共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
1.
《Agricultural Systems》2005,85(3):289-305
A past study in Sarawak, Malaysia (Cramb, R.A., 1993. Shifting cultivation and sustainable agriculture in East Malaysia: a longitudinal case study. Agricultural Systems 42, 209–226) found among smallholder farmers a mutual buffer effect between price fluctuations in cash crops (black pepper, Piper nigrum L. and pararubber, Hevea brasiliensis M.-Arg.) and swidden or shifting cultivation of hill rice. The recent rise in international prices for black pepper provides an opportunity to test the generality of Cramb’s original findings. For about three years beginning in 1997 and concomitant with the Asian economic crisis, smallholders throughout Southeast Asia responded to the price rises by investing more labour into existing pepper gardens, as well as planting new gardens. Here, we compare the response of Iban pepper smallholders to this situation on either side of the international border separating Sarawak, Malaysia and West Kalimantan, Indonesia, with special attention to Cramb’s findings. The mutual buffering capacity of hill rice cultivation and pepper/rubber farming described by Cramb is less evident in the study communities. The primary reasons that may account for the lack of fit revolve around the extent of pepper cultivation, availability of credit or subsidy, competition with labour in hill swiddens, and presence of nearby alternatives to earn cash. 相似文献
2.
New technologies, marketing strategies and public policy for traditional food crops: Millet in Niger 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
New technology introduction in this semiarid region of the Sahel is hypothesized to be made more difficult by three price problems in the region. First, staple prices collapse annually at harvest. Secondly, there is a between year price collapse in good and very good years due to the inelastic demand for the principal staple, millet, and the large changes in supply from weather and other stochastic factors. Thirdly, government and NGOs intervene in adverse rainfall years to drive down the price increases. Marketing strategies were proposed for the first two price problems and a public policy change for the third. To analyze this question at the firm level a farm programming model was constructed. Based upon surveying in four countries, including Niger, farmers state that they have two primary objectives in agricultural production, first achieving a harvest income target and secondly achieving their family subsistence objective with production and purchases later in the year. Farmers are observed selling their millet at harvest and rebuying millet later in the year. So the first objective takes precedence over the second. A lexicographic utility function was used in which these primary objectives of the farmer are first satisfied and then profits are maximized. According to the model new technology would be introduced even without the marketing strategies. However, the marketing strategies accelerated the technology introduction process and further increased farmers’ incomes. Of the three marketing-policy changes only a change in public policy with a reduction of the price depressing effect (cereal imports or stock releases) substantially increases farmers’ incomes in the adverse years. In developed countries crop insurance and disaster assistance is used to protect farmers in semiarid regions during bad and very bad (disaster) rainfall years. In developing countries finding alternatives to the poverty-nutritional problems of urban residents and poor farmers to substitute for driving down food prices in adverse years could perform the same function as crop insurance in developed countries of facilitating technological introduction by increasing incomes in adverse rainfall years in developed countries. 相似文献
3.
《Agricultural Water Management》2001,51(2):125-142
The possibility that drip irrigation technology could increase yields, reduce the incidence of crop diseases, and improve fruit quality has been identified as a critical research issue for the New Mexico chile pepper industry. Numerous hypotheses have been expressed regarding the low incidence of drip irrigation usage among New Mexico farmers. A survey of farmers was conducted in 1999 to assess commercial chile pepper producers’ attitudes toward and knowledge of drip irrigation technology. The survey data were used in logistic regression models that predict current high-tech irrigation system usage, drip irrigation usage, and plans for future drip irrigation adoption by chile pepper producers. The results of this research provide information useful to extension personnel, other researchers, and chile industry members. Results also raise questions about the impact of widespread drip irrigation adoption on multi-user irrigation systems, such as those found in New Mexico. 相似文献
4.
Intensification of agriculture often requires external inputs, has negative environmental effects and increases risk, especially for small-scale producers. Integrated aquaculture-agriculture (IAA) instead uses on-farm synergy effects of crop and fish production. The impact of long-term IAA training provided to small-scale farmers in Bangladesh is assessed using panel data from 260 project and 126 control farmers who were monitored from 2002/2003 to 2005/2006. We find that the training had a significant positive impact on farmers’ technical efficiency, total factor productivity and net incomes. These result in higher food consumption and better nutrition for trained households compared to control farmers. 相似文献
5.
《Agricultural Systems》2007,94(1-3):25-42
Predictability of seasonal climate variations associated with ENSO suggests a potential to reduce farm risk by tailoring agricultural management strategies to mitigate the impacts of adverse conditions or to take advantage of favorable conditions. Federal farm policies may enhance or limit the usefulness of this climate information. A representative peanut–cotton–corn non-irrigated North Florida farm was used to estimate the value of the ENSO-based climate information and examine impacts of farm programs under uncertain conditions of climate, prices, and risk aversion levels. Yields from crop model simulations and historical series of prices were used to generate stochastic distributions that were fed into a whole farm model, first, to optimize crop selection and planting dates, and then, to simulate uncertain outcomes under risk aversion, with and without the use of climate information, and with and without the inclusion of farm programs. Results suggest that seasonal climate forecasts have higher value for more risk averse farmers when La Niña or El Niño ENSO phases are forecast. Highly risk averse farmers could benefit from the forecast by taking advantage of potential favorable conditions (offensive responses). The inclusion of Commodity Loan Programs (CLP) and Crop Insurance Programs (CIP) decreased the overall value of the forecast information even to negative levels. However, more risk averse farmers could still benefit moderately from El Niño and marginally from La Niña forecasts when they participate in CLP and CIP. 相似文献
6.
基于甘肃省环县5个乡镇的调研数据，运用二元Logit模型对农户养殖意愿的影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明:劳动力人数、是否有充足的饲草料、自然环境、养殖年限、肉羊品种、政府补贴和肉羊价格对农户养殖意愿有显著的正向影响，其中劳动力人数、自然因素、肉羊品种和肉羊价格对农户养殖意愿影响最为显著，疫病风险对农户养殖意愿有显著负向影响。提出应增加牧草产量保险、提升农户在销售过程中的话语权和议价能力、提高农户养殖意识和鼓励发展新型养殖户等建议，希望更多农户参与肉羊养殖产业，促进农户增产增收，推进环县肉羊产业现代化发展。 相似文献
7.
Analysis of information systems and communication networks for organic and conventional hazelnut producers in the Samsun province of Turkey 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Kursat Demiryurek 《Agricultural Systems》2010,103(7):444-452
This research presents an analysis of the agricultural information systems and communication networks for organic and conventional hazelnut producers in the Samsun province of Turkey. Structured interviews were used to collect data from 64 randomly selected conventional and all 39 organic hazelnut producers living in the study area. Information systems for organic and conventional producers were found to be different. Organic producers benefited from more information sources than conventional producers. In addition, the contract farming approach to organic agriculture had initially isolated organic producers from conventional producers. Furthermore, dissatisfaction from the organic marketing company and its organic production project resulted in further separation among organic producers and led some of them to establish their own union. The lack of access to information and support from the organic project-related sources, professional institutions and mass media sources was evident. This resulted in the development of social sources to exchange information among the producers within their villages. However, this information is mainly based on traditional practices rather than scientific applications. Thus, more functional cooperation and professional communication between personal and institutional information sources are needed to enhance the diffusion of information and technology among farmers. 相似文献
8.
《Agricultural Systems》2002,74(3):415-430
Previous research shows that Florida's climate and agricultural production are influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, suggesting that farmers and ranchers might use new methods of climate forecasting to modify management, increase profits and reduce economic risks. The purposes of this paper are to describe the framework used by a Florida Consortium (FC) of researchers to assess the potential use of climate forecasts in agricultural decision-making and to summarize what was learned in the research process. The framework includes components for generation, communication and use of climate information as well as an implementation and evaluation component. Results showed that winter months are affected most by ENSO phase (higher rainfall and lower temperatures in El Niño years and the opposite during La Niña years). Yields of most crops were significantly associated with ENSO phase as were prices of some commodities. Through various mechanisms of interacting with farmers, ranchers, and extension faculty, we learned that interest in climate forecasts varied widely from highly optimistic to skeptical, and that these clients had good ideas of how to vary management if they have good forecasts. Case studies aimed at understanding potential value and risks associated with use of climate forecasts were conducted for winter fresh market tomato, cow-calf operations, and peanut production. Analytical results, confirmed by interactions with clients, showed significant value in using climate forecasts to alter specific decisions. Risks of using climate information varied among commodities, with considerable risk found in tomato due to the strong link between production and price. Perhaps the most important lesson learned was the importance of engaging trusted advisors in research and outreach efforts. A major output of the project was the close cooperation established between the FC and the Florida Cooperative Extension Service. Prospects for sustaining a climate information program in Florida are high due to joint research and extension initiatives. 相似文献
9.
In a WTO battle and the press the argument is often made that eliminating US cotton subsidies would have a large effect on the incomes and competitive position of farmers in developing countries. In Francophone West Africa cotton productivity has stagnated after rapid gains in the first two decades following independence (1960-1980). A farm model was constructed based on farmers’ definition of their decision-making framework which they use to respond to income and weather risks. With this model the effects on farmers of eliminating US subsidies are compared with various productivity increasing measures for cotton and sorghum in Dioila, Mali. Dioila is located in a representative cotton region producing 16% of the cotton in Mali. We include sorghum due to its importance for consumption and the observation of Malian farmers substituting cereals (sorghum and maize) for cotton as the returns to cotton have fallen in the 21st Century. In the farm model, the elasticity of transmission of a change in the world cotton price to the farm gate price is taken into account. The gains from eliminating US subsides are small. In contrast, the various technological alternatives including Bt cotton introduction, the use of higher fertilization levels for cotton, and the introduction of improved sorghum cultivars and moderate fertilization along with a marketing package all have substantially higher returns Even with substantial improvement in the mechanisms enabling farmers to benefit from the higher prices resulting from elimination of US subsidies, there are still much higher returns resulting from the various types of productivity increases. 相似文献
10.
线辣椒在循化县地区农业产业结构中扮演着十分重要的角色,是农民群众增产增收的重要途径。近几年随着循化县线辣椒种植产业不断发展,在农民经济收入提升的同时,也面临不少突出问题,其中线辣椒病虫害高发已经成为严重制约该产业发展的主要因素。因此,需要积极探索全新的防治手段,采取有效措施,做好线辣椒病虫害防治工作。该文主要结合实际情况,分析了循化县线辣椒病虫害问题及绿色防控措施。 相似文献
11.
《Agricultural Systems》2005,85(1):42-58
Domestic milk production has been for a long time hindered by many factors including lack of interest from decision makers, distorted economic policy and biotechnical constraints. For the last 20 years, many developing countries have been attempting to develop the domestic milk production sector. However, research on the basic realities and the viability status of enterprises within this sector remain largely unproved in many developing countries. This study focuses on the characteristic of smallholder milk producers in The Gambia. Data were collected from 90 smallholder farm households to characterise milk producers and evaluate the profitability and viability status of this activity. Based on current typology of farms and gross margin analyses at farm level, the study identified two resource-based types of smallholder farms. The current milk production system is surely viable. Constraints to increased productivity include lack of improved technology at farm level and weak institutional support. Despite the low viability status, it is shown that milk production generates reliable incomes, which could be a departure for most farmers to intensify farming systems, particularly in areas where no loan schemes exist for purchasing agricultural inputs. 相似文献
12.
本文基于环县五个乡镇的调研数据,结合环县肉羊发展现状,运用二元Logit模型对农户养殖意愿的影响因素进行实证分析,结果表明：劳动力人数、是否有充足的饲草料、自然环境、养殖年限、肉羊品种、政府补贴和肉羊价格对农户养殖意愿有显著的正向影响,其中劳动力人数、自然因素、肉羊品种和肉羊价格对农户养殖意愿影响最为显著。疫病风险对农户养殖意愿有显著负向影响。最后提出政府应增加牧草产量保险,提升农户在销售过程中的话语权和议价能力,提高农户养殖意识,鼓励发展新型养殖户等相关建议,希望使更多农户参与肉羊养殖产业,促进农户增产增收,推进环县肉羊产业现代化发展。 相似文献
13.
《Agricultural Systems》1999,60(1):1-16
This study examines the effects of State policies on farmers' incomes and natural resource conditions in central Honduras. We combined dynamic linear programming with a biophysical model and applied this bioeconomic model to a microwatershed where, in recent years, farmers have turned to intensive production of vegetables. We compared the outputs of different model scenarios with historical data over the last 20 years (1975–95). The main results of the simulations are: (1) the 1990 liberalization has had a beneficial impact on the incomes of small farmers who adopted a `vegetable pathway'; (2) the shift from extensive production to intensive vegetable production does not reduce erosion, as the greater opportunity cost of labor increased the cost of investing in land conservation; and (3) small farmers are more likely than ranchers to erode soils, because they are more likely to produce vegetables during the rainy season and usually cultivate steeper slopes. However, small farmers are more likely to invest in land conservation because soil depth becomes a limiting factor for production. © 相似文献
14.
Against the backdrop of viewing marketing intermediaries in developing countries as parasites, this study examined the validity of such a view, especially in the context of mandarin (a species of orange) marketing in a mountain district of Nepal. Necessary information was collected from all major stakeholders such as farmers, collectors and commission agents, and the relative position of farmers in terms of their gains was analyzed by employing three criteria: price of mandarin, marketing margin and income distribution. Income distribution among marketing functionaries “with” and “without” transaction cost has been analyzed. Similarly, marketing margin and farmers’ share of gross income are also analyzed ‘with’ and ‘without’ the cost of malicious practices by marketing intermediaries. Findings of the study revealed that farmers in the study area are receiving a fair share of the benefit accruing from the marketing of mandarin. However, taking advantage of their weak bargaining power and poor economic condition, marketing intermediaries are harassing and cheating them in different ways. Policy recommendations are made to institutionalize and strengthen the group-marketing system to address such inherent problems. 相似文献
15.
农民对农业水价承受能力研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
农民是农业水价承受的主体，其承受能力的大小决定着农业水价改革的力度和进程，通过对人民胜利渠道灌区农民对农业水价承受能力的调查:揭示了灌区的运行能力是随着农业水价的上调逐步增加的，而用水是逐步减少的;农民对农业水价改革的承受能力是非常有限的;当农业水费占到农民年收入的4%一6%(支出的6%一8%)、农业投入的10%-12%和产出的8%-10%时，农民普遍认为水价合理或者基本合理，表示可以接受、愿意缴纳，说明水费没有超出农民的经济和心理承受能力;提出了促进农业水价改革的综合对策。 相似文献
16.
针对农户在现实生产中面临的模式选择问题,在考虑了产出随机和订单农业合作门槛等因素的基础上,构建了“公司+农户”型Stackelberg博弈模型,对比分析了农户在“自繁自养”和“订单农业”两种模式下的最优决策行为。研究表明,当合作门槛较低时,农户应该关注市场规模和现货市场价格,仅当市场规模较大且现货市场价格较低时,选择加入“订单农业”模式收益更大,否则应当选择“自繁自养”模式;当合作门槛较高时,若现货市场价格较低且合作门槛处于合适水平时,选择“订单农业”模式更佳。 相似文献
17.
“三农”问题一直以来是长春市经济工作的重中之重,农民增收问题是影响长春市稳定和经济持续发展的关键问题。该文对实地调研所得的数据进行综合分析,根据长春市农民收入现状,究其根源,探讨影响长春市农民增收的主要因素,并在此基础上对如何建立农民可持续增收长效机制提出对策建议。 相似文献
18.
Tushaar Shah 《Agricultural Systems》1983,11(1):41-64
In a competitive agricultural commodity market, a parity can be expected between the prices of the raw materials and the prices of the final products. This paper attempts to show that such a parity does not exist between the price of liquid milk and the prices of milk fat and SNF in the forms in which they are produced in India, because the traditional milk producers do not have access to a technology that enables them to convert the SNF contained in their milk into products which have ready markets.This fact has given the modern dairy co-operatives of the rural milk producers a significant economic advantage in their competition with the traditional producers, since they have been able to give their members access to such a technology.This paper argues that the new, developing dairy co-operatives should devise their long-term strategies with a view to exploiting this economic advantage while it exists; for, in the long run, this advantage must disappear as competition among the dairy co-operatives in the markets for liquid milk and milk products increases. 相似文献
19.
徐向东 《农业机械化与电气化》2014,(8):48-49
花生是辽宁省农民增收致富的主打产品,近几年花生覆膜播种机的购买与使用量大幅提高。针对花生覆膜播种机在实际作业时容易出现的问题,阐述花生覆膜播种机的正确使用方法,以期为花生种植农户使用该机具提供指导。 相似文献
20.
首先在成本水价基础上,分别构建塔河流域作物和流域基于水资源费的未来农业水价,然后进一步汇总和计算了塔河流域农户对基于资源环境水价的未来农业水价的承受力分析的基本指标;在此基础上,分析了塔河流域农户对基于资源环境水价的未来农业水价的承受力,主要结果表明：除叶尔羌河、和田河流域和干流下游基于资源环境水价的未来流域和作物水价的农户承受力超过适宜经济承受力外,其它源流和干流上中游的农户水价承受力则处于适宜经济承受力范围,未来塔河流域应当实行差别水价政策;干流下游、叶尔羌河流域未来农业水价承受力很低,尤其是流域未来粮食作物水价的承受力很低,必须给予粮食作物农业水价直接补偿。而且,环境水价对农户水价承受力影响较小,能够成为未来流域生态环境保护的主要经济手段。 相似文献