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管氏肿腿蜂及其带菌室内防治松墨天牛幼虫试验 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10
利用管氏肿腿蜂及其携带球孢白僵菌进行室内防治松墨天牛幼虫试验,结果表明:管氏肿腿蜂对松墨天牛幼虫的寄生死亡率随着接蜂量的增加而提高。在一定的接蜂量(虫蜂比1∶2~1∶5)下,松墨天牛龄期越大,被寄生效果越低,对3龄幼虫的平均寄生死亡率为90%,4龄虫平均为77.5%,5龄虫平均为52.5%。每只管氏肿腿蜂携带球孢白僵菌约1×107个孢子时,对4~5龄松墨天牛幼虫按虫蜂比1∶1、1∶2和1∶3接蜂,寄生感染死亡率分别为55%、75%和100%;管氏肿腿蜂携带球孢白僵菌防治木段内的松墨天牛幼虫寄生感染死亡率为87.13%。 相似文献
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用白僵菌防治松墨天牛幼虫技术 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过对白僵菌与小蠹虫的野外生物学规律观察及小蠹虫的传菌规律,白僵菌的林间释传方法、技术、防治效果及大面积防治松材线虫病中应用等研究,发现:用本地自然种群的小蠹虫能有效地携传白僵菌,达到防治松墨天牛幼虫目的.该法对松墨天牛幼虫当代校正寄生率达41.53%,明显高于喷雾法的26.74%.人工撒菌法也能有效地释传白僵菌,对松墨天牛幼虫防治效果可达48.31%.经大面积防治松墨天牛示范试验,白僵菌有效地控制了松墨天牛的虫口密度,减轻了松材线虫病的危害,取得了明显的防治效果和经济效益,防治费用仅需3.33元/hm2. 相似文献
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管氏肿腿蜂在两种试验条件下对松墨天牛入木幼虫的寄生 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在野外自然条件和室内限制管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guaniXiao et Wu逃逸条件下,研究了肿腿蜂对松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope入木幼虫的寄生。研究发现松墨天牛幼虫蛀道内存在1种捕食性天敌;肿腿蜂在限制逃逸条件下对松墨天牛入木幼虫的寄生率为63.92%;在野外自然条件下肿腿蜂与捕食性天敌共同作用,试验结果显示松墨天牛幼虫死亡率与对照组存在显著差异,说明肿腿蜂在野外对松墨天牛入木幼虫的寄生作用是显著的。 相似文献
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研究测定了松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛1～3龄幼虫的控制作用,采用林间和室内罩网相结合的方法研究了2组松褐天牛肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫的寄生情况.结果显示:在室内试验条件下,松褐天牛肿腿蜂产卵之前的刺蛰、补充营养取食能直接造成松褐天牛1～3龄幼虫死亡,对1、2及3龄幼虫的平均致死率分别为95.66％、85.91％、57.88％,并可产卵寄生2、3龄幼虫;林间释放2组松褐天牛肿腿蜂后,在刺蛰和补充营养取食后能有效寄生寄主的肿腿蜂雌蜂数量比例变化较大,有效肿腿蜂率最高为14.9％,最低为2.3％.松褐天牛肿腿蜂寄生行为不受寄主聚集程度的影响,但刚羽化出茧肿腿蜂雌蜂的寄生效率比经饲喂后的雌蜂高近5倍.从肿腿蜂单一个体来看,每头雌蜂补充营养取食和产卵寄生致死的松褐天牛幼虫数为2.1～7.7头.松褐天牛肿腿蜂雌蜂的补充营养习性及刺蛰、取食致死寄主行为在防治中有很重要的作用,表明该种肿腿蜂是防治松褐天牛的重要天敌,在生物防治松褐天牛幼龄幼虫上具有良好的应用前景. 相似文献
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管氏肿腿蜂及其带菌室内防治松褐天牛幼虫研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在室内通过5菌株感染松褐天牛幼虫研究筛选出毒力相对较强菌株Ma789,然后进一步研究了其1.0×10^5-1.0×10^8个/mL不同孢子含量梯度对松褐天牛幼虫的毒力,结果显示其对松褐天牛幼虫的半致死含量为3.2×10^5个/mL;而管氏肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫室内寄生试验表明,随着接蜂量的增加,管氏肿腿蜂对幼虫的寄生死亡率不断提高,当虫蜂比提高到1∶4-1∶5时,管氏肿腿蜂对松褐天牛幼虫的平均校正死亡率达96.7%;每只管氏肿腿蜂携带Ma789约1.0×10^7个孢子时,对老熟松褐天牛幼虫按虫蜂比1∶1、1∶2和1∶3接蜂,寄生感染死亡率分别为56.7%,70%和100%。 相似文献
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本试验研究了管氏肿腿蜂对光肩星天牛的控制作用,旨在找到呼和浩特地区园林生产应用中控制光肩星天牛的生物防治新途径。在温度20±2℃、相对湿度60%±5%的室内环境下,研究了管氏肿腿蜂对不同虫龄光肩星天牛幼虫的寄生情况。结果表明:管氏肿腿蜂对低龄光肩星天牛幼虫的寄生率较高,对高龄光肩星天牛幼虫的寄生率较低。同时研究了不同虫蜂比对光肩星天牛幼虫致死率的影响,结果表明在一定接蜂量下,在虫蜂比为1︰1、1︰5、1︰10、1︰15时,寄主幼虫的校正死亡率分别为1.74%、5.10%、15.88%和16.68%。经过分析,认为在呼和浩特地区,可于9月份根据虫口密度以1︰10的虫蜂比防治光肩星天牛。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):139-149
Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):150-157
An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation. 相似文献