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1.
Vertebrate pest control in California is often accomplished through the use of rodenticide grain baits. These grain baits are composed of steam-rolled oats (SRO), a toxicant, an indicator dye and an oil combination. A series of tests were performed to determine the effects of various dye and oil formulations on acceptance of grain bait by Norway rats [Rattus norvegicus (Berk)], California ground squirrels [Spermophilus beecheyi (Richardson)] and pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae Eyd & Gerv). Seven different dyes, four oil formulations and clean (untreated) oats were tested for acceptance. The addition of the selected oils and dyes to grain resulted in no significant differences in consumption. This indicates that there is a wide variety of dyes that could be used in the formulation of rodenticides. These alternatives could aid in proper pesticide use, the deterrence of bait consumption by birds and possibly in ingredient adhesion to the finished bait. 相似文献
2.
Aloke Purkait 《国际虫害防治杂志》2020,66(4):341-350
AbstractThis article discusses the present status and future scope of biodiesel as a carrier/diluents and alternative source to hazardous volatile organic compounds for liquid pesticide formulations. Development of user and environment-friendly liquid pesticide formulations for sustainable agriculture is the key focus of today’s agrochemical industries. Organic solvents play an important role in ensuring the efficient distribution and delivery of active ingredients (a.i.) during application of liquid pesticide formulations. Presently used petroleum-based solvents have many disadvantages such as low flash points, high volatility, flammability, phytotoxicity, and inhalation problems to users, etc. However, at present it seems that the use of renewable resources, especially plant oils, oils ester (fatty acids alkyl ester) like biodiesel has the capacity to replace the traditional petroleum-based solvents in liquid pesticide formulations with having sustainable characteristics like high flash point, safer storage, transportation and application. Biodiesel which is easily reproducible from waste cooking oil, waste edible oil, animal fat, etc. may be a suitable alternative green solvent for liquid pesticide formulations in the near future. 相似文献
3.
Stéphane Pesce Fabrice Martin‐Laurent Nadine Rouard Bernard Montuelle 《Pest management science》2009,65(6):651-657
BACKGROUND: Since biological degradation processes are known to be a major driver of the natural attenuation of pesticide residues in the environment, microbial communities adapted to pesticide biodegradation are likely to play a key environmental role in reducing pesticide exposure in contaminated ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the diuron‐mineralising potential of microbial communities at a small‐scale watershed level, including a diuron‐treated vineyard (pollution source), its associated grass buffer strip (as a river protection area against pesticide runoff) and the lotic receiver hydrosystem (sediments and epilithon), by using radiorespirometry. RESULTS: Comparison of results obtained at different sampling sites (in both soil and aquatic systems) revealed the importance of diuron exposure in the adaptation of microbial communities to rapid diuron mineralisation in the vineyard but also in the contaminated grass strip and in downstream epilithic biofilms and sediments. CONCLUSION: This study provides strong suggestive evidence for high diuron biodegradation potential throughout its course, from the pollution source to the final receiving hydrosystem, and suggests that, after microbial adaptation, grass strips may represent an effective environmental tool for mineralisation and attenuation of intercepted pesticides. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
4.
Konstantina Kravvariti Nikolaos G Tsiropoulos Dimitrios G Karpouzas 《Pest management science》2010,66(10):1122-1128
BACKGROUND: Biobeds have been well studied in northern Europe, whereas little is known regarding their use in southern Europe. The degradation and adsorption of terbuthylazine (TA) and chlorpyrifos (CP) were studied in three different biomixtures composed of composted cotton crop residues, soil and straw in various proportions, and also in sterilised and non‐sterilised soil. RESULTS: Compost biomixtures degraded the less hydrophobic TA at a faster rate than soil, while the opposite was evident for the more hydrophobic CP. These results were attributed to the rapid abiotic hydrolysis of CP in the alkaline soil (pH 8.5) compared with the lower pH of the compost (6.6), but also to the increasing adsorption (Kd = 746 mL g?1) and reduced bioavailability of CP in the biomixtures compared with soil (Kd = 17 mL g?1), as verified by the adsorption studies. CONCLUSIONS: Compost had a dual but contrasting effect on degradation that depended on the chemical nature of the pesticide studied: a positive effect towards TA owing to increasing biodegradation and a negative effect towards CP owing to increasing adsorption. Overall, composted cotton crop residues could be potentially used in local biobed systems in Greece, as they promoted the degradation of hydrophilic pesticides and the adsorption of hydrophobic pesticides. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
5.
高效氯氟氰菊酯在稻田使用后对水生生物 的安全性研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
采用半静态法研究了乳油(EC)、微乳剂(ME)、水乳剂(EW)、可湿性粉剂(WP)、悬浮剂(SC) 5种不同剂型的高效氯氟氰菊酯对主要水生生物的急性毒性、在"稻田-鱼塘"模拟生态系统中的归趋及对其中水生生物的影响,旨在为评价高效氯氟氰菊酯在稻田使用后对水生生物的安全性以及控制其对水生生物的危害风险提供科学依据。结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯对河虾和鱼均为高毒,尤其河虾对其更为敏感;但5种不同剂型的高效氯氟氰菊酯对同种水生生物的毒性存在不同程度的差异。高效氯氟氰菊酯在环境中消解速率较快。不同剂型的高效氯氟氰菊酯在稻田水、鱼塘水和稻田土壤中的消解半衰期分别为0.23~0.53 d、0.38~0.63 d、0.96~7.35 d。施药12 h后降雨20 mm的稻田水进入鱼塘,对鱼、蟹和河蚌安全,对河虾会造成严重影响;但所有剂型的高效氯氟氰菊酯在用药4 d后再排入鱼塘对河虾均达到安全水平。 相似文献
6.
A study was conducted to relate the occurrence of accelerated pesticide biodegradation to the susceptibility of the pesticides to growth-linked degradation or cometabolism. The mineralization of 2,4-D was initially slow but then became rapid, and a second application was mineralized with no acclimation phase and more rapidly than the first. The numbers of 2,4-D-degrading micro-organisms increased markedly following its first application and then declined, but the population size increased after a second addition. Glyphosate was rapidly and extensively mineralized following the first and second applications to soil, and the abundance of organisms able to degrade it rose after the first addition and remained high before and following the second application. Propham (IPC) mineralization was detected only 15 days after its application but the degradation was rapid thereafter, and the second addition was rapidly and extensively mineralized with no acclimation phase. The population of propham-degrading micro-organisms was initially small, but increased markedy 10 days after the initial herbicide addition and was still large at the time of the second application. The rate of carbofuran biodegradation in the test soil was the same following the first and second applications, and the abundance of carbofuran-metabolizing microorganisms did not change appreciably as a result of soil treatment with the insecticide. Simazine mineralization was slow, although the rate was higher following the second addition; however, the number of simazine-degrading organisms did not increase appreciably. From 10 to 12% of the 14C from radiolabeled 2,4-D, propham, glyphosate or glucose was usually incorporated into the microbial biomass of soil but 0.82% or less of the 14C from simazine or ring- or carbonyl-labeled carbofuran was converted to biomass. It is suggested that pesticides that support microbial growth may be subject to accelerated biodegradation if the population remains large until the pesticide is applied again. Pesticides that do not support growth may not be subject to accelerated biodegradation. 相似文献
7.
九种农药制剂和一种叶面肥中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类隐性成分的快速检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
建立了一种针对9种农药制剂和1种叶面肥中隐性添加23种有机磷或氨基甲酸酯类农药的快速检测方法。将农药制剂和叶面肥用磷酸盐缓冲溶液稀释静置后取上清液,加入乙酰胆碱酯酶溶液和显色剂,摇匀后反应5 min,加入底物后通过农药残留速测仪在波长412 nm处测定0~3 min的吸光度变化值。此外,对氧乐果、甲拌磷和甲基对硫磷在9种农药制剂和1种叶面肥中的检出限进行了验证。结果表明:该方法检出限在0.03~4.4 mg/L之间,当在9种农药制剂和1种叶面肥中的添加水平略低于检出限时,其抑制率均50%(为56%~100%)。本方法可用于定性判断农药制剂中是否添加了上述隐性成分。 相似文献
8.
为探明不同类型农药中重金属分布特征及农药被使用后其中重金属在土壤和蔬菜中的累积风险，从市场采集54个常用农药制剂品种并开展田间试验，研究不同农药制剂中重金属的含量分布及其使用安全风险。结果表明:农药制剂中存在一定量的重金属，其中Cr、As、Cd、Hg和Pb的平均含量分别为21.2、3.23、0.78、0.85和3.43 mg/kg；在非Cu/Zn农药制剂中，Cu和Zn的平均含量分别为9.22 和18.1 mg/kg；每种农药中检出重金属元素在3~7种；在Cu制剂中有较高含量的Zn，而在Zn制剂中伴随有较高含量的Cu和Cd。农药制剂中Zn-Cd、Cr-Pb-As、Hg-As的含量显著相关，来源具有同源性。在农药使用当年，土壤中重金属含量增加约5.74 × 10?8~5.46 × 10?5 mg/kg，其中施用杀虫剂后Cr、As、Hg及施用杀菌剂后Cu、Zn、Cd在土壤中的增量相对高于施用其他类型农药，但相比中国国家标准 GB15618 — 2018《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》，由农药使用带来的土壤中重金属的年累积量可忽略不计；相比未喷施农药的对照，施用噻森铜5次，可使白菜中的Pb含量显著增加，施用丙森锌3次和5次均可使白菜中的Cd含量显著增加，但Cd、Pb均未超过国家标准限量值，最高含量约为限量值的20%和10%，风险较低。 相似文献
9.
Sabine von Wirn-Lehr Dieter Komoßa Werner E. Glßgen Heinrich Sandermann Irene Scheunert 《Pest management science》1997,51(4):436-442
The biomineralization of [14C]glyphosate, both in the free state and as 14C-residues associated with soybean cell-wall material, was studied in soil samples from four different agricultural farming systems. After 26 days, [14C]carbon dioxide production from free glyphosate accounted for 34–51% of the applied radiocarbon, and 45–55% was recovered from plant-associated residues. For three soils, the cumulative [14C]carbon dioxide production from free glyphosate was positively correlated with soil microbial biomass, determined by substrate-induced heat output measurement and by total adenylate content. The fourth soil, originating from a former hop plantation, and containing high concentrations of copper from long-term fungicide applications, did not fit this correlation but showed a significantly higher [14C]carbon dioxide production per unit of microbial biomass. Although the cumulative [14C]carbon dioxide production from plant-associated 14C-residues after 26 days was as high as from the free compound, it was not correlated with the soil microbial biomass. This indicates that the biodegradation of plant-associated herbicide residues, in contrast to that of the free compound, involves different degradation processes. These encompass either additional steps to degrade the plant matrix, presumably performed by different soil organisms, or fewer degradation steps since the plant-associated herbicide residues are likely to consist mainly of easily degradable metabolites. Moreover, the bioavailability of plant-associated pesticide residues seems to be dominated by the type and strength of their fixation in the plant matrix. ©1997 SCI 相似文献
10.
Application of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to pesticide fate and transport: an overview 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pesticide transport models are tools used to develop improved pesticide management strategies, study pesticide processes under different conditions (management, soils, climates, etc) and illuminate aspects of a system in need of more field or laboratory study. This paper briefly overviews RZWQM history and distinguishing features, overviews key RZWQM components and reviews RZWQM validation studies. RZWQM is a physically based agricultural systems model that includes sub-models to simulate: infiltration, runoff, water distribution and chemical movement in the soil; macropore flow and chemical movement through macropores; evapotranspiration (ET); heat transport; plant growth; organic matter/nitrogen cycling; pesticide processes; chemical transfer to runoff; and the effect of agricultural management practices on these processes. Research to date shows that if key input parameters are calibrated, RZWQM can adequately simulate the processes involved with pesticide transport (ET, soil-water content, percolation and runoff, plant growth and pesticide fate). A review of the validation studies revealed that (1) accurate parameterization of restricting soil layers (low permeability horizons) may improve simulated soil-water content; (2) simulating pesticide sorption kinetics may improve simulated soil pesticide concentration with time (persistence) and depth and (3) calibrating the pesticide half-life is generally necessary for accurate pesticide persistence simulations. This overview/review provides insight into the processes involved with the RZWQM pesticide component and helps identify model weaknesses, model strengths and successful modeling strategies. 相似文献
11.
To evaluate the fate of pesticides in paddy fields, the pesticide paddy field model (PADDY) has been developed for predicting pesticide concentrations in paddy fields and the run-off amount of pesticides to the aquatic environment. This model focused particularly on granule formulation because these formulations have been used widely as herbicides on paddy fields in Japan. The behavior of pesticides in paddy fields was assessed by considering the main processes on the basis of a compartment system and the mass-balance equations of pesticides in the compartments were derived from kinetic data. The mathematical model, PADDY, was constructed by numerical solution techniques. A method for measuring the pesticide parameters for this model was also developed. To validate the model, a field experiment was carried out on a paddy field and the concentration changes of pesticides in water and soil were measured. These were in reasonably good agreement with those predicted by PADDY. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
12.
The effects of five economically important vegetable (seed) oils, peanut, cottonseed, castor, soybean and sunflower, on adult
and immature stages of the sweetpotato whitefly(Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) [Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae]) were studied in the laboratory. Irrespective of origin, oil residues had similar effects
on immature stages and adult mortality, and on settling and oviposition deterrence. Trends for 5-h settling, 24-h oviposition
and 24-h survival of adults on treated plants were similar for oils applied at the same concentration range. Settling deterrence
was strong enough to cause adult death due to starvation or dehydration under no-choice conditions, and caused greater mortality
than direct physical toxicity; similar results were obtained when adult survival on oil residues was compared to survival
of starved adults. Adults recovered when transferred from oil-treated to untreated plants. All oils produced similar effects
when sprayed on immatures; the egg and fourth instar (pupa) were the most tolerant stages. The oil concentration required
for significant effects on whitefly mortality and behavior was relatively high (>0.3%) compared with published efficacy data
for synthetic pesticides, and varied to some extent with oil origin. All tested oils were active as direct and residual larvicides.
Peanut oil was the most effective for all tested effects, followed by cottonseed oil, which was significantly less effective
than peanut and castor oils when applied-directly to eggs. Only by this latter parameter was castor oil more effective than
cottonseed oil and similar to peanut oil. As direct sprays to larvae, soybean and sunflower oils resembled castor oils, but
their residues were less effective against all stages. 相似文献
13.
为了探明机械能与界面张力在农药水乳剂制备中的作用机理，配制了6.9％精噁唑禾草灵水乳剂、30％毒死蜱水乳剂、5.7％氟氯氰菊酯水乳剂，测定、对比了同一配方用不同加工设备得到的乳状液的析水率、乳滴粒径分布以及同一种农药用不同乳化剂组合加工得到的乳状液的析水率、乳液稳定性和界面张力等数据。结果表明:用非离子型乳化剂尤其是相对分子质量较大的、具有嵌段聚醚型结构的非离子型乳化剂和磷酸酯类的阴离子型乳化剂配制，同时用提供机械能较高的高剪切乳化机加工能得到稳定的乳状液。据此得出结论:在水乳剂的配制过程中，选择合适的乳化剂减小界面张力，同时选择合适的加工设备来增加乳液体系的机械能则能快速筛选出优良的水乳剂配方。 相似文献
14.
毒死蜱在表面活性剂混合体系中的 增溶规律及其药效评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为明确表面活性剂在农药制剂微乳化中的作用和评价农药制剂微乳化对药剂生物效果的影响,通过测定毒死蜱在有机溶剂-表面活性剂混合体系中的最大增溶浓度和在不同表面活性剂 /水微乳体系中的最高浓度,研究了毒死蜱在表面活性剂混合体系中的增溶规律,得到了毒死蜱微乳剂的优化配方,并对30%毒死蜱微乳剂对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的生物活性进行了室内外药效试验。结果表明:毒死蜱在有机溶剂-表面活性剂混合体系中的最大增溶浓度和在有机溶剂-表面活性剂-水微乳体系中的最高浓度分别随体系中表面活性剂浓度和表面活性剂 /水(质量比)的增加而增大,但表现出不同的增溶规律;优化后的毒死蜱微乳体系分散液滴呈球形,流体力学半径约25.9 nm;30%毒死蜱微乳剂与40%毒死蜱乳油对棉铃虫的室内LC50值分别为500和561 mg/L,无显著差异;在相近有效使用剂量下,微乳剂的田间防效并未比乳油显著提高。研究表明,保证制剂中足够的表面活性剂质量分数是农药制剂微乳化形成与稳定的关键,农药制剂微乳化带来的农药有效成分分散度提高并不能显著提高药剂的生物活性。 相似文献
15.
Burn A 《Pest management science》2003,59(5):583-590
Buffer zones can play important roles in agricultural habitats, both in the protection of off-crop habitats from pesticide and fertiliser drift and run-off, and in providing important areas of non-crop habitats. Their role in the protection of aquatic habitats from pesticide drift is a significant feature of pesticide risk management, but they are currently used only to a limited degree to protect terrestrial habitats. This paper summarises some of the evidence for the risks and impacts of pesticide drift into non-crop habitats, and the approaches taken by the nature conservation agencies in deriving buffer zones for the protection of sites that are important for nature conservation. Biodiversity objectives need to be explicitly built into ICM programmes, and buffer zones, together with appropriate application technology, can play an important part in reducing pesticide drift in ICM systems to achieve such objectives. 相似文献
16.
The influence of the physical properties of the spray liquid on droplet size spectra and ground deposits of aerially-applied pesticides was studied using heavy (high-viscosity) oil- and water-based suspensions of wettable powders (w.p.), a clear solution in a light (low-viscosity) oil, and an emulsion-suspension containing a bacterial control agent. The heavy oil provided a highly viscous spray medium, 52 to 64 mPa s (at a shear rate of 480 s?1), resulting in large droplet sizes and a high deposit on the ground sampling units. When the spray medium was thickened with petroleum jelly to keep the w.p. in suspension during overnight storage, the viscosity became excessively high (102 mPa s at 480 s?1), and the droplet spectrum was undesirably coarse and resulted in poor coverage of the spray plot and low deposits. The light-oil-based solution (ca 4 mPa s), provided a finer droplet spectrum and lower deposits than the heavy-oil-based formulations. The water-based suspensions of the w.p. (ca 2 mPa s), showed Newtonian behaviour, whereas the emulsion-suspension (ca 240 mPa s at 480 s?1) showed pseudoplastic behaviour. Consequently, the emulsion-suspension provided a markedly different droplet spectrum from that of the suspensions of the w.p. Nevertheless, all three aqueous media provided deposits comparable to those of the light-oil-based solution, markedly lower than the heavy-oil-based suspensions. The study indicated that highly viscous Newtonian formulations should be avoided in pesticide applications using Micronair AU3000 atomisers at the volume rate (4–7 litre ha?1) used here if high atomisation efficiency is required. 相似文献
17.
18.
Kio N. Don-Pedro 《Pest management science》1990,30(3):295-302
The insecticidal activity of lauric, oleic and linoleic acids against Callosobruchus maculatus on cowpea was investigated in laboratory bioassays. In pre-oviposition grain treatments, it was found that, at dosages between 1.96 and 11.59 kg-lauric acid had no effect on progeny development, while the oily oleic and linoleic acids were active in reducing progeny development. The active fatty acids had no effect on oviposition (in no-choice experiments) or on mortality of adults or larvae that successfully penetrated treated cowpea seeds, and their insecticidal activity, like that of fixed vegetable oils, depended mainly on ovicidal action. When applied to cowpeas in a pure state, oleic acid had an LC50 value of 1.64mlkg?1, which made it approximately 3 and 8 times more toxic against eggs of C. maculatus than groundnut oil and linoleic acid respectively. When the ovicidal activities of the three fatty acids were tested by dipping egg-infested seeds in acetone- based solutions, they were all found to be similarly toxic, lauric, oleic and linoleic acids having LC50, values of 40, 38 and 26 ml litre?1 respectively (with overlapping 95% C.L.). These values made them 2-4 times more toxic than acetone-based solutions of groundnut and traditional coconut oils. The possibility of employing fatty acids in large-scale and traditional small-scale food storage systems is discussed. 相似文献
19.
五氟磺草胺作为苗后除草剂被广泛应用于水稻田中杂草的防除,其对水生植物、陆生植物和土壤微生物群落可能存在潜在风险,因此,对五氟磺草胺在水土环境中的转化规律与归趋开展定量研究,已受到学者们的关注。本文对五氟磺草胺在稻田水土环境中的吸附、降解以及对周围环境影响方面的研究进展进行了综述、归纳和分析。指出目前对五氟磺草胺在土壤中吸附的研究报道较少,尚未见有关其在水土环境中运移方面的研究,同时应加强其对水土环境风险评估的研究。 相似文献
20.
为研究不同种类植物油对刺糖多孢菌生长及其合成多杀菌素能力的影响,探索提高多杀菌素产量的方法,在发酵培养基中分别添加葵花油、花生油、大豆油、芝麻油、橄榄油和菜籽油,研究了其对菌体生长、脂肪酶活性和多杀菌素产量的影响,并利用RT-PCR对脂肪酶基因及多杀菌素合成相关基因的转录水平进行分析。结果表明:6种供试植物油对菌体生长和多杀菌素产量的影响程度不同,依次为菜籽油橄榄油花生油芝麻油葵花油大豆油,其中菜籽油有利于诱导脂肪酶的表达、延缓菌体的衰亡和延长产素期,脂肪酶活力、菌体生物量和多杀菌素产量分别提高310.09%、8.97%和33.94%;脂肪酶基因和多杀菌素合成基因的转录强度也有明显提高。因此,菜籽油是其最佳的辅助性脂类碳源。 相似文献