2. A total of 5544 White Leghorn (WL) pullets (20 weeks of age) were housed in 4-bird colony cages and 22 adjacent cages constituted a replicate. Each diet was fed ad libitum to 7 replicates from 21 to 72 weeks of age. Production variables were recorded in 13 laying periods of 28 d each, and the data were pooled into three production phases, namely initial (21–32 weeks), peak (33–52 weeks) and post-peak (53–72 weeks).
3. No interaction was observed between ME and CP for egg production (EP), food intake (FI), food efficiency (FE), egg weight (EW), egg mass (EM) and body weight gain.
4. The EP, EW and EM during the initial phase of production were not affected by dietary ME concentrations, while the EW and EM improved with increasing concentrations of dietary CP from 150 to 165 g/kg.
5. During the peak production phase, improvements in EP (ME and CP), FI (ME), FE (ME, CP), EW (ME) and EM (ME, CP) were observed with increasing concentrations of energy and protein to 11.30 and 180 g/kg diet, respectively.
6. EP, EW and EM were unaffected by dietary variation in concentrations of ME and CP during post-peak production phase, but the FE improved and FI reduced with increasing dietary concentrations of these nutrients.
7. It is concluded that the optimum concentrations of ME for WL layers during the 21–32, 33–52 and 53–72 weeks of age are 11.30, 11.30 and 10.04 MJ/kg diet, respectively. The corresponding values for CP in diets are 180, 180 and 150 g/kg. 相似文献
2. A total of 400 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into 5 treatments with 8 replicates of 10 birds each, and fed with diets containing non-heated SBM (NHSBM) or 1 of 4 heated SBMs (HSBMs, SBMs heated at 100°C for 1, 2, 4 and 8 h, respectively) for 42 d.
3. The contents of carbonyl in the SBMs were both linearly and quadratically increased, whereas the nitrogen solubility index, and in vitro digestibility of crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) in the SBMs were both linearly and quadratically decreased as heating time increased (P < 0.05). The concentrations of sulfhydryl and total sulfhydryl in the SBMs were linearly decreased as heating time increased (P < 0.05).
4. The average daily gain was linearly decreased while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was linearly increased in broilers as heating time of dietary HSBMs increased during both d 22–42 and d 1–42 of study (P < 0.05), though FCR of broilers during d 22–42 study were unaffected when the heating time of dietary HSBMs was 1 h (P > 0.05). The serum glucose concentration and the activity of trypsin at d 42, and the apparent total digestibility of CP and DM were all linearly reduced in broilers when heating time of dietary HSBMs increased (P < 0.05). However, 1 h HSBM has a numerical higher CP and DM digestibility than NHSBM. The serum urea nitrogen contents were both linearly and quadratically increased at both d 21 and 42 (P < 0.05), and relative pancreas weight was linearly increased at d 42 in broilers as heating time of dietary HSBMs increased (P < 0.05). 相似文献
2. Dietary BV quadratically improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio and increased body weight gain at 1–21 d as level in diet increased. Higher BV levels lowered relative weight of spleen (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05), bursa of Fabricius (quadratic, P < 0.05), and liver (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) at 21 d of age. Relative breast meat yields were increased quadratically at 21 d and linearly at 35 d with supplementation levels. Dietary BV increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) lightness (L*) value for meat at 21 d, decreased (linear, P < 0.05) ileal villus height and narrowed (quadratic, P < 0.05) width.
3. Dietary BV inclusion linearly increased the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) on ileal mucosa at 21 d and decreased (quadratic, P < 0.05) nitric oxide contents in serum samples at 21 d and 35 d. Total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in caecal digesta were reduced with increasing venom in diets at 21 d of age. None of the serum parameters except for creatinine was affected by dietary BV.
4. It was concluded that dietary BV exhibited wide range of in vivo biological properties in broiler chickens and could be incorporated into feed to promote growth and animal health. 相似文献
2. In the first experiment, trolox was supplemented at 0.2 mM, 0.4 mM and 0.8 mM concentrations along with N-methylacetamide (MA; 12% final concentration) and semen was cryopreserved in 0.5 ml French straws. Different semen parameters and fertility were assessed from post-thaw samples.
3. Sperm motility, live sperm, and mitochondrial activity were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in cryopreserved semen. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cryopreserved semen that was reduced by trolox supplementation. The treatment containing trolox at 0.2 mM concentration produced significantly higher (P < 0.05) fertility compared to unsupplemented cryopreservation treatment.
4. In the second experiment, BHT was supplemented at 0.25 mM, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM concentrations along with MA during semen cryopreservation.
5. Sperm motility, live sperm and MTT dye reduction test were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in cryopreserved semen. These parameters declined with increasing BHT concentration. Abnormal sperm was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the BHT supplemented treatments. The sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) test was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in cryopreserved samples and was highest in samples supplemented with 0.5 mM and 1 mM BHT. The percentage fertility was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in cryopreserved semen and BHT supplementation did not improve fertility.
6. In conclusion, trolox supplementation at 0.2 mM concentration during semen cryopreservation improved fertility, whereas BHT supplementation resulted in a decline in post-thaw semen parameters. 相似文献
2. A total of 936 1-d-old Ross 308 broilers were used in the study. After gender determination at the hatchery, chicks from each sex were randomly distributed into three dietary treatments. The following dietary treatments were used in the experiment from hatch to 38 d: (1) A control diet formulated to meet all of the nutrient requirements of broiler chicks according to the management guide; (2) The control diet supplemented with 18.7–15.0 µg/kg of 25OHD3; and (3) The control diet supplemented with 18.7–15.0 µg/kg of 25OHD3 plus Ca + aP.
3. Improvement in vitamin D status by 25OHD3 supplementation, alone or in combination with Ca and aP, had no effect on body weight and feed conversion ratio of broilers.
4. The serum 25OHD3 concentration significantly increased with 25OHD3 and 25OHD3 plus Ca + aP supplementation (P < 0.05), whereas the ionised Ca and Mg concentrations remained unchanged.
5. Sternum absolute weight, ash content and the concentrations of Ca and P significantly increased (P < 0.01) with supplementation of 25OHD3, alone or in combination with Ca + aP.
6. Supplemental 25OHD3, alone or in combination with Ca + aP, slightly increased pH24 (P = 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.01) squeezable water loss in breast meat, whereas it had no significant effect on lightness, yellowness and sarcoplasmic protein solubility.
7. In conclusion, the results suggested that enhancing vitamin D status by 25OHD3 supplementation alone or in combination with Ca + aP may improve sternum structure and mineral accretion. Furthermore, supplemental 25OHD3, even in a nutritionally complete diet, may offer an effective way to improve protein solubility in female broilers. 相似文献
2. Twenty-eight Ross 308 roosters were randomly allotted to four groups with seven birds in each and were fed a standard diet supplemented with different levels of curcumin at 0 (C0), 10 (C10), 20 (C20) and 30 (C30) mg/bird per day from 48 through to 61 weeks of age. Body weight and semen quality traits were evaluated on a weekly basis and seminal concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a measure of antioxidation status were quantified at one-week intervals during the first 11 weeks of the trial (48–59 weeks of age). Semen samples from last 2 weeks (60 and 61 weeks of age) were used to artificially inseminate to assess the sperm-egg penetration (SP) in perivitelline membrane and fertility rates.
3. Except for body weight and ejaculate volume, other characteristics, including semen concentration, total sperm production, progressive motility and plasma membrane integrity were linearly improved by the increasing levels of curcumin supplementation (P < 0.01). However, dietary curcumin levels were linearly and quadratically associated with decreased seminal concentration of MDA (P < 0.01 and P < 0.03), percentage of abnormal sperm (P < 0.01 and P < 0.07) and increased plasma membrane functionality (P < 0.01 and P < 0.04), respectively. The SP holes in perivitelline membrane were increased in a linear and quadratic manner in response to increasing levels of curcumin (P < 0.01). Moreover, fertility rate was linearly improved (P < 0.01) as the dosage of curcumin increased, and resulted in 8, 12 and 14% improvements in the birds fed C10, C20 and C30, compared to C0, respectively.
4. In conclusion, the results showed that increasing levels of dietary supplementation of curcumin was associated with beneficial effects on semen quality indices and fertility rate in aged broiler breeder roosters. 相似文献
2. A total of 72 individually caged laying hens were allocated into 1 of 6 treatment groups: a control (C) group that was fed with a basal diet and groups that were offered the same diet further supplemented with hesperidin at 0.75 g/kg (E1), or 1.5 g/kg (E2), or naringin at 0.75 g/kg (N1), or 1.5 g/kg (N2) or α-tocopheryl acetate at 0.2 mg/kg (VE) for 67 d.
3. Supplementation with naringin or hesperidin did not affect the performance and egg quality (P > 0.05) apart from an improvement in the yolk colour that was more orange in naringin and hesperidin groups in comparison to the controls (P-linear < 0.05). Egg yolk and plasma cholesterol levels were not affected by citrus flavonoids (P-linear > 0.05).
4. Inflammatory immune response, measured by phytohaemagglutinin skin test (PHA), was suppressed in laying hens that were fed with either naringin (P-linear < 0.05) or hesperidin (P < 0.05). Egg yolk oxidative stability was improved from the 4th d after naringin or hesperidin supplementation. This beneficial effect was comparable to that of α-tocopheryl acetate and was observed in eggs that were stored for up to 120 d.
5. In conclusion, naringin and hesperidin may favourably prolong the shelf life of eggs, appear to possess anti-inflammatory properties and could improve the yolk colour without any side effects on the performance or egg quality traits. 相似文献
2. Forty young hens and 40 older hens were caged individually. Each group of hens was randomly allotted to four treatments for 21 days: either a control, an oestradiol group, a high energy-low protein diet (HELPD) group or a HELPD + oestradiol group. Blood levels of oestradiol, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), liver total lipids, hepatic haemorrhagic scores and productive performance were assessed.
3. In older hens, β-oestradiol increased (P < 0.05) liver total lipids, hepatic haemorrhagic scores and the incidence of FLHS but reduced (P < 0.05) productive performance; however, such changes were not observed in young hens.
4. In two groups of hens, serum TG, CHOL and HDL-C levels were increased (P < 0.001) by β-oestradiol. Hens with FLHS had higher serum TG, CHOL and HDL-C (P < 0.001) than non-FLHS birds in the older layer group of hens.
5. An interaction (β-oestradiol × HELPD) (P < 0.05) for LDL-C levels was observed in both groups of hens. In young hens, β-oestradiol induced a decrease (P = 0.004) in serum LDL-C levels but the effect was attenuated by HELPD. In older hens, HELPD caused an increase (P = 0.02) in serum LDL-C although the effect depended on the presence of β-oestradiol.
6. In conclusion, older layers were more susceptible to FLHS than young layers after oestradiol treatment. Blood TG, CHOL and HDL-C rather than LDL-C levels can be used as a prediction tool for the overall susceptibility to FLHS in older rather than young layers. There were interactions between oestradiol and HELPD on blood LDL-C levels in laying hens. 相似文献
2. Chemical composition showed that only intramuscular fat in breast meat was significantly affected by gender (p < 0.05). The results showed a higher percentage of intramuscular fat in male samples, almost double the amount found in females (0.73% vs. 0.38%).
3.For meat colour parameters, only a* showed different results between sexes, with male samples (breast: p < 0.01; thigh: p < 0.001) having the highest values.
4. Fatty acid profiles showed that medium chain unsaturated fatty acids were the most abundant. The significant differences (p < 0.05) found in both breast and thigh muscle could be linked to a difference in metabolism between males and females.
5.There were higher levels of C16:1n-7 in females (breast: p < 0.001; thigh: p < 0.01) compared with male muscle sample (5.05 vs. 2.67 g/100 g in breast and 4.95 vs. 3.27 g/100 g in thigh). Nutritional indices (n-6/n-3 and thrombogenic index) were more favourable in female samples demonstrating that female turkeys had better fatty acid profile than the others.
6. Turkey meat is an important source of dietary amino acids, and female samples had the highest contents both of essential and non-essential amino acids. Furthermore, gender had a numeric effect (p > 0.05) on amino acid composition.
7. Mineral composition showed that Na, Zn and Fe were the minerals most affected by turkey gender. 相似文献
2. A total of 108 laying hens, aged 36 weeks, were divided into three treatment groups with 12 replicates and each replicate contained three laying hens. The treatments were as follows: (1) Control (no hempseed), (2) 15% raw hempseed (RHS) in diet and (3) 15% HHS in the diet. Experiments lasted for 12 weeks.
3. Feed intake of the RHS group was lower than those of the control and HHS groups. Egg weight, egg mass, shell weight, shell surface area and shell thickness of the HHS group were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the RHS group. Roche (DSM) colour fan values of the RHS group were higher than that of the HHS group (P < 0.01).
4. Palmitic, palmitoleic and oleic acids of egg yolk were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the RHS and HHS groups; however, linoleic, α-linolenic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) of egg yolk increased (P < 0.05) for both treatment diets compared to the control group.
5. Both RHS and HHS supplementation to layer diets did not influence malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and blood lipid profile.
6. It was concluded that HHS was superior in improving the egg quality of laying hens as compared to the RHS. 相似文献
2. A total of 300 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomised design during 1–15 and 15–35 d rearing periods. Experimental treatments consisted of a basal diet with a reduction in Arg content (CON?; starter: 12.1 g/kg and grower: 11.3 g/kg Arg), a CON? diet supplemented with synthetic Arg equal to the required Arg level (CON+; starter: 13.80 g/kg; grower: 12.37 g/kg) and CON? diet supplemented with three levels of GAA (GAA0.6; GAA1.2; and GAA1.8; g/kg).
3. Supplemental GAA at 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg reduced the adverse effects of the CON? diet on weight gain and feed conversion ratio in the starter period, equal to the effect of CON+ diet. During the entire rearing period, such an effect was only seen for broilers fed CON? diet supplemented with 1.2 and 1.8 g/kg GAA (P < 0.05). Proportional weights of liver and abdominal fat were decreased in birds fed diets containing supplemental Arg and 1.8 g/kg GAA compared to the CON? broilers (P < 0.05). Jejunal villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio were increased in broilers receiving the CON? diet (P < 0.05). Serum concentration of nitric oxide increased when the CON? diet was supplemented with either Arg or 1.8 g/kg GAA (P < 0.05).
4. Dietary inclusion of GAA had an Arg-sparing effect, whereby 1.2 and 1.8 g/kg of supplemental GAA resulted in greater growth performance during the starter and entire rearing periods, respectively. Supplementation with 1.8 g/kg GAA had significant effects on some carcass and physiological parameters. 相似文献
The two different energetic evaluation systems had considerable effect on dietary composition, the penalty cost of rejected ingredients, the marginal profit of some limiting constraints and the position of the least‐cost nutrient concentration. The starter and finisher rations, based on NE values, were on average 4.77 and 2.43 BF2/100 kg cheaper, respectively than those based on ME values. For equal NE contents, they contained 50 to 70 kcal less ME/kg and 1% less crude protein.
The broiler performances were on average better on the NE‐diets. The mean difference of 20 to 30 g in body weight was significant at 4 and 6 weeks (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05).
Regression analysis indicated no significant effect of rising energy concentration on food intake with the ME‐diets, but a significant (P < 0.05) linear decrease with the NE‐diets of 1.16 ± 0.34 and 1.72 ± 0.37 g/chick d at 6 and 8 weeks respectively for every 100 kcal/kg rise in the NE content of the ration. As a result body weight at 6 weeks improved linearly per increment of 100 kcal NE/kg with 37.2 ± 3.2 g (P < 0.05) on the ME‐diets and with 18.8 ± 6.8 g (P = 0.08) on the NE‐diets.
The efficiency of food utilisation, although slightly better on the NE‐diets, was not significantly affected by the energy systems. As expected, linear improvements (P < 0.001) of respectively 58 ± 6 and 62 ± 11 g food/kg weight gain at 6 and 8 weeks were noted for every increment of 100 kcal NE/kg diet.
Returns over food costs were for the whole energy range higher on the NE‐diets (average 0.66 BF/chick, variation 1.01 to 0.23 BF/chick). Gross profit increased with rising nutrient density from 16.33 to 17.97 BF/chick on the ME‐diets and from 17.34 to 18.23 BF/chick on the NE‐diets. The data illustrate that the economical efficiency of broiler production can be considerably improved by taking into account the effect of both energy content and energy system. 相似文献
2. Bodyweight gain and food intake decreased (P<0.01) with increasing dietary RSM both in the starter and finisher phases.
3. The relative weights of thyroid glands, liver, heart and the ratio of water to food intake increased (P<0.01) while the dressing percentage, abdominal fat‐pad weight and the feather condition score decreased (P<0.01) with increasing dietary RSM.
4. The mortality rate was increased (P<0.05) on diets containing 149 g/kg or more of RSM. The main causes of deaths and culling on the high RSM diets were enlarged livers and hearts, liver haemorrhage and leg disorders.
5. The inclusion of 15 g/kg PEG in the starter diets increased (P<0.01) bodyweight gains and food intake. It also increased (P<0.05) water consumption between 37–39 d, faecal moisture content at 40 d and the haemoglobin content in blood.
6. There were no interactions between the dietary concentrations of RSM and PEG on growth and other variables measured. 相似文献
2. TOFA products at 750 mg/kg feed were tested in two 35-day broiler chicken trials, each using a wheat soya-based diet and with 12 replicate pens per treatment. In both trials, TOFA improved body weight gain at all time points (P < 0.001) and feed conversion efficiency during the first 21 days (P < 0.01). Two different dry TOFA formulations (silica carrier and palm oil coating) were tested and showed performance effects similar to liquid TOFA.
3. Ileal digesta of the broiler chickens was analysed for total eubacteria, Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens on days 14 and 35. TOFA significantly increased total eubacteria and lactobacilli density on day 14 (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between these bacterial groups and broiler body weight on day 14 (P < 0.01).
4. A numerical reduction in C. perfringens was observed. In vitro growth inhibition studies showed that C. perfringens was strongly inhibited by 10 mg/l TOFA (P < 0.001), while common lactobacilli were resistant to >250 mg/l. The in vitro results were thus in line with in vivo observations.
5. The mechanisms behind the bacterial shifts and their role in performance improvement are unknown. Further purification of TOFA components is needed to identify the effective agents. 相似文献
2. To measure gene expression of gRB1 in the proliferation of chicken preadipocyte, quantitative real-time PCR was used. The expression levels of gRB1 transiently increased during this process.
3. To detect the effect of gRB1 on the proliferation of chicken preadipocyte, MTT assay and cell-cycle analysis were performed. MTT assay showed that overexpression of gRB1 significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) the proliferation of chicken preadipocytes, and knockdown of gRB1 promoted the proliferation of chicken preadipocytes. Cell-cycle analysis showed that the proportion of preadipocytes in the G1 and G2 phases significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the proportion of preadipocytes in the S phase significantly decreased (P < .05) after up-regulation of the expression of gRB1. The proportion of preadipocytes in the S phase significantly increased (P < 0.05) after down-regulation of gRB1.
4. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect the effect of gRB1 on the expression of genes related to proliferation of chicken preadipocytes. Gene expression analysis showed that gRB1 knockdown promoted markers indicating proliferation of Ki-67 (MKi67) expression at 96 h (P < 0.05), and overexpression of gRB1 reduced MKi67 expression at 72 h (P < 0.05).
5. This study demonstrated that gRB1 inhibited preadipocyte proliferation at least in part by inhibiting the G1 to S phase transition. 相似文献
2. Birds were randomly allotted to one of the 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (12 replicateswith 15 broilers per replicate) with two levels of nutrient density [high nutrient density (metabolisable energy (ME) 12.7 MJ/kg and crude protein (CP) 230.3 g/kg for 1–7 d; ME 13.2 MJ/kg and CP 220.3 g/kg for 8–28 d) or low nutrient density (ME 12.1 MJ/kg and CP 220.2 g/kg for 0–7 d; ME 12.6 MJ/kg and CP 209.8 g/kg for 8–28 d)] and 0 or 2 g/kg probiotics (1.0 × 1010 viable spores/g of Bacillus subtilis endospores and 1.0 × 109 viable spores/g of Clostridium butyricum).
3. The high-nutrient-density diet increased body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentration relative to the low-nutrient-density diet. High-nutrient-density diet reduced water loss ratio of breast muscle, liver and fat relative to body weight compared to low-nutrient density-diet. The inclusion of probiotics increased BWG and feed intake throughout the experiment. Dietary probiotics increased the percentage of blood lymphocytes and relative weight of spleen and bursa of Fabricius when compared to the non-probiotic treatment. The inclusion of probiotics decreased serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and lightness (L*) value of breast meat compared to the non-probiotic-supplemented diet.
4. In conclusion, high dietary nutrient density increased growth performance and serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in broiler chickens. The inclusion of probiotics increased growth performance but reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. The positive effect of probiotic supplementation on growth performance was reduced by the high-nutrient-density diet during the first week of life. 相似文献
2. Ten dietary treatments were offered to 6 replicate cages (6 birds per cage) of male Ross 308 chickens from 7 to 28 d post-hatch. The effects of treatment on relative gizzard weights, gizzard contents, pancreatic weights and pH of gizzard digesta were monitored. Parameters of growth performance, nutrient utilisation (apparent metabolisable energy [AME], metabolisable to gross energy [ME:GE] ratios, nitrogen [N] retention and N-corrected AME [AMEn]), apparent starch and protein (N) digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates in for small intestinal segments and concentrations of free amino acids in plasma taken from the anterior mesenteric vein were determined.
3. Whole grain feeding (WGF) did not influence weight gain, but 30% post-pellet blended and 15 and 30% post-pellet separated treatments significantly depressed (P < 0.05) feed intakes while the 30% post-pellet separated treatment improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion ratios (FCR). WGF regimes significantly increased relative gizzard weights.
4. Overall, WGF generated profound responses in AME, ME:GE ratios, N retention and AMEn that were highly correlated with relative gizzard weights. In general, WGF improved starch and protein (N) digestibilities and again there were some correlations with these outcomes and relative gizzard weights.
5. Post-pellet WG inclusions where WG and pelleted concentrate were offered separately provided chickens with the opportunity to choice feed. Birds showed a preference for the relatively high-protein pelleted concentrate and at 30% WG, this resulted in an improvement in FCR of 7.69% (1.260 versus 1.365; P < 0.001) relative to the ground-grain control diet. 相似文献
2. Five formulations were developed: control (CON) containing 100% chicken meat and 4 levels of chicken meat replacement with spent laying hen meat: 25% (T25), 50% (T50), 75% (T75) and 100% (T100).
3. Appearance, texture, succulence, flavour and overall consumer acceptance were analysed. Parameters such as moisture, ash, fat and protein content, pH, cooking loss and colour parameters (lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*)) were analysed, as well as the texture properties (hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness and chewiness).
4. Statistical analysis did not reveal significant (P > 0.05) differences in chemical composition and colour parameters among formulations. On the other hand, CON treatment showed the lowest (P < 0.05) cooking loss (20.45%) that increased as spent laying hen meat increased in the formulation (24.92% vs. 27.65% vs. 28.12% vs. 33.05%, for T25, T50, T75 and T100 batches, respectively).
5. Regarding textural parameters, T75 and T100 formulations presented higher (P < 0.05) hardness and chewiness compared to the other ones.
6. Concerning to sensorial characteristics, the T100 formulation presented the lowest average scores (P < 0.05) for all attributes studied. However, the other batches (T25, T50 and T75) did not show significant differences for appearance, texture, succulence, flavour and overall acceptability attributes compared with the CON formulation.
7. The results indicated that the substitution of up to 75% of chicken meat by spent laying hen meat did not decrease the sensory acceptance of the sausages by consumers, demonstrating that this level of substitution in sausages allows better use of spent laying hen meat. 相似文献
2. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on FA composition and gastrointestinal morphology in hens fed flaxseed. A total of seventy-two, 51-week old brown layer hens were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments (six replicates with three hens per replicate): corn-soybean based diet containing 0% flax (Control), 10% flax (Flax), Flax+0.05% enzyme (Flax+E1), or Flax+0.1% enzyme (Flax+E2) in a 120-day feeding trial.
3. Egg weight was highest in hens fed Flax+E1 (P < 0.05). Yolk weight was higher in Flax+E1 compared with the control and Flax+E2 and was not different from Flax treatment. ALA and total n–3 FA was highest in eggs from Flax+E2 hens (P < 0.05). Addition of enzyme has no effect of on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), total long chain (>20-C FA), or n–6:n–3 FA ratio in eggs from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05). Over nine-fold increase in hepatic ALA was observed in the liver of hens fed flaxseed-based diets when compared with the control diet (P < 0.0001). No effect of enzyme supplementation was observed on liver ALA, DHA or long chain n–3 FA (P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation reduced arachidonic acid, total n–6 and LC n–6 FA in liver tissue from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05).
4. Villi height and width was higher in the duodenum and jejunum of hens fed flax-based diets compared to the control (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation led to an increase in villi width in jejunum (P < 0.05) in hens fed Flax+E2 (P < 0.05). No effect of diet was observed in the crypt depth and villi height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (P > 0.05).
5. It was concluded that enzyme supplementation enhanced total n–3 FA deposition in eggs and liver and influence gastrointestinal morphology in layer hens fed flaxseed. 相似文献