土壤对CH4的氧化速率要比草地和耕地高得多，其主要原因是森林在开垦耕作后，改变了土壤的物理化学性质和土壤中的微生物区系的结构和组成，从而使土壤对CH4的氧化能力发生了改变。作物生长本身对通气性好的土壤CH4的氧化并没有什么影响，但是在种植过程中，如不同农药的使用、土壤pH值的改变、不同的耕种方式等对土壤CH4氧化能力产生一定的影响。 相似文献
20.
The ocean's role in the delayed response of climate to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide has been studied by means of a detailed three-dimensional climate model. A near-equilibrium state is perturbed by a fourfold, stepfunction increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The rise in the sea surface temperature was initially much more rapid in the tropics than at high latitudes. However, the fractional response, as normalized on the basis of the total difference between the high carbon dioxide and normal carbon dioxide climates, becomes almost uniform at all latitudes after 25 years. Because of the influence of a more rapid response over continents, the normalized response of the zonally averaged surface air temperature is faster and becomes nearly uniform with respect to latitude after only 10 years. 相似文献