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1.
棉花膜下滴灌施肥技术的研究 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
通过试验表明，棉田膜下滴灌施肥，氮肥在土壤中移动性大，可以随水移动到耕层湿润峰的各个部位，而磷肥易被土壤固定，主要集中分布在0～10cm表层，向下层移动量较小。氮肥当季利用率为47．77％～53．15％。与常规施肥相比提高显著；磷肥当季利用率为18．73％～26．33％，其中磷肥采用基施配合滴施肥料当季利用率最高，比全部基施或全部滴施提高3．87～4．66个百分点；在生产中氮肥全部采用滴施是可行的，而磷肥应坚持基施为主、滴施为辅的施肥原则，基滴肥比例应根据土壤情况具体确定。 相似文献
2.
探究水肥一体化下磷肥种类和施用方式对棉花产量、磷素积累量、土壤磷素有效性和磷肥利用率的影响,以期为棉田优化磷肥施用方式提供理论依据和技术参考。田间试验于2021年在新疆昌吉州棉花主产区进行。试验设不施磷肥对照(CK)、基施重过磷酸钙(TSP)、基施磷酸一铵(MAP-B)、基施+滴施磷酸一铵(50%基施,25%+25%分别在蕾期和花铃前期)(MAP-D)、基施+滴施磷酸一铵(50%基施,25%+25%分别在蕾期和花铃前期)和聚谷氨酸(MAP-P)5个不同施肥处理,测定指标包括土壤有效磷、植株生物量、植株磷积累量和籽棉产量,并计算磷肥利用率。在棉花盛花期和盛铃期,磷肥滴施显著提高0～20 cm土层有效磷含量,0～5 cm土层尤为显著,MAP-P处理有效磷含量比CK处理分别提高136.27%和113.99%。TSP、MAP-B、MAP-D和MAP-P处理产量比CK处理分别提高17.65%、16.25%、19.37%和31.88%。棉花生育期内,磷肥滴施植株累积吸磷量高于基施,各处理植株累积吸磷量在盛铃期达最大,MAP-P处理植株累积吸磷量整体高于其余处理,在苗期、蕾期、盛花期和盛铃期比CK处理分别提高50.92%、55.38%、81.33%和84.69%。在等量施磷条件下,磷肥滴灌追施的磷肥利用率高于基施。MAP-P处理磷肥利用率、磷肥累积利用率、磷肥农学效率和磷肥偏生产力均高于其余处理,磷素表观平衡低于其余处理,磷肥利用率达33.94%,比TSP、MAP-B和MAP-D处理分别提高20.23%、25.28%和16.71%。水磷一体下,磷肥结合活化剂(聚谷氨酸)滴施显著提高土壤磷素有效性和棉花产量。MAP-P处理提高了棉花产量和磷肥利用率,减少了土壤磷素的盈余。 相似文献
3.
荔枝钾氮肥滴施比例及施肥方式对土壤pH和盐分的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
灌溉施肥引起的土壤酸化和次生盐渍化问题是限制其可持续应用的重要因素。2013 ~ 2018年在海南省澄迈县进行了荔枝滴灌施肥试验,探讨在磷肥土施条件下以不同比例滴施钾氮肥（K2O/N = 0.6、0.8、1.0和1.2）及在K2O/N = 1.0条件下以不同方式施肥（磷肥土施而钾氮肥滴施、全部肥料滴施及全部肥料土施）对砖红壤荔枝园0 ~ 30和30 ~ 50 cm土层土壤pH和盐分的影响。结果表明,连续5年以不同比例滴施钾氮肥,土壤pH、盐分及盐分阳离子（K+、Ca2+和Mg2+）和阴离子（Cl?、NO3?、SO42?和HCO3?）含量变化与钾氮肥比例之间均缺乏密切关系。然而,在试验结束时,偏施氮肥（钾氮肥滴施比例为0.6）由于促进Ca2+在两个土层的淋失而降低土壤pH,而合理滴施钾氮肥（钾氮肥比例为1.0）则稍提高土壤pH,对盐分及盐分阴阳离子含量影响则未达显著水平。全部肥料土施比全部肥料滴施有利于盐分阳离子的保存,对盐分阴离子的影响则不大,从而也有利于维持土壤pH。在荔枝滴灌施肥中,可将钾氮肥以1∶1的比例滴施且将磷肥土施,即使在降雨丰沛的荔枝产区长期应用,也可避免土壤酸化及次生盐渍化。 相似文献
4.
化肥配施添加剂NAM对棉花干物质、产量及养分吸收的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《水土保持学报》2014,(4)
通过田间小区试验,研究化肥配施添加剂NAM对棉花干物质、产量及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,常规施肥配施NAM处理均能够显著提高棉花干物质量,增加单株铃数,皮棉产量增加9.62%~10.20%,氮肥利用率提高9.76~10.52个百分点,磷肥利用率提高11.46~13.15个百分点,但在添加NAM情况下,氮肥全部基施与70%氮肥基施+30%氮肥追施2种施肥方式间没有显著差异。常规施肥量的80%配施NAM与常规施肥处理产量相当,但提高氮磷肥的利用率。 相似文献
5.
用15N示踪技术研究了节水灌溉条件下冬小麦对不同施氮量的氮素吸收和氮素平衡 ,并比较了两种灌溉制度下小麦对节肥施氮量的吸收动态。结果表明 ,与常规施氮量处理相比 ,节水灌溉条件下节肥施氮量处理的氮肥损失率降低 ,氮肥当季利用率和土壤残留率提高 ;基施氮肥的利用率高于追施氮肥 ;土壤肥料氮的残留率在 2 9%～ 41 %之间 ,分布于 1m土层中 ,其中60 %以上集中在 0～ 2 0cm土层 ;在整个小麦生长季内 ,肥料氮并没有淋洗到 1 30m以下。节肥施氮量在常规灌溉下的当季利用率比在节水灌溉下降低 1 6 6%。 相似文献
6.
采用田间小区试验方法研究了平衡施肥对宝清县大豆产量、效益、土壤-作物养分收支平衡状况的影响。试验结果表明,磷肥是限制宝清县大豆高产的第一要素,其次是钾肥和氮肥。与最佳施肥处理相比,不施氮肥大豆减产16.4%,少收入1 801元/hm2;不施磷肥减产30.0%,少收入3 288元/hm2;不施钾肥减产25.9%,少收入2 940元/hm2;不施肥处理减产21.9%,少收入1 729元/hm2。最佳施肥处理大豆产量最高,虽与农民习惯施肥处理比较,未达到显著差异水平,但经济效益显著。在该试验条件下氮肥利用率为39.8%,磷肥利用率为25.7%,钾肥利用率为49.5%。平衡施肥是提高作物产量、效益及肥料利用率的必要措施。 相似文献
7.
针对内蒙古河套灌区水肥利用率低、土壤盐渍化严重的现状,采用田间试验研究不同处理(常规灌水施肥、节水节氮、常规灌水不施肥)对向日葵产量、株高、生物量、氮肥利用率、磷肥利用率的影响,分析土壤剖面N、P分布情况及田间N、P流失途径、流失量。结果表明,葵花田在当地常规灌水施氮的基础上节氮节水各20%后,向日葵氮的利用率提高了36.15%,流失的氮素显著低于常规灌水施氮处理。因此,试验区具有很大的节氮空间,优化施氮技术应大力推广。氮肥在淋洗过程中大部分会随渗漏液淋失,而磷肥随渗漏液流失量较小。 相似文献
8.
氮肥减施对稻-麦轮作体系作物氮素吸收、利用和土壤氮素平衡的影响 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9
田间试验研究了稻-麦轮作体系中减施氮肥对作物氮素吸收、利用和土壤氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,与当地习惯施肥(小麦:N 225 kg/hm2,基肥与分蘖肥各半;水稻:N 210 kg/hm2,基肥和分蘖肥为3∶2)相比,减氮20%～30%处理产量并没有降低,而氮肥当季利用率、氮素农学利用率以及氮素偏因子生产力则有所增加;而且,氮肥分次追施,能增加子粒产量,并减少氮肥成本。虽然减氮20%～30%处理0—40 cm土层无机氮含量较习惯施肥处理降低,但是并没有降低植株地上部对氮素的吸收。在小麦和水稻收获期,减施氮肥处理0—100 cm土壤无机氮残留量低于习惯施肥处理;且稻-麦轮作系统中氮的表观损失主要发生在水稻季。初步认为,在长江中下游平原稻-麦轮作体系氮素过量施用地区,第一个轮作周期减施氮肥20%～30%不仅不影响产量,而且可提高氮素利用率,有利于保护环境。 相似文献
9.
黄土塬区旱作农田长期定位施肥对冬小麦水分利用的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对长期定位施肥试验第22年度的测定数据进行了分析,探讨了旱地施肥对冬小麦水分利用的影响。试验结果表明,测定年份冬小麦的耗水深度受播种前雨季降雨入渗深度的影响位于地下200 cm左右。长期施肥单施磷肥处理,播种期土壤有效贮水量与不施肥的对照接近,而单施氮肥,氮磷配施和氮磷钾配施均显著低于对照;在施P2O5 90 kg/hm2配施氮肥或施N 90 kg/hm2配施磷肥,随着施氮量或施磷量从0增加到180 kg/hm2,播种期土壤有效贮水量均逐渐降低,但前者作物的土壤水分消耗表现出降低趋势,而后者表现出增加趋势。与对照相比,各施肥处理均提高了土壤有效底墒的利用率。氮磷配施比单施磷肥降低了土壤供水占作物耗水的比例,使得作物生长和产量的形成对当季降水的依赖性增加。与对照相比,氮磷配施及氮磷钾配施显著提高了冬小麦收获指数、产量和水分利用效率,而单施磷肥和氮肥使收获指数、产量和水分利用效率显著降低。施P2O5 90 kg/hm2的条件下,不同施氮量之间收获指数差异较小,而产量和水分利用效率均高于单施磷肥;施N 90 kg/hm2的条件下,不同施磷量作物的收获指数、产量和水分利用效率均得到提高。 相似文献
10.
棉花高产和磷高效的磷肥基施追施配合技术研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
18.
Dhritiman Ghosh Velusamy Srinivasan Olli H. Tuovinen Aaron Peacock Mark Radosevich 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1331-1334
We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg−1 buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg−1 in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. 相似文献
19.
Pilar García Juan-Vicente Monte Carlos Casanova Consuelo Soler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(1):103-109
Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed. 相似文献
20.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. 相似文献