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Aspects of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials used in veterinary dermatological practice 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Aspects of bacterial resistance to the major classes of antimicrobials used in veterinary dermatology are presented in this review. Resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics, chloramphenicol, mupirocin, sulphonamides, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones and β-lactam antibiotics are depicted with respect to the different mechanisms of acquired and intrinsic resistance. Examples are given for the three major resistance mechanisms, enzymatic inactivation, decreased intracellular drug accumulation and target modification. In addition, basic information about mobile genetic elements which carry resistance genes, such as plasmids, transposons and gene cassettes, and their modes of spreading via transduction, conjugation, mobilization and transformation is provided. 相似文献
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This review deals with the application of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine and food animal production and the possible consequences arising from the widespread and multipurpose use of antimicrobials. The various mechanisms that bacteria have developed to escape the inhibitory effects of the antimicrobials most frequently used in the veterinary field are reported in detail. Resistance of bacteria to tetracyclines, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics, beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol/florfenicol is described with regard to enzymatic inactivation, decreased intracellular drug accumulation and modification/protection/replacement of the target sites. In addition, basic information is given about mobile genetic elements which carry the respective resistance genes, such as plasmids, transposons, and gene cassettes/integrons, and their ways of spreading via conjugation, mobilisation, transduction, and transformation. 相似文献
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L. Y. Hardefeldt 《Equine Veterinary Education》2020,32(6):284-285
Underdosing of equine antimicrobials is a global issue and may be contributing to antimicrobial resistance in horses. Recent research in Australia has identified that most antimicrobial use in peer-reviewed literature is at a higher dose than that currently on the label for many common equine antimicrobials in the United States, the UK and Australia. These dosing regimens used are now considered the most appropriate doses to be using in horses and veterinarians treating equine patients should be aware of the contemporary dosing regimens. 相似文献
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The usage of antimicrobials for treatment of mink and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among the most important bacterial pathogens in mink was investigated. The aim of the study was to provide data, which may serve as a basis for the formulation of recommendations for prudent use of antimicrobials for mink. A total of 164 haemolytic staphylococci, 49 haemolytic streptococci, 39 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 13 Pasteurella multocida, and 1093 Escherichia coli isolates from Danish mink were included in the study. A high frequency of resistance among S. intermedius was found for tetracyclines (54.7%), followed by penicillin (21.7%), lincosamides (20.4%), macrolides (19.1%), and spectinomycin (18.5%). Very low frequencies of resistance were recorded for other antimicrobials. The highest frequency among the E. coli isolates was recorded for ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracyclines, whereas resistance to other antimicrobials was rare. All P. aeruginosa were sensitive to gentamicin and colistin and sensitive or intermediate to enrofloxacin, whereas most isolates were resistant to all other antimicrobials. All P. multocida and haemolytic streptococci were sensitive to penicillin. There was a steady increase in the use of antimicrobials during the period 2001-2006, the majority of the prescribed amount being extended spectrum penicillins followed by aminoglycosides, sulphonamides with trimethoprim, and macrolides. 相似文献
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R.H Dunlop S.A McEwen A.H Meek W.D Black R.M Friendship R.C Clarke 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1998,34(4):117
Fecal specimens were composited and a hydrophobic-grid membrane-filter method was used to measure antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin 16 μg/ml, carbadox 30 μg/ml, gentamicin 4 μ/ml, nitrofurantoin 32 μg/ml, spectinomycin 16 μg/ml, sulfisoxazole 32 μg/ml and tetracycline 8 μg/ml among 8119 Escherichia coli isolates from 68 fecal samples collected on 34 farrow-to-finish swine farms marketing over 500 hogs/yr. The overall prevalences of resistance to antimicrobials among these isolates were: ampicillin 29%, carbadox 3.5%, gentamicin 0.6%, nitrofurantoin 27%, spectinomycin 28%, sulfasoxizole 38% and tetracycline 71%. Thirty to seventy-six per cent of the variations in prevalences were explained by between-farm differences. 相似文献
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Prevalence of resistance to 11 antimicrobials among Campylobacter coill isolated from pigs on 80 grower-finisher farms in Ontario. 
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下载免费PDF全文 Norma P Varela Robert Friendship Cate Dewey 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2007,71(3):189-194
We carried out a cross-sectional study to investigate antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter coli isolated from Ontario grower-finisher pigs. From January to June 2004, 1200 samples were collected from 80 farms by obtaining a constant number (15) of fecal samples per farm. Susceptibility of the isolates to 11 antimicrobial drugs was determined by the agar-dilution technique. The overall prevalence of resistance to 1 or more antimicrobials among the isolates was 99.2%. High levels of resistance were observed for azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline: 91.7%, 82.5%, 81.4%, 70.7%, and 63.7%, respectively. For sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and nalidixic acid, resistance was observed in 40.3%, 26.6%, and 22.7% of the isolates, respectively. Although at very low levels, resistance was observed for ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone), chloramphenicol, and gentamicin: in 2.4%, 1.7%, and 0.2%, respectively. Many of the isolates (29.7%) were resistant to 5 antimicrobials, the most common being azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Isolates from the same farm showed at least 5 patterns of resistance. Results from this study indicate high levels of resistance to the antimicrobial drugs most commonly used in the Canadian swine industry (macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines) among C. coli isolated from grower-finisher pigs in Ontario. Macrolides and fluoroquinolones are the drugs most commonly used to treat severe human campylobacteriosis. Fortunately, at present, there is little resistance to fluoroquinolones among C. coli from pigs in Ontario. 相似文献
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Bywater RJ 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2004,51(8-9):361-363
Antimicrobials are essential for treatment of sick animals, but even if used correctly, may eventually lead to antimicrobial resistance. While this represents a potential hazard to humans, the great majority of resistant human pathogens, especially the more important ones, are unrelated to animal sources. A survey of informed medical opinion suggested that of the human antimicrobial resistance problem, <4% was seen as potentially linked to animal sources. This proportion related largely to zoonotic bacteria which by definition have the capacity to carry resistance between species, although the evidence for resulting harm remains limited. A recent study compared resistance among chicken, pig and cattle isolates of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia coli from a series of EU countries. When tested against antimicrobial agents, this survey showed variation of resistance between countries, between hosts and between organisms. Such variation may give insight into preferred methods of antimicrobial administration or disease control, but it is clear that the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance induction and dissemination in animals remains complex and is yet to be fully understood. 相似文献
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Administration of antimicrobials to livestock increases the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal bacteria. Antimicrobials in pig production are usually administered per pen via feed which implies treatment of sick alongside with healthy animals. The objective of this systematic literature review was to investigate the effect of orally administered antimicrobials on AMR in Escherichia coli of swine. 相似文献
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Adams VJ Campbell JR Waldner CL Dowling PM Shmon CL 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,226(4):567-574
OBJECTIVE: To describe the degree of and variability in the level of client compliance and identify determinants of client compliance with short-term administration of antimicrobial medications to dogs. DESIGN: Prospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 90 owners of dogs prescribed antimicrobials. PROCEDURE: Eligible clients were invited to participate when antimicrobial medications were dispensed. Data were collected during a follow-up appointment by use of a client questionnaire, residual pill count, and return of an electronic medication monitoring device. Attending veterinarians also completed a questionnaire that asked them to predict client compliance. Methods of assessing compliance were compared with nonparametric tests. Generalized estimating equations were used to investigate potential determinants of compliance. RESULTS: Median compliance rates of 97% of prescribed container openings, 91% of days when the correct number of doses were given, and 64% of doses given on time as assessed by the electronic medication monitoring devices were significantly lower than the median compliance rates of 100% for client self-report of missing doses and pill count. Veterinarians were unable to predict client compliance. The dosage regimen significantly determined compliance. Clients giving antimicrobials once or twice daily were 9 times more likely to be 100% compliant, compared with 3 times daily dosing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The combination of reported missed doses and pill counts was a significant predictor of compliance as measured by electronic monitoring. Electronic monitoring caps provided useful information only when they were used appropriately. Asking clients about missed doses and performing pill counts are the most practical assessments of compliance in practice. 相似文献