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采用盆栽试验的方法,研究不同磷添加量(0,20,80 mg/kg)和土霉素添加量(0,40,160 mg/kg)对小麦和紫花苜蓿幼苗生物量及根系发育的影响。结果表明:所有水平土霉素处理中,20,80 mg/kg磷处理的小麦地上部生物量均比不加磷时高,分别高22.7%～34.1%,10.0%～30.0%和9.1%～18.3%。除160 mg/kg土霉素加80 mg/kg磷的处理外,所有处理的苜蓿根生物量均小于不加磷和土霉素的对照。小麦的根长和根表面积随着土霉素添加量的增加总体上呈减少的趋势。总体来看,施磷显著促进了小麦幼苗地上部的生长,但对苜蓿幼苗生长的影响不显著。土霉素对苜蓿幼苗的根系发育有抑制作用。研究结果可为评价土壤中土霉素残留对作物早期生长的影响和指导合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。 相似文献
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红麻对Cu和Cu-EDDS的吸收和富集 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生物可降解特性螯合剂[S,S]-乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS),被推荐用作污染土壤强化植物修复中的重金属活化试剂。我国能源经济作物红麻具有较高的地上生物产量,可望用于重金属污染土壤的植物吸取修复或稳定修复。通过水培试验研究了红麻对水培营养液中Cu及Cu-EDDS的吸收和富集效应。试验结果表明,能源植物红麻各组织中Cu的富集浓度依次为:根>叶>茎(皮)。扫描电镜-能谱分析表明,红麻根系从水培溶液中吸收的Cu主要经木质部导管向地上部运输。EDDS处理及Cu/EDDS摩尔比<1时,对红麻生长无急性植物毒性。红麻纤维皮层内Cu含量低于其他组织内的Cu含量,并低于纺织产品Cu含量标准(HJBZ30-2000)。预测在Cu污染土壤上种植红麻,可望实现红麻纤维的安全生产,同时有可能实现对轻度Cu污染土壤的植物稳定和吸取修复。 相似文献
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豆科植物和根瘤菌在生态环境中的地位和作用 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
随着我国人口的增加和城市化进程的加快,人类对土地资源的需求不断增加,土地使用的透支趋势明显;另一方面大量使用农用化学物质,对生态环境的胁迫增大。豆科植物在根系中因其可与根瘤菌共生形成特殊结构---根瘤,具有生物固氮作用而受到广泛关注。种植豆科植物,利用豆科植物和根瘤菌形成的共生固氮体系可以减少氮肥的投入,增加土壤的有机质含量,改善土壤生态环境,是一种天然的利于生态环境的农业生产方式。本文介绍了豆科植物和根瘤菌的一些重要特征,论述了豆科植物与根瘤菌共生的关系,表明发展豆科植物对于生态环境的修复、维持土地的生产力以及节能减排方面的重要作用,以期为改善生态环境提供一些可参考的方法和依据。 相似文献
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<正> 发展中国家,由于环境污染使很多成年人的健康受到危害,在印度,由于有毒气体(如氮氧化物、硫氧化物、一氧化碳和铅氧化物等)的污染使咽喉症发病率为其它国家的12倍、癌症患者高达150万。如果再不加强监督和控制,可以预料,到本世纪末将增加两倍。近代,为了增产粮食,农业生产实行高投入。由于农业化学品的过量使用,引起了各种污染问题,也影响到动植物种群的生存 相似文献
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泰乐菌素和土霉素在农业土壤中的消解和运移 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
长期施用禽畜排泄物可导致抗生素在土壤中的积累, 对环境产生不良影响.为了解进入农田后抗生素的去向及残留动态, 选择2个典型农业土壤, 利用田间小区试验, 研究了田间实际状况下泰乐菌素和土霉素2种抗生素在土壤中的消解与运移行为.研究表明, 抗生素在土壤中的消解和运移与抗生素种类和土壤性质有关.抗生素在砂质土壤(清水砂)中的下移明显高于粘壤土(泥质田), 泰乐菌素在土壤中的垂直迁移强于土霉素.表层土壤中抗生素因降解和下移随时间逐渐下降, 消解速率在试验初期大于后期, 并且土霉素消解速率大于泰乐菌素.砂质土壤中抗生素的消解速率在试验初期明显高于粘壤土, 但至试验后期, 二者渐趋相似.田间条件下测得的抗生素消解速率明显低于实验室条件下, 这可能与抗生素进入田间深层土壤后稳定性增加有关.农田施用抗生素初期产生的径流中含较高浓度的抗生素, 但随时间(10 d之内)很快下降至检测下限以下; 试验初期径流中抗生素浓度为泰乐菌素大于土霉素, 砂质土高于粘壤土. 相似文献
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《土壤与作物》2020,(1)
生物防治病虫害是当前农业可持续发展的重要方向之一。大豆灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea)和黑斑病(Alternaria tenuissima)是大豆上的主要病害,为了控制灰霉病和黑斑病对大豆的危害,通过生物防治的方法,采用土壤稀释法从江西省东乡野生稻根际土壤中分离获得64株拮抗菌,经反复筛选及平板对峙法测定菌株A2、A6、A10、F7和G6对大豆灰霉病菌和黑斑病菌有稳定拮抗作用。通过菌株发酵滤液和化学农药抑菌效果比较,菌株发酵液的抑菌率远超化学农药,其中拮抗菌的发酵滤液对灰霉病最佳抑制率达91. 7%,对黑斑病最佳抑制率在60. 9%～87. 0%之间;而灰霉病特效素和苯醚甲环唑对灰霉病和黑斑病的最佳抑制率仅为68. 0%和47. 3%。根据菌株的生理生化特征及16S r DNA分子鉴定,5株菌分别为米修链霉菌(Streptomyces misionensis)、绛红产色小单孢菌(Micromonospora purpureochromogenes)、圈卷产色链霉菌(Streptomyces ansochromogenes)、链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)和类芽孢杆菌(Panenibacillus sp.)。本研究为大豆灰霉病和黑斑病的生防菌开发和利用提供了一定的支撑。 相似文献
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Small scale digital soil mapping in Southeastern Kenya 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Digital soil mapping techniques appear to be an interesting alternative for traditional soil survey techniques. However, most applications deal with (semi-)detailed soil surveys where soil variability is determined by a limited number of soil forming factors. The question that remains is whether digital soil mapping techniques are equally suitable for exploratory or reconnaissance soil surveys in more extensive areas with limited data availability. We applied digital soil mapping in a 13,500 km2 study area in Kenya with the main aim to create a reconnaissance soil map to assess clay and soil organic carbon contents in terraced maize fields. Soil spatial variability prediction was based on environmental correlation using the concepts of the soil forming factors equation. During field work, 95 composite soil samples were collected. Auxiliary spatially exhaustive data provided insight on the spatial variation of climate, land cover, topography and parent material. The final digital soil maps were elaborated using regression kriging. The variance explained by the regression kriging models was estimated as 13% and 37% for soil organic carbon and clay respectively. These results were confirmed by cross-validation and provide a significant improvement compared to the existing soil survey. 相似文献
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U. W. A. Vitharana M. Van Meirvenne L. Cockx & J. Bourgeois 《Soil Use and Management》2006,22(4):405-413
Variation in soil texture has a profound effect on soil management, especially in texturally complex soils such as the polder soils of Belgium. The conventional point sampling approach requires high sampling intensity to take into account such spatial variation. In this study we investigated the use of two ancillary variables for the detailed mapping of soil texture and subsequent delineation of potential management zones for site‐specific management. In an 11.5 ha arable field in the polder area, the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured with an EM38DD electromagnetic induction instrument. The geometric mean values of the ECa measured in both vertical and horizontal orientations strongly correlated with the more heterogeneous subsoil clay content (r = 0.83), but the correlation was weaker with the homogenous topsoil clay content (r = 0.40). The gravimetric water content at wilting point (θg(?1.5 MPa)) correlated very well (r = 0.96) with the topsoil clay content. Thus maps of topsoil and subsoil clay contents were obtained from 63 clay analyses supplemented with 117θg(?1.5 MPa) and 4048ECa measurements, respectively, using standardized ordinary cokriging. Three potential management zones were identified based on the spatial variation of both top and subsoil clay contents. The influence of subsoil textural variation on crop behaviour was illustrated by an aerial image, confirming the reliability of the results from the small number of primary samples. 相似文献
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《Soil Use and Management》2018,34(1):111-123
The study of soil–landscape relationships at a detailed scale (1:10 000) and its use for soil management was less common in developing countries. The study was conducted in western Ethiopia with the aim to explain the soil variability across landscapes, classify soils into mapping units and produce a map of these soils. This study was performed based on a discrete model of spatial variation. Five soil reference groups: Vertisols, Cambisols, Fluvisols, Luvisols and Leptosols were identified in the study site. Distribution of the soil reference groups was determined by landscape position. Variation in soil texture, colour, pH , exchangeable acidity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus (av. P), carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and cation exchange capacity (CEC ) was observed within and among soil mapping units (SMU s). Variability was considerably high for exchangeable Ca and CEC . Factor analysis result indicated that variation in soil properties within land unit was comparatively highest in Leptosols of SMU 9 (88.87%) and lowest in Vertisols of SMU 1 (60.82%). Moderate‐to‐fine scale mapping of soil properties helps to build detail information for soil management. Grouping fields into mapping units that require more or less similar management measure would be an important soil–landscape concept. As a result, mapping units could be used as cost‐effective means of treating variable field so as to optimize the forecasted benefits. 相似文献
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平原区土壤质地的反射光谱预测与地统计制图 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
基于地统计方法的土壤属性制图通常需要大量的采样与实验室测定。本研究提出利用可见光近红外(visible-nearinfrared spectroscopy,VNIR)光谱技术测定替代实验室测定,并与地统计方法相结合预测土壤质地的空间变异。通过建立砂粒(0.02 mm),粉粒(0.002~0.02 mm),黏粒(0.002 mm)含量的VNIR光谱预测模型,将模型预测得到的质地数据和建模点实测质地数据一同用于地统计分析和Kriging插值制图。以江苏北部黄淮平原地区为案例的研究结果表明,砂粒、粉粒、黏粒含量的预测值和实测值的均方根误差(RMSE)分别为8.67%、6.90%3、.51%,平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为6.46%、5.60%、3.05%,显示了较高的预测精度。研究为快速获取平原区土壤质地空间分布提供了新的可能的途径。 相似文献
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Alice Johannes Ophélie Sauzet Adrien Matter Pascal Boivin 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(2):707-716
Soil organic carbon (SOC) fashions soil structure, which is a key factor of soil fertility. Existing SOC content recommendations are based on SOC:clay ratio thresholds of >1:10. However, the corresponding SOC content might be considered hard to reach in clayey soils, whose structure degradation risk is assumed to be high. Here, we analysed the SOC content and soil structure quality of soils under similar cropping practices with clay contents ranging from 16% to 52%. Five undisturbed soil cores (5–10 cm layer) were collected from 96 fields at 58 farms in the Swiss Jura region. We assessed the soil structure quality visually using the CoreVESS method. Gravimetric air content and water content, and bulk density at −100 hPa were also measured, and the soil structure degradation index was calculated. We found that the relationship between SOC and clay content held over the clay content range, suggesting that reaching an acceptable SOC:clay ratio is not limited by large clay contents. This suggests that the 1:10 SOC:clay ratio may remain useful for clayey soils. In contrast to what was expected, it is not more challenging to reach this ratio in clayey soils even if it implies reaching very large SOC contents. SOC content explained the considered physical properties better than clay content. From a soil management point of view, these findings suggest that the soil texture determines a potential SOC content, while the SOC:clay ratio is determined by farming practices regardless of the clay content. 相似文献
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YANG Lin A-Xing ZHU ZHAO Yuguo LI Decheng ZHANG Ganlin ZHANG Shujie Lawrence E. BAND 《土壤圈》2017,27(2):344-357
High-resolution and detailed regional soil spatial distribution information is increasingly needed for ecological modeling and land resource management. For areas with no point data, regional soil mapping includes two steps: soil sampling and soil mapping. Because sampling over a large area is costly, efficient sampling strategies are required. A multi-grade representative sampling strategy, which designs a small number of representative samples with different representative grades to depict soil spatial variations at different scales,could be a potentially efficient sampling strategy for regional soil mapping. Additionally, a suitable soil mapping approach is needed to map regional soil variations based on a small number of samples. In this study, the multi-grade representative sampling strategy was applied and a fuzzy membership-weighted soil mapping approach was developed to map soil sand percentage and soil organic carbon(SOC) at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths in a study area of 5 900 km2 in Anhui Province of China. First, geographical sub-areas were delineated using a parent lithology data layer. Next, fuzzy c-means clustering was applied to two climate and four terrain variables in each stratum. The clustering results(environmental cluster chains) were used to locate representative samples. Evaluations based on an independent validation sample set showed that the addition of samples with lower representativeness generally led to a decrease of root mean square error(RMSE). The declining rates of RMSE with the addition of samples slowed down for 20–40 cm depth, but fluctuated for 0–20 cm depth. The predicted SOC maps based on the representative samples exhibited higher accuracy, especially for soil depth 20–40 cm, as compared to those based on legacy soil data. Multi-grade representative sampling could be an effective sampling strategy at a regional scale. This sampling strategy, combined with the fuzzy membership-based mapping approach, could be an optional effective framework for regional soil property mapping. A more detailed and accurate soil parent material map and the addition of environmental variables representing human activities would improve mapping accuracy. 相似文献
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Information about the variability of different soil attributes within a field is essential for sustainable land management and precision agriculture. Mobile proximal gamma‐ray spectrometry can map soil characteristics of vast areas at different scales rapidly and cost‐effectively. This study aims at investigating reliability and capability of mobile‐gamma‐spectrometry (radiometrics) data to map typical soils of Middle Europe. In this paper, we investigate relationships between the radioelement concentrations (K, U, Th, and dose rate) and soil parameters (texture, CEC, pH, and organic‐C content) at four different field sites and soil textures. The data reliability is confirmed at the survey start. Mobile data have an excellent linear correlation (nearly 1:1) with the stationary readings (of identical devices, acquisition setups, and soil conditions) but moderate correlation with laboratory data (of different devices, setups, and sample conditions). Dried lab samples have systematically higher radioelement concentrations than the field soils (normally wet). Consequently, the mobile‐gamma‐spectrometric data is sufficiently accurate for soil mapping, and its calibration by laboratory data is less useful due to the varying environmental conditions. Single absolute radioelement concentrations show only moderate correlations with the different soil parameters, particularly clay content and CEC. This may be related to varying environmental conditions (soil moisture, soil structure, vegetation, land use, etc.) between the study sites. Investigations of the ratios of radioelement concentrations yield a clear improvement of their correlations to soil parameters, especially for sand and clay contents, CEC, and organic C. Additionally, multiple‐linear‐regression models were established using the element concentrations of potassium and thorium to predict silt content and pH. The results of the highly correlated models were confirmed by comparing with clay and silt content and pH value, respectively, to six additional independent field samples. Briefly, applications of gamma‐ray data for soil mapping offers the possibility of the development of quantitative relationships regarding soil parameters like sand and clay contents, CEC, and organic C. Classification of soil textures by gamma‐ray data seems to be promising, though a broader database of soils is needed for further research. We recommend gamma‐ray mapping as a complementary or even an alternative to common mapping techniques. 相似文献
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对应用田间行走式设备获取的土壤红外光谱数据,通过特征变换和特征选择相结合,以提高所建立土壤碳校正模型的预测精度。首先应用独立成分分析（ICA）、主成分分析(PCA)和小波分析(WA)对土壤红外光谱数据进行特征变换,然后分别应用无信息变量消除法(UVE)、连续投影算法(SPA)、无信息变量消除结合连续投影算法(UVE-SPA)、基于遗传算法和偏最小二乘法的变量选择法(GA-PLS)来进行特征选择,基于所选择的特征建立了土壤碳校正模型。结果表明,通过ICA进行特征变换,然后进行特征选择,可以建立比直接对光谱数据进行波长选择精度更好的预测模型;而WA或PCA与特征选择方法结合,只能获得与对光谱数据直接进行波长选择相近的效果。因此,针对田间条件下通过行走式设备获得的光谱数据由于受复杂的环境条件下干扰多的情况,可以将ICA与特征选择方法结合起来对光谱数据进行特征变换和选择,以建立更可靠的土壤碳含量预测模型。 相似文献
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An instrumented blade system for mapping soil mechanical resistance on-the-go was developed. The system consists of a cutting edge that transfers the load from cutting through soil media to a vertical shank equipped with an array of strain gage bridges. The resulting force is transferred between the cutting edge and the blade at three distinct locations and the soil mechanical resistance profile is modeled as a second-order polynomial. The geometry of the blade was determined using an optimization procedure minimizing the total error associated with potential strain gage noise. The instrument was built and calibrated using a set of known point loads. It was found that signal adjustment was needed in order to account for the mechanical transfer of force through the cutting edge. This adjustment was applied using a set of coefficients found through a multiple linear regression. Coefficients of determination, R2, for regressions between adjusted and theoretical second-order profiles were greater than 0.99. Results of field evaluation and discussion on the potential applicability of the system developed will be presented in a follow-up publication. 相似文献
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YANG Ren-Min LIU Feng ZHANG Gan-Lin ZHAO Yu-Guo LI De-Cheng YANG Jin-Ling YANG Fei YANG Fan 《土壤圈》2016,26(5):699-708
Due to the almost homogeneous topography in low relief areas, it is usually difficult to make accurate predictions of soil properties using topographic covariates. In this study, we examined how time series of field soil moisture observations can be used to estimate soil texture in an oasis agricultural area with low relief in the semi-arid region of northwest China. Time series of field-observed soil moisture variations were recorded for 132 h beginning at the end of an irrigation event during which the surface soil was saturated. Spatial correlation between two time-adjacent soil moisture conditions was used to select the factors for fuzzy c-means clustering. In each of the ten generated clusters, soil texture of the soil sample with the maximum fuzzy membership value was taken as the cluster centroid. Finally, a linearly weighted average was used to predict soil texture from the centroids. The results showed that soil moisture increased with the increase of clay and silt contents, but decreased with the increase of sand content. The spatial patterns of soil moisture changed during the entire drying phase. We assumed that these changes were mainly caused by spatial heterogeneity of soil texture. A total of 64 independent samples were used to evaluate the prediction accuracy. The root mean square error (RMSE) values of clay, silt and sand were 1.63, 2.81 and 3.71, respectively. The mean relative error (RE) values were 9.57% for clay, 3.77% for silt and 12.83% for sand. It could be concluded that the method used in this study was effective for soil texture mapping in the low-relief oasis agricultural area and could be applicable in other similar irrigation agricultural areas used in this study. 相似文献