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1.
热带地区强风化土壤表面的化学反应以及土壤管理的合理建议 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Highly weathered soils are distributed in the humid and wet-dry tropics, as well as in the humid subtropics. As a result of strong weathering, these soils are characterized by low activity clays, which develop variable surface charge and related specific properties. Surface reactions regarding base exchange and soil acidification, heavy metal sorption and mobility, and phosphorus sorption and availability of the tropical highly weathered soils are reviewed in this paper. Factors controlling surface reactivity towards cations and anions, including ion exchange and specific adsorption processes, are discussed with consideration on practical implications for rational management of these soils. Organic matter content and pH value are major basic factors that should be controlled through appropriate agricultural practices, in order to optimise favorable effects of colloid surface properties on soil fertility and environmental quality. 相似文献
2.
城郊结合区蔬菜种植地土壤性质特征 总被引：26，自引：3，他引：26
Human activity and urbanization result in urban-rural environmental gradients.Undersanding effect of the gradients on soil properties is necessary for management of the soils around urban areas.In this study,soil quality of some vegetable fields was characterized along an urban-rural gradient in shaoxing County,Zhejiang Province.Fifteen soilphysical and chemical properties were evaluated by using principal component analysis.Results showed that there was a great variation in the soil quality along the gradient.From rural to urban zones,soil organic matter,water-stable aggregates,cation exchangeable capacity(CEC),total N and P,and available K increased,whereas soil pH value decreased.In addition,Pb,Cu,Ni,Co,Zn and Cr in the soils tended to be accumulated toward the urban zone.Sequential chemical extraction showed that mobility of all the heavy metals in the soils tended toincrease from the rural to the urban zones.The variation of soil properties accounted for by the first principal component was significantly explained bythe difference in application rates of municipal wastes. 相似文献
3.
基于小白菜Cd吸收推算土壤Cd安全阈值 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
LU Junhe YANG Xinping MENG Xuchao WANG Guoqing LIN Yusuo WANG Yujun ZHAO Fangjie 《土壤圈》2017,27(3):475-481
Cadmium(Cd), a common toxic heavy metal in soil, has relatively high bioavailability, which seriously threatens agricultural products. In this study, 8 different soils with contrasting soil properties were collected from different regions in China to investigate the Cd transfer coefficient from soil to Chinese cabbage(Brassica chinensis L.) and the threshold levels of Cd in soils for production of Chinese cabbage according to the food safety standard for Cd. Exogenous Cd(0–4 mg kg~(-1)) was added to the soils and equilibrated for 2 weeks before Chinese cabbage was grown under greenhouse conditions. The influence of soil properties on the relationship between soil and cabbage Cd concentrations was investigated. The results showed that Cd concentration in the edible part of Chinese cabbage increased linearly with soil Cd concentration in 5 soils, but showed a curvilinear pattern with a plateau at the highest dose of exogenous Cd in the other 3 soils. The Cd transfer coefficient from soil to plant varied significantly among the different soils and decreased with increasing soil p H from 4.7 to 7.5. However, further increase in soil pH to 8.0 resulted in a significant decrease in the Cd transfer coefficient. According to the measured Cd transfer coefficient and by reference to the National Food Safety Standards of China, the safety threshold of Cd concentration in soil was predicted to be between 0.12 and 1.7 mg kg~(-1) for the tested soils. The predicted threshold values were higher than the current soil quality standard for Cd in 5 soils, but lower than the standard in the other 3 soils. Regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between the predicted soil Cd safety threshold value and soil p H in combination with soil organic matter or clay content. 相似文献
4.
Changes in acidity of Udic Ferrosols, caused by growth of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill, in comparison to wild grass, were investigated for Ph distribution in the soil profile, exchangeable acidity, and cation status in the soil leachate of a simulated leaching experiment. Soils were sampled in profiles at 5 cm intervals to a depth of 100 cm. In the 15--60 cm layer the soils with 10-year old C. axillaris had significantly lower Ph (P < 0.05), with the largest difference being 0.41; and in the 25--75 cm soil depths, especially in the 30--55 cm layer, the soils had a significantly higher exchangeable acidity, ranging 1.93 to 3.02 cmolc kg-1. There was also higher aluminum, potassium, and sodium contents in the soil leachate under C. axillaris than with wild grasses. This suggested that the growth of C. axillaris accelerated acidification of Udic Ferrosols and promoted soil clay mineral weathering. 相似文献
5.
中国亚热带红壤团聚体稳定性与土壤化学性质的关系 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16
The stability of aggregates in the surface soil is crucial to soil erosion and runoff generation. Thus, to understand the stability and the breakdown mechanisms of soil aggregates as well as the relationship between aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties, such as different forms of Fe and Al oxides, organic matter, CEC and clay content, the aggregates of slightly and severely eroded red soils derived from Quaternary red clay in subtropical China were analyzed using the routine wet sieving and the Le Bissonnais methods. The results indicated that the aggregates of the severely eroded soils were more stable than those of the slightly eroded soils. Different aggregate breakdown mechanisms resulted in different particle size distribution. The slaking from entrapped air in aggregates severely destroyed the soil aggregates, especially in the slightly eroded soils. Meanwhile, mechanical breakdown and microcracking had little effect on the aggregates compared to slaking. The fragments resulting from slaking were mainly microaggregates that increased in size with increasing clay content. The main fragment size of the slightly eroded soils was 1.0-0.2 mm, while for the severely eroded soils it was 5.0-2.0 mm and 1.0-0.5 mm. Overall, more than 20% of the fragments were smaller than 0.2 mm. In addition, aggregate stability was positively and often significantly correlated with Fed, Ald, Feo and clay content, but significantly and negatively correlated to SOC. 相似文献
6.
Residual heavy metals are commonly considered to be immobile in soils, leading to an underestimation of their environmental risk. This study investigated the distribution and transport of residual heavy metals along soil profiles, using the Xiaoqinling gold mining region in North China as a case study. Soil samples were collected at three depths from three locations near the tailing heap. The speciation of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) (exchangeable, carbonate-bound, Fe-Mn oxide-bound, organic matter-bound, and residual fractions) was determined using a sequential extraction procedure. The residual fraction’s morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that metal fraction distributions along the soil profiles were influenced by each fraction’s mobility. Residual fraction with high chemical stability cannot be transformed from or into other fractions. This led to the conclusion that the high concentration of residual metals in soils mainly resulted from residual fraction transport.The SEM analysis showed that fine particles (submicrons) were mainly attached to large particles and were likely released and transported by water flow. The more sorptive fractions (non-residual fractions) were mainly retained in the top soil, and the more mobile fractions (residual fraction) were mainly leached to the deep soil. Cu and Pb concentrations in the residual fraction decreased slightly and those in the non-residual fractions decreased significantly with soil depth. These suggest a relatively higher residual metal mobility along the soil pro?les. Therefore, residual metals can be transported in soils and their environmental risk can not be ignored in assessing soil contamination. 相似文献
7.
重金属迁移与土壤性质的关系 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg runoff from yellow limestone soil and purple soils and the relationships between the mobility of the heavy metals and the soil characteristics were studied in laboratory using a rainfall simulator. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble Zn in surface runoff were significantly negatively correlated with the contents of < 0.002 mm particles and CEC of the soils, indicating that Zn was mostly adsorbed by clays in the soils. The contents of Cu and Hg in surface runoff were positively related to their contents in the soils. The amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg removed by surface runoff were influenced by the amounts of soil and water losses and their contents in the soils, and were closely related to the contents of soil particles 1~0.02 mm in size. 相似文献
8.
Desert ecosystems are characterized by sparse vegetation that affects both abiotic parameters and soil biota along the soil profile.This study was conducted in 2010–2011 in a loess plain in the northern Negev Desert highlands, Israel, to test two main hypotheses:1) the abundance and diversity of microarthropods would vary seasonally in the top 30-cm soil layer, but would be relatively stable at soil depths between 30 and 50 cm and 2) soil microarthropods would be more abundant in soils under shrubs with large litter accumulations than under shrubs with less litter or bare soil. Soil samples were collected each season from the 0–50 cm profile at10-cm intervals under the canopies of Hammada scoparia and Zygophyllum dumosum and from the bare interspaces between them.Soil moisture and soil organic carbon in the top 30-cm layers varied seasonally, but there was little variation in the soil layers deeper than 30 cm. Soil mites were most abundant in the top 30-cm soil layer in autumn and winter, with the highest number of families found in winter. There were no differences in soil microarthropod abundance attributable to the presence or absence of shrubs of either species. The microarthropod communities of the microhabitats studied consisted of Acari, Psocoptera, and Collembola. The Acari were mostly identified to the family level and were dominated by Oribatida(55%) and Prostigmata(41%) in all seasons and microhabitats, while the psocopterans were most abundant in summer. These results are opposite to those obtained in other studies in similar xeric environments. Moreover, our findings were not in line with our hypothesis that a better microhabitat played a major role in microarthropod community composition, diversity, and density. 相似文献
9.
公路旁土壤中水分和重金属的迁移 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Roads with very high traffic loads in regions where soils are low in both pH and sorption capacity might be a source of percolation water loaded with heavy metals. Looking at some ＂worst case＂ scenarios, this study focused on the input of traffic related pollutants and on Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr concentrations in the soil matrix and soil solution, respectively. The analysis also included pH and electrical conductivity and at some sites DOC. The investigations were carried out on sandy soils with more or less low pH values at four motorway sites in Germany. The average of daily traffic was about 50 000 up to 90 000 vehicles. Soil pore water was collected in two soil depths and at four distances from the road. The pH in general decreased with increasing distance from the roadside. The elevated pH near the roadside was presumably caused by deposition of dust and weathering residues of the road asphalt, as well as by infiltration of salt that was used during winter time. At these road sites, increased heavy metal concentrations in the soil matrix as well as in the soil solution were found. However, the concentrations seldom exceeded reference values of the German Soil Protection Act. The soil solution concentrations tended to increase from the road edge to 10 m distance, whereas the concentration in the soil matrix decreased. Elevated DOC concentrations corresponded with elevated Cu concentrations but did not substantially change this tendency. High soil water percolation rates were found near the roads. Thus, even low metal concentrations of percolation water could yield high metal loads in a narrow area beside the road. 相似文献
10.
利用方式和土壤肥力对土壤团聚体和养分的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
LIU Xiao-Li HE Yuan-Qiu H. L. ZHANG J. K. SCHRODER LI Cheng-Liang ZHOU Jing ZHANG Zhi-Yong 《土壤圈》2010,20(5):666-673
The size distribution of water-stable aggregates and the variability of organic C, N and P contents over aggregate size fractions were studied for orchard, upland, paddy, and grassland soils with high, medium, and low fertility levels. The results showed that > 5 mm aggregates in the cultivated upland and paddy soils were 44.0% and 32.0%, respectively, less than those in the un-tilled orchard soil. Organic C and soil N in different size aggregate fractions in orchard soil with high fertility were significantly higher than those of other land uses. However, the contents of soil P in different size aggregates were significantly greater in the paddy soil as compared to the other land uses. Soil organic C, N and P contents were higher in larger aggregates than those in smaller ones. The amount of water-stable aggregates was positively correlated to their contribution to soil organic C, N and P. For orchard and grassland soils, the > 5 mm aggregates made the greatest contribution to soil nutrients, while for upland soil, the 0.25-0.053 mm aggregates contributed the most to soil nutrients. Therefore, the land use with minimum disturbance was beneficial for the formation of a better soil structure. The dominant soil aggregates in different land use types determined the distribution of soil nutrients. Utilization efficiency of soil P could be improved by converting other land uses to the paddy soil. 相似文献
11.
以深圳国际花卉博览园为例,探讨在城市中心地带山坡地公园开发建设中编制水土保持方案应注意的问题,论述水土流失的危害及水土流失量的预测,并对排水系统、边坡防护、微地形改造、崩岗治理、施工临时措施等方面做了阐述。将自然、生态、景观理念贯穿于所提出的水土保持方案中,以期实现人造环境与自然环境和谐统一、城市合理开发与自然环境保护兼顾的建设模式。 相似文献
12.
13.
为探究汾河临汾段湿地土壤及沉积物的理化性质、养分含量,评价土壤状况、预测水体的生态环境质量。共采集98个土壤及沉积物样本,分析了理化性质及养分等11项指标。结果表明:土壤pH在7.0~8.4,容重在1.04~1.44 g/cm^3,含水率在5.9%~17.5%,电导率在0.167~0.747 mS/cm,质地类型包括壤黏土和黏壤土;有机质、全氮、全磷含量分别为8.7~39.8,0.354~1.046,0.389~1.444 g/kg,碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别为12.9~50.3,2.6~31.2,86.4~329.2 mg/kg。经相关性分析可知,土壤各指标与物理性质相关性较强;沉积物各指标与质地显著相关,且有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾两两相关;养分评价中,有机质、全磷、速效磷处于4级水平,全氮在3~6级均有分布,碱解氮分布在5,6级,速效钾分布在2,3级;沉积物在有机污染评价中表现中度污染,综合污染评价表现重度污染。 相似文献
14.
靳新红 《中国水土保持科学》2010,8(4):101-104
滨河森林公园是改善居住生态环境的重要措施,也是一项水土保持工程;然而,在其建设过程中不可避免地会产生水土流失。在分析滨河森林公园建设过程中水土流失形式及其成因的基础上,以房山新城滨河森林公园为例,提出北京滨河森林公园建设中的水土保持措施布置原则以及工程设计步骤,旨在为类似工程提供参考借鉴。 相似文献
15.
运用“三生空间”理念规划水土保持科技示范园 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
[目的]运用"三生空间"理念设计水土保持科技示范园的总体布局和功能分区,以提高园区在水土保持与生态建设、水土保持科学普及、水土保持政策宣传等方面的示范效应。[方法]基于综合遥感影像、野外实地勘查等资料,分析四川省彭州市宝山水土保持科技示范园区的"三生空间"格局与水土保持措施需求。[结果]①园区划分为河谷生活空间保土护岸人居环境维护区、山丘生产空间水土流失治理区和高山生态空间水土保持生态修复区。②生活空间需实施河道疏浚、护岸、河流生态廊道构建、道路与庭院水土保持等措施;生产空间需实施坡地改土造田、水系和路网建设等综合水土保持措施;生态空间需实施封山育林、泥石流治理等措施。③依托太阳湾景区,设置水土流失科研观测设施、水土保持技术展厅(馆)、水土保持措施及功能讲解标识牌等,对公众进行渗透式水土保持科普教育和宣传。[结论]四川省宝山是成都平原向岷山过渡的龙门山区,"三生空间"格局特征明显,水土保持与生态保育需求多样。运用"三生空间"格局设计园区总体布局和功能分区,具有系统性与综合性特点,可提高园区的综合示范和科普教育的效果。 相似文献
16.
多元统计分析方法在徐州城区公园绿地土壤肥力评价中的应用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
以徐州市三环路内4个城区的公园绿地土壤为研究对象,采用多元统计分析方法计算得出其土壤肥力因子4个主成份：（1）土壤有机质、土壤氮素因子;（2）土壤磷素、土壤钾素因子;（3）土壤黏粒、土壤容重因子;（4）土壤酸碱度（pH值）因子。再借助SPSS11.5统计软件得出土壤肥力指标权重值及其方差极大旋转后主成份因子得分,最后计算其综合评价得分。结果表明：该城区公园绿地土壤肥力质量情况总体上较差,其中九里区土壤综合肥力水平最高,泉山区次之,云龙区和鼓楼区相差不大。 相似文献
17.
在江苏省国土1/250 000多目标地球化学调查基础上,选择苏州市、吴江市、无锡市、江阴市、常州市、金坛市等45个城市公园土壤作为研究对象,系统研究了当地典型城市公园土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn、Sb、Sn、B、Se、N、稀土元素(REE)等50个元素含量及土壤pH、总有机碳(TOC)等分布特征。结果表明,城市公园土壤的微量元素分布与城区污染土壤、农田土壤有显著差异,公园土壤的重金属含量总体偏低、N与TOC含量明显低于农田土壤,在公园土壤中S、Se、Cd、Pb、Zn、TOC等元素未出现高强度的人为富集,重金属污染以轻度Hg污染为主,S、Se、Cd、Pb、TOC、pH等指标在200 cm深度内分布相对稳定、未出现元素含量在不同深度的显著变化,指示多数公园土壤的微量元素分布总体上较一般城市土壤更少受人为因素干扰,可为人为活动对城市土壤环境的影响研究提供重要的参比对象。 相似文献
18.
[目的]探讨水土保持生态科技示范园三维建模的流程和方法,以期为后续数字园区建设奠定基础。[方法]基于园区GPS测绘以及地面调查数据,将可视化建模技术应用于水土保持工程中。[结果]以江西省水土保持生态科技园为例,运用约束三角剖分和空间插值等技术,解决了地物与地形的无缝拼接、土壤实体建模、植物模型快速生成等关键问题,最终构建了包含工程措施、植被、土壤等要素的园区地上下一体化三维模型。[结论]开发的三维可视化系统,可以更好地发挥水土保持生态示范园区的科学支撑、社会宣传、典型带动和示范辐射作用。 相似文献
19.
不同植被恢复类型对煤炭物流园区废弃地土壤理化性质的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
[目的]探究煤炭物流园区废弃地不同植被恢复类型对土壤理化性质的影响,为类似废弃地的生态修复提供科学参考。[方法]以3种典型植被恢复类型(乔木混交林、灌木林和草地)土壤为研究对象,煤质裸地为对照,测定不同植被恢复类型下土壤的理化性质并进行差异性、相关性和主成分分析。[结果](1)与裸地相比,乔木混交林、灌木林和草地经过10 a恢复以后,土壤总孔隙度分别增加了115.17%,62.06%,7.57%,土壤含水量增加了105.99%,71.21%,67.05%,而土壤容重减少了8.98%,5.13%,4.85%;(2)乔木混交林、灌木林土壤有机质含量明显增加,草地对碱解氮、速效钾含量有显著促进作用;碱解氮、速效磷含量在垂直方向均表现为显著的“表聚性”,而速效钾含量为显著深层聚集的特点;(3)有机质与碱解氮、速效磷、毛管孔隙均表现为显著正相关(p<0.05),碱解氮与速效磷表现为极显著正相关(p<0.01),即土壤有机质在改善土壤理化性质及养分循环方面具有重要作用。[结论]不同植被恢复类型土壤质量综合评价结果从高到低排序依次为：乔木混交林>灌木林>草地>裸地。乔木... 相似文献
20.
深圳水土保持科技示范园建设的理念与实践 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为促进当前水土保持科技示范园建设的良性发展,推广水土保持科技示范园建设的新理念和新模式,通过回顾深圳市水土保持科技示范园的建设过程,介绍深圳市水土保持科技示范园建设的理念与实践.深圳水土保持园区包括水土文化区、水土保持科普试验区2大部分,将文化性、景观性与水土保持各种技术展示相结合,建设以城市水土保持特色为主的专业示范园.突出在城市开发建设过程中对广大市民的水土保持宣传、对中小学生的科普教育,营造寓教于乐的户外课堂,同时分析园区建成后的运行管理.对今后水土保持示范园建设提出设想:准确定位,以科普宣传功能为主;规划设计创新,多专业领域参与,多方面、多层次宣传水土保持理论与实践内容;建立良好的园区运行管理机制,保障长期有效运营. 相似文献