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横断山区森林土壤的数值分类 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在土壤分类中综合运用多种数值分类方法可以取得较好的分类效果.本文应用了主组元分析、聚类分析,多组判别分析和最小支撑树等方法,将横断山区有代表性的30个森林土壤剖面分为六组,各组土壤间不仅在理化性质上有鲜明特征,而且与最重要的成土条件和森林植被类型基本吻合.在西南高山林区,树种与下木对土壤形成有重要作用,主要成土过程为酸性淋溶与腐殖化过程.通过选取的六个理化性质指标,主组元分析结果反映出了上述主导成土过程,而多组判别分析则进一步给予每组土壤以明确的分类域.这两种方法的结合可作为土壤数值分类的基本方法. 相似文献
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土壤的波谱反射特性是土壤遥感数据信息处理和计算机自动识别分类的物理学基础.我们曾以云南腾冲光谱试验区的室内外测试资料,应用聚类分析进行了土壤和土地利用分类的尝试.本文拟用同样资料,应用主组元分析进行分类识别,以期为土壤遥感的数据处理,提供一个较为有利的途径.主组元分析已在包括土壤和遥感在内的各个科学技术领域中得到广泛应用.关于主组元分析的原理和计算步骤,本文不另赘述. 相似文献
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基于RAGA的PPE模型在土壤质量等级评价中的应用研究 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
以往的土壤分类与等级综合评价多是建立在模糊数学 (Fuzzy)基础上的模糊聚类分析与模糊综合评判 ,因此不可避免的涉及权重矩阵人为干扰 ,导致分类与评价结果的人为倾向。本文将高维降维技术——投影寻踪评价模型 (PPE)应用到土壤学科领域 ,利用改进的加速遗传算法 (RAGA)优化投影方向 ,将多维数据指标转换到低维子空间 ,通过寻求最优投影方向及投影函数值来实现对土壤的分类与等级评价 ,避免了主观赋权的人为干扰 ,取得了较好效果 ,可为土壤分类与等级评价研究提供一条新思路 相似文献
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数学作为一种手段,应用于侵蚀土壤的研究,必定对这一研究有所推动。本文用宁夏固原县侵蚀土壤的观测资料,采用多元分析方法,借助电子计算机,对侵蚀土壤的数值分类、不同侵蚀土壤类型与侵蚀因子的关系进行研究。 相似文献
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本研究基于《中国土系志·河南卷》中的97个雏形土土壤样本点,根据土壤系统分类标准遴选并确定用于划分雏形土纲中不同层级分类单元的16个土壤诊断层和诊断特性,并依据这些不同指标的属性特征值和不同层级指标的权重建立属性数据集。基于此数据集运用模糊k-均值算法模型,确定6个聚类中心土壤,计算样本土壤与中心土壤之间的分类距离,并对研究区97个土壤样本实施数值化分类。研究表明,基于97个样本点与各中心土壤之间的分类距离进行土壤数值化分类,并通过检验数值化土壤分类结果与谱系式层级土壤分类单元的一致性,可以评价传统的谱系式层级土壤分类系统的合理性。 相似文献
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基于RAGA的PPC模型在土壤质量变化评价中的应用研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
将高维降维技术--投影寻踪分类模型(PPC)应用到土壤学科领域,利用改进的加速遗传算法(RAGA)优化投影方向(土壤评价指标),将多维数据指标转换到低维子空间,通过寻求最优投影方向及投影函数值来实现对土壤的分类与等级评价,避免了主观赋权的人为干扰,取得了较好效果,为土壤质量变化与等级评价研究提供一条新思路与方法. 相似文献
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金华地区降雨中养分含量的初步研究 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
降雨中的养分含量不少国家进行过长期测定,如欧洲曾联合进行了130年的连续测定。这不仅因为它是土壤养分的循环和平衡以及生态学研究的基本资料,而且因为雨水中的某些养分的供应量可能在农业上有重要作用(库克,1973),特别是氮和硫。但我国在这方面的资料似乎还很少。我们在红壤的研究任务中,为了估计降雨中的不同养分供应量在整个养分平衡中的可能意义,在1976年1-12月,在浙江金华地区的金华、衙县和兰溪三县进行了雨水的收集和分析。雨水由三县气象站协助收集。三县气象站均设在城郊,其中兰溪气象站靠近火车站。这一地区,在一定程度上可作为我国亚热带地区的一个代表。 相似文献
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恒电荷土壤胶体对Cu2+ 、Pb2+ 的静电吸附与专性吸附特征 总被引：23，自引：2，他引：23
供试土壤胶体对Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附强度用pH50 值表示 ,其大小次序为 :土 >黄绵土、黑垆土 >黄褐土。离子强度实验和表面络合反应机制证明恒电荷土壤胶体对Cu2 、Pb2 的吸附含有专性吸附 ,n值可作为判断专性吸附与静电吸附比例的特征值 ,低pH值时 ,以水解 -络合吸附为主 ;高pH值时 ,以水解 -络合与沉淀吸附为主。静电吸附和专性吸附的比例与pH有关 ,各土壤胶体专性吸附百分数大小为 :黄褐土 >土 >黑垆土 >黄绵土。不同土壤胶体在同一介质中对Cu2 、Pb2 的固有络合常数logKintM 值及固有络合ΔG m 负值大小次序与吸附强度大小一致。在定pH定浓条件下 ,考虑离子之间的相互作用时 ,土壤胶体对重金属离子的吸附过程可用BDM等温式描述。供试土壤胶体对Cu2 、Pb2 专性吸附ΔG m 的大小与固有络合ΔG m 接近且大小次序也一致。 相似文献
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Although it remains unclear why NH3-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) of the genus Nitrosospira dominate soil environments, and why Nitrosomonas spp. are less common, virtually no studies have compared their behavior in soil. In this study, the NH3 oxidation rates of Nitrosomonas europaea (ATCC 19718) and Nitrosospira sp. AV were compared in three differently textured soils containing a range of extractable contents (2-11 μg soil). Soils were adjusted to pH 7.0-7.4 with CaCO3 and sterilized with γ-radiation. Cell suspensions of each bacterium were inoculated into the soils to bring them to two-third of water-holding capacity and cell densities ∼2.5×106 g−1 soil. In virtually all cases, rates of production for both N. europaea and Nitrosospira sp. AV were linear over 48 h, and represented between 13 and 75%, respectively, of the maximum rates achieved in soil-free bacterial suspensions. Soil solution concentrations that supported these rates ranged between 0.2 and 1.5 mM. Addition of 21-36 μg soil raised soil solution levels to 1.8-2.5 mM and stimulated production to a greater extent in N. europaea (3.3-6.6-fold) than in Nitrosospira sp. AV (1-2.1-fold). Maximum rates of production were obtained by raising soil solution levels to 3-4 mM with a supplement of ∼80-90 μg soil. Ks values in soil for Nitrosospira sp. AV and N. europaea were estimated as 0.14 and 1.9 mM , respectively, and estimates of Vmax were about 3.5-times higher for N. europaea (0.007 pmol h−1 cell−1) than for Nitrosospira sp. AV (0.002 pmol h−1 cell−1). The cell density of N. europaea increased in sterile Steiwer soil independent of supplemental . In the case of treatments receiving supplemental , growth yields of N. europaea calculated from either produced or consumed were similar to those reported in literature (3.5×106-6×106 cells μmol−1). A higher growth yield was measured in the case of zero added (2.7×107 cells μmol−1), indicating that use of organic carbon compounds might have occurred and resulted in some energy sparing. Our results suggest that Nitrosospira spp. with a Ks similar to Nitrosospira sp. AV may have an advantage for survival in soil environments where soil solution levels are less than 1 mM. However, it is apparent that AOB like N. europaea are poised to take advantages of modest increases in extractable that raise soil solution levels to about 2.0-2.5 mM. 相似文献
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Combined oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope analyses are commonly used in the source determination of nitrate . The source and fate of are studied based on distinct O and N isotopic signatures (δ18O and δ15N) of various sources and isotopic effects during transformation processes, which differ between sources like fertilizer, atmospheric deposition, and microbial production (nitrification). Isotopic fractionation during production and consumption of further affects the δ18O and δ15N signal. Regarding the δ18O in particular, biochemical O exchange between O from and H2O is implicitly assumed not to affect the δ18O signature of . This study aimed to test this assumption in soil-based systems. In a short (24 h) incubation experiment, soils were treated with artificially 18O and 15N enriched . Production of from nitrification during the incubation would affect both the 18O and the 15N enrichment. Oxygen exchange could therefore be studied by examining the change in 18O relative to the 15N. In two out of the three soils, we found that the imposed 18O enrichment of the declined relatively more than the imposed enrichment. This implies that O exchange indeed affected the O isotopic signature of , which has important implications for source determination studies. We suggest that O exchange between and H2O should be taken into consideration when interpreting the O isotopic signature to study the origin and fate of in ecosystems. 相似文献
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The clear dependence of N2O production through denitrification on available nitrate in soil has been shown in many studies. Since N availability similarly limits the growth of plants, the resource competition with vegetation limits the activity of denitrifying microbes and may consequently moderate the N2O emissions from peatlands. We used uptake by Eriophorum vaginatum L. as a vegetation competition factor for microbes. The species was selected for the experiment because it has high nutrient use efficiency in low-nutrient conditions and high nutrient uptake efficiency in luxuriant nutrient conditions. We measured gaseous N flux as N2O (end product of denitrifier activity) in a restored peatland in central Finland with acetylene inhibition technique over a growing season from sample plots with varying addition levels and E. vaginatum cover. The resource competition effects were analysed with a model that used exponential decay dependence of N2O flux on the leaf area of E. vaginatum, and saturating response of N2O flux to addition level. The model explained the variation in N2O fluxes well (R2=0.86). The model simulation showed that the increasing nutrient uptake of E. vaginatum decreased the N2O fluxes exponentially. Simultaneously, denitrification appeared to saturate even in conditions with high availability of and low level of competition by vegetation. Thus, E. vaginatum is an effective competitor for in sedge-dominated peatlands that controls the availability of for denitrification, and consequently moderates the N2O emissions from peatlands. 相似文献
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Our aim was to study whether the in situ natural abundance 15N (δ15N)-values and N concentration of understory plants were correlated with the form and amount of mineral N available in the soil. Also to determine whether such differences were related to earlier demonstrations of differences in biomass increase in the same species exposed to nutrient solutions with both and or to alone. Several studies show that the δ15N of in soil solution generally is isotopically lighter than the δ15N of due to fractionation during nitrification. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that plant species benefiting from in ecosystems without significant leaching or denitrification have lower δ15N-values in their tissues than species growing equally well, or better, on We studied the δ15N of six understory species in oak woodlands in southern Sweden at 12 sites which varied fivefold in potential net N mineralisation rate The species decreased in benefit from in the following order: Geum urbanum, Aegopodium podagraria, Milium effusum, Convallaria majalis, Deschampsia flexuosa and Poa nemoralis. Four or five species demonstrated a negative correlation between and leaf δ15N and a positive correlation between and leaf N concentration. In wide contrast, only D. flexuosa, which grows on soils with little nitrification, showed a positive correlation between and the leaf N concentration and δ15N-value. Furthermore, δ15N of plants from the field and previously obtained indices of hydroponic growth on relative to were closely correlated at the species level. We conclude that δ15N may serve as a comparative index of uptake of among understory species, preferably in combination with other indices of N availability. The use of δ15N needs careful consideration of known restrictions of method, soils and plants. 相似文献
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Constraining the conditions conducive to dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium in temperate arable soils 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Here we offer the first assessment of conditions conducive to dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) in temperate arable soils, through an examination of the potential for this process to occur in a range of soils of contrasting characteristics. NH415NO3 (6.2 g N m−2, 25 atom % excess 15N) was applied, and recovery of 15N in the pool taken as indicative of occurrence of DNRA. Up to 5% of applied 15N was recovered in the pool 2 d after addition of N, glucose (44.6 g C m−2) and l-cysteine (7.7 g m−2, 0.9 g N m−2, 2.3 g C m−2). concentrations were positively correlated with soil pH, ratio, bulk density, sand content and concentration, but negatively correlated with soil C and organic N content. Our results demonstrate the potential for DNRA to contribute to N cycling in temperate arable soils, but its detection and significance is likely to depend on the provision of a low molecular weight C source. 相似文献
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Jorge Sierra 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2006,38(4):644-652
Several authors have reported that nitrification in acid soils may be restricted to microsites having a more favorable pH. The aim of this study was to propose a conceptual model of the functioning of nitrification in hot-spots, and to test it with the experimental data obtained in laboratory conditions using twelve tropical unamended and -amended soils with a wide range of pH (from 4.2 to 6.9). Nitrification was also measured in two selected soils where the pH was adjusted from 3.5 to 6.2. The model characterizes the relationship between the nitrification rates in unamended and -amended soils as a function of pH. It is based upon the assumption that nitrification of the coming from N mineralization occurs in the hot-spot (RNh), and the nitrification of the added occurs in the hot-spot and also in its adjacent surrounding region (RNs). The experimental design was chosen to be able to estimate both nitrification rates. Soil acidity limited nitrification more in -amended soils than in unamended ones. From our approach, this is due to less favorable conditions for nitrification in the region surrounding the hot-spot. The effect of self-induced acidity on nitrification was not noticeable neither in unamended nor in -amended treatments. The model described well three observations made in the experiments: (i) the minimum pH for nitrification to occur was lower for RNh (pH<4.2) than for RNs (pH<4.7), (ii) the RNh/RNs ratio increased with the decrease of pH (from 1.5 at pH 6 to 8.5 at pH 4), and (iii) for a given pH, the RNh/RNs ratio increased with the decrease of the initial pH of the soil. Among the soil parameters determined in this study (i.e. exchangeable Al, EDTA-extractable Cu and Zn, total C and N), only pH was related to nitrification. However, for a given pH, nitrification varied 3-fold among soils, depending upon their initial pH. This suggests that soil pH as determined on bulk soil is not suitable to predict nitrification in each individual soil, because it is not representative of the acidity level within the hot-spot. 相似文献
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Hongbo Ma 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2005,37(10):1869-1878
Rapid development and urbanization in the South Carolina (SC) coastal plain may introduce significant nutrients to adjacent tidal creeks and salt marsh estuaries, and threaten estuarine water quality. Microbial denitrification in estuarine soils plays an important role in removing excessive nitrate in coastal waters. Relative contributions of denitrification and ammonium production during nitrate reduction via dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and soil mineralization determine whether N is lost from the system or retained as ammonium . The objectives of this study were to compare background, short-term and long-term potential denitrification ( and glucose added) rates, and production during microbial conversion in a developing marsh estuary, SC (USA). Denitrification rates were measured using the acetylene block technique in an undeveloped fresh water site (T1W), an undeveloped Spartina marsh (Grave's Dock, GD), and a Spartina marsh at a golf course resort (Chechessee marsh, C3M). Background denitrification with no added was primarily controlled by concentration in soils and surface water. Adding glucose did not enhance either short-term or long-term potential denitrification rates in GD marsh soils. production during microbial removal was significant at both marsh sites, and N-mass balance based on N2O and production suggested a significant contribution of from sources other than DNRA. DNRA was estimated to account for approximately 16.3% and 0% of total added removal in GD surface (0-10 cm) and subsurface (30-40 cm) soils, and 1.9 and 23.2% in C3M surface and subsurface soils. Excessive generation from processes other than DNRA may be attributed to stimulated mineralization, and this stimulation was estimated to enhance soil ammonification by 0.5∼4 times compared to background generation with no added. Our results suggest that although the marsh soils displayed high potential of removal via denitrification, the produced via a combination of DNRA and enhanced mineralization may allow to accumulate and be transported to coastal waters. 相似文献
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The development of soil structure units with defined forms and dimensions (e.g. platy by soil compaction or prismatic up to subangular-blocky by swelling–shrinkage processes) can lead to direction-dependent behaviour of mechanical and hydraulic properties. However, little research has investigated direction-dependent behaviour directly. Undisturbed samples were collected at different horizons and orientations (vertical and horizontal) of Stagnic Luvisols derived from glacial till (Weichselian moraine region in Northern Germany). A direct shear test determined the cohesion (c) and the angle of internal friction (φ). The water retention curve (WRC), the saturated hydraulic conductivity (ks) and the air permeability (ka) were also measured. The air-filled porosity (a) was determined and pore continuity indices (N) and blocked porosities (b) were derived from the relationship between ka and a.Although the pore volume as a scalar is isotrop, the saturated hydraulic conductivity and air permeability can be anisotropic. In the seedbed (SB) and plough pan (PP) of conventionally managed soils the effective porosity is non-direction-dependent, however, differences in ks as a function of sampling direction can reach one order of magnitude in PP (ksh > ksv). The shear strength parameters do not present a significant anisotropy, although, a pronounced spatial orientation of soil aggregates (e.g. induced by soil compaction in a plough pan) lead to direction-dependent shear strength (by σn: 10 kPa, σtv: 12 kPa and σth: 19 kPa). This behaviour was especially observed in pore continuity indices (e.g. vertical and horizontal oriented aggregates observed in Bvg and PP presented bv < bh and bv > bh, respectively) showing that the identification of soil structure can be used as the first parameter to estimate if hydraulic properties present a direction-dependent behaviour at the scale of the soil horizon, which is relevant in modelling transport processes. 相似文献