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1.
Temporal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5 degrees N 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Cunningham SA Kanzow T Rayner D Baringer MO Johns WE Marotzke J Longworth HR Grant EM Hirschi JJ Beal LM Meinen CS Bryden HL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5840):935-938
The vigor of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is thought to be vulnerable to global warming, but its short-term temporal variability is unknown so changes inferred from sparse observations on the decadal time scale of recent climate change are uncertain. We combine continuous measurements of the MOC (beginning in 2004) using the purposefully designed transatlantic Rapid Climate Change array of moored instruments deployed along 26.5 degrees N, with time series of Gulf Stream transport and surface-layer Ekman transport to quantify its intra-annual variability. The year-long average overturning is 18.7 +/- 5.6 sverdrups (Sv) (range: 4.0 to 34.9 Sv, where 1 Sv = a flow of ocean water of 10(6) cubic meters per second). Interannual changes in the overturning can be monitored with a resolution of 1.5 Sv. 相似文献
2.
Oceanographic Engineering of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole, MA 02543. Oceanographers have long sought to verify the theoretical Ekman transport relation, which predicts that a steady wind stress acting together with the Coriolis force will produce a transport of water to the right of the wind. In situ measurements of wind and ocean currents provide a detailed view of this phenomenon. By separating the wind-driven current from the measured total current and by averaging over a long record, it is found that the observed transport is consistent with theoretical Ekman transport to within about 10 percent. In this case the wind-driven transport is strongly surface trapped, with 95 percent occurring in the upper 25 meters as a result of fair summer weather. 相似文献
3.
A 1-year time series of volume transport through the Florida Straits near 27 degrees N was derived from an array of five subsurface current meter moorings. The transport estimates, determined on the basis of constant shear extrapolation of the subsurface velocities to the surface, are in good agreement with transports derived from submarine cable and Pegasus measurements. The annual transport cycle in 1982-1983 is complicated by large-amplitude fluctuations on time scales of 1 to 3 weeks, but it does exhibit a transport maximum in summer and a minimum in fall-winter, consistent with historical results and of similar magnitude. The energy density spectrum of transports is continuous with a slope of about -1.5 and does not show a gap between the periods of weeks and seasonal. Evidence was found for atmospheric forcing of transport fluctuations, with highest coherence between transport and the local meridional wind stress at periods of 10 and 15 days during the summer and 5 and 40 days during the winter. 相似文献
4.
Although most of the magnetic flux observed on the sun originates in the low-latitude sunspot belts, this flux is gradually dispersed over a much wider range of latitudes by supergranular convective motions and meridional circulation. Numerical simulations show how these transport processes interact over the 11-year sunspot cycle to produce a strong "topknot" polar field, whose existence near sunspot minimum is suggested by the observed strength of the interplanetary magnetic field and by the observed areal extent of polar coronal holes. The required rates of diffusion and flow are consistent with the decay rates of active regions and with the rotational properties of the large-scale solar magnetic field. 相似文献
5.
We have quantitatively investigated the mechanisms that could explain the warm, equable climate that is believed to have been typical of the mid-Cretaceous (100 million years ago). By performing simulations with a climate model based on zonal energy balance, we demonstrate that past changes in geography were important in bringing about climatic change. However, the meridional distribution of Cretaceous temperatures cannot be successfully simulated unless additional physical "feedback mechanisms" are included in the model. These mechanisms may involve cloud and meridional heat transport changes. We also conclude that paleoclimatologists should reexamine carefully both existing data and their interpretations with regard to reconstruction of Cretaceous tropical and polar surface temperatures. 相似文献
6.
不同利用方式下土壤矿物结合态有机碳特征与容量分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
【目的】土壤矿物结合态有机碳是土壤有机碳固持的重要机制之一。探讨不同利用方式下土壤有机碳及矿物结合态有机碳（＜53 µm）的含量、分配比例及其差异性特征,对于深刻认识土壤碳的固持状态、固碳潜力及其可持续管理均具有重要意义。【方法】通过从中国知网、万方、Science Direct和Springer link等4个文献数据库,设定检索条件“2000-2014年”、“中国土壤有机碳”和“＜53 µm团聚体分组”3个关键词,筛选出已发表的111篇目标文献,收集901组土壤有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳含量与比例的相关数据集。其中,土地利用方式分为4类：农田（n=580）、草地（n=98）、林地（n=193）和其他（果园、茶园等,n=31）。农田包括黑土、水稻土、棕壤、潮土、红壤和灰漠土等六大土壤类型。不同利用方式及土壤类型中有机碳含量与分配比例的差异性均采用Kruskal-Wallis H单向显著性检验。【结果】不同利用方式下土壤总有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳含量的中值均存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。其中,林地土壤总有机碳含量的中值为18.2 g·kg-1,显著高于草地（12.0 g·kg-1）和农田（10.3 g·kg-1）;且林地矿物结合态有机碳含量（12.0 g·kg-1 soil）也显著高于农田和草地（8.0-7.6 g·kg-1 soil）。3种利用方式下土壤矿物结合态有机碳与总有机碳之间均呈现极显著的正相关关系（P＜0.001）,农田土壤矿物结合态有机碳所占比例的中值为74.8%,显著高于林地（70.3%）和草地（67.8%）。农田中不同土壤类型的矿物结合态有机碳占总有机碳的比例也存在显著差异。其中,黑土中矿物结合态有机碳的比例最高,中值为87.4%,其次是水稻土（76.7%）和红壤（74.0%）,而灰漠土最低（62.5%）。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳水平相对较高的黑土、水稻土和棕壤,矿物结合态有机碳分配比例随着土壤有机碳含量的增加而显著降低（P＜0.05）。农田、草地和林地中土壤矿物结合态有机碳含量与土壤细颗粒（＜53 µm）含量均呈极显著的正相关关系,与Six等（2002）的估算结果相比,其饱和程度分别为68.4%、58.7%和91.5%。【结论】农田和草地中,土壤矿物结合态有机碳还未达到饱和,仍有一定的提升空间,土壤细颗粒（＜53 µm）仍具有一定的固碳潜力。 相似文献
7.
采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,计算了夏季哈德莱环流(H.C.)强度,分析了夏季H.C.强度年际、年代际变化特征,以及亚洲季风区夏季水汽输送的气候特征,并研究了夏季哈德莱环流强度与亚洲季风区水汽输送的关系。结果表明,1979~2010年夏季南半球H.C.强度有明显增强趋势,同时也有明显的年际变化。索马里东部洋面和印尼东部洋面是南半球水汽北转输入亚洲的重要区域;夏季南半球哈德莱环流强度与索马里东部洋面和印尼东部洋面的经向水汽输送呈显著的正相关关系,与在我国中东部—南海南部、阿拉伯海东南部的经向水汽输送呈显著的负相关关系。 相似文献
8.
Changes in soil organic carbon pools following long-term fertilization under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau,China 
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下载免费PDF全文 WANG Ren-jie SONG Jia-shan FENG Yong-tao ZHOU Jiang-xiang XIE Jun-yu Asif KHAN CHE Zong-xian ZHANG Shu-lan YANG Xue-yun 《农业科学学报》2021,20(9):2512-2525
Understanding the mechanism of soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration is of paramount importance in sustaining crop productivity and mitigating climate change. Long-term trials were employed to investigate the responses of total SOC and its pools, i.e., mineral-associated OC(MOC), particulate OC(POC, containing Light-POC and Heavy-POC), to fertilization regimes at Yangling(25-year), Tianshui(35-year) and Pingliang(37-year) under a rain-fed cropping system in the Loess Plateau. The fertilization regimes in each trial included three treatments, i.e., control(no nutrient input, CK), chemical fertilizers(CF), and organic manure plus chemical fertilizers(MCF). Relative to the CK, long-term fertilization appreciably increased SOC storage by 134, 89 and 129 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 418, 153 and 384 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF in plough layer soils(0–20 cm), respectively, at the Yangling, Tianshui and Pingliang sites. The MOC pools accounted for 72, 67 and 64% of the total SOC at the above three sites with sequestration rates of 76, 57 and 83 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF and 238, 118 and 156 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF, respectively. Moreover, the MOC pool displayed a saturation behavior under MCF conditions. The POC accordingly constituted 27, 33 and 36% of SOC, of which Light-POC accounted for 11, 17 and 22% and Heavy-POC for 17, 16 and 15% of SOC, respectively. The sequestration rates of POC were 58, 32 and 46 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under CF, and 181, 90 and 228 kg ha~(–1) yr~(–1) under MCF at the three respective sites, in which Light-POC explained 59, 81 and 72% of POC under CF, and 60, 40 and 69% of POC under MCF, with Heavy-POC accounting for the balance. Compared with CK, the application of CF alone did not affect the proportions of MOC or total POC to SOC, whereas MCF application markedly reduced the proportion of MOC and increased the POC ratio, mainly in the Light-POC pool. The distribution of SOC among different pools was closely related to the distribution and stability of aggregates. The present study confirmed that organic manure amendment not only sequestered more SOC but also significantly altered the composition of SOC, thus improving SOC quality, which is possibly related to the SOC saturation level. 相似文献
9.
Dowsett HJ Cronin TM Poore RZ Thompson RS Whatley RC Wood AM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1992,258(5085):1133-1135
The Middle Pliocene ( approximately 3 million years ago) has been identified as the last time the Earth was significantly warmer than it was during the Last Interglacial and Holocene. A quantitative micropaleontological paleotemperature transect from equator to high latitudes in the North Atlantic indicates that Middle Pliocene warmth involved increased meridional oceanic heat transport. 相似文献
10.
液体管道非稳定流动摩阻计算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
管道中非稳定流动的分析方法主要有频域法和时域法,非线性摩阻的存在给非稳定流动的分析带来一定困难,通常的作法是认为瞬态流动下的摩阻等于稳定流动下的摩阻,但对于管道非稳定流动的长时间的动态模拟,用传统的“拟稳态”假设计算管道摩擦阻力及相关压头损失不够准确,采用频率相关摩中改变这一情况,给出了频率相关摩阻的计算公式及在特征线法中的具体应用。 相似文献
11.
Meteorological upper-air data, in conjunction with satellite imagery, lidar light detection and ranging returns, and aircraft sampling, aid in the determination of plume altitude and transport. The estimated trajectories indicate that the ash was transported eastward across the Atlantic to Africa in 3 to 5 days and that there was modest meridional transport as far as 15 degrees poleward during the first week of travel. 相似文献
12.
Sunspots, dark magnetic regions occurring at low latitudes on the Sun's surface, are tracers of the magnetic field generated by the dynamo mechanism. Recent solar dynamo models, which use the helioseismically determined solar rotation, indicate that sunspots should form at high latitudes, contrary to observations. We present a dynamo model with the correct latitudinal distribution of sunspots and demonstrate that this requires a meridional flow of material that penetrates deeper than hitherto believed, into the stable layers below the convection zone. Such a deep material flow may have important implications for turbulent convection and elemental abundance in the Sun and similar stars. 相似文献
13.
Absolute velocity and temperature profiles are used to estimate the volume transport through the Straits of Florida and, in combination with historical midbasin data, to estimate the total meridional heat flux through a section at 27 degrees N. The mean annual volume transport of the Florida Current from April 1982 through August 1983 is 30.5 (+/- 1)x 10(6) cubic meters per second. The net northward heat flux through the 27 degrees N section is 1.2 (+/- 0.1)x 10(15) watts. The volume transport is characterized by high values in the late spring and early summer and low values in the late fall and early winter. There is a similar cycle in total heat flux. 相似文献
14.
采集连续5 a秸秆还田(SF)和不还田(CK)处理0~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100 cm土层的土壤样品,对各层土壤不同有机碳、氮组分含量,以及反硝化细菌的丰度和种群组成进行分析。结果显示,SF处理0~40 cm土层的颗粒有机碳(POC)、20~60 cm土层的矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)和0~80 cm土层的全氮含量较CK处理分别显著(P<0.05)增加45.69%~142.75%、89.34%~272.68%和14.26%~90.34%,但0~40 cm土层的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和0~60 cm土层的微生物生物量碳(MBC)、硝态氮含量分别显著(P<0.05)减少68.89%~75.93%、35.58%~75.43%和12.91%~61.86%,其中,约63.81%的硝态氮损失发生在0~40 cm土层。相关性分析结果显示,土壤有机碳组分中的POC和MOC与土壤反硝化细菌的丰度显著(P<0.05)正相关,且影响其种群结构变化。SF处理0~60 cm土层nirS、nirK和nosZ基因拷贝数较CK处理增加2.5~6.7倍,并可有效促进unclassified_c_Betaproteobacteria(β-变形菌纲)、unclassified_f_Rhodocyclaceae(红环菌科)、unclassified_k_norank_d_Bacteria和unclassified_o_Burkholderiales(伯克氏菌目,属β-变形菌)的生长。综上,长期秸秆还田下,土壤反硝化细菌的生长及其种群结构变化主要受相对稳定的POC和MOC的驱动,引起的土壤硝态氮损失应在耕地肥力维系和提升,以及作物营养管理中予以必要考虑。 相似文献
15.
Quantifying stratospheric ozone in the upper troposphere with in situ measurements of HCl 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marcy TP Fahey DW Gao RS Popp PJ Richard EC Thompson TL Rosenlof KH Ray EA Salawitch RJ Atherton CS Bergmann DJ Ridley BA Weinheimer AJ Loewenstein M Weinstock EM Mahoney MJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5668):261-265
We have developed a chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for precise in situ measurements of hydrochloric acid (HCl) from a high-altitude aircraft. In measurements at subtropical latitudes, minimum HCl values found in the upper troposphere (UT) were often near or below the detection limit of the measurements (0.005 parts per billion by volume), indicating that background HCl values are much lower than a global mean estimate. However, significant abundances of HCl were observed in many UT air parcels, as a result of stratosphere-to-troposphere transport events. We developed a method for diagnosing the amount of stratospheric ozone in these UT parcels using the compact linear correlation of HCl with ozone found throughout the lower stratosphere (LS). Expanded use of this method will lead to improved quantification of cross-tropopause transport events and validation of global chemical transport models. 相似文献
16.
Grain yield monitoring is an integral tool in the Precision Agriculture management system. When used in conjunction with a satellite-based navigation system, it provides spatial information on output variability, output response to managed inputs and is used to identify limiting resources in the crop production process. Accurately matching measured yield quantities with spatial units within a field is therefore important. At present, a simple linear time shift is employed by all commercial monitoring systems to account for the delay between GPS recorded positions and subsequent yield measurements. This study examines the internal process of grain transport to the sensor by monitoring the flow of strategically coloured grain. The flow is shown to be significantly influenced by mixing induced by threshing and auger transport processes. In contrast to the common assumption that grain moves as a spatially related cohort through to the sensor, the results suggest that a diffusion process is more realistic. A parametric model for the diffusion process is provided which suggests that from each individual yield measurement a maximum 20% of the mass could be assigned to a single spatial unit of the size that is typically allocated. The results imply that for further analyses, the inconclusive spatial origin and artificially smoothed quantities of instantaneous yield measurements should be considered. 相似文献
17.
Large variability in recruitment of marine fishes creates challenging management problems. In northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), there is a significant linear relation between larval mortality rate and the frequency of calm, low wind speed periods during the spawning season, possibly because calm winds permit maintenance of concentrated patches of larval food. Neither cannibalism on larvae nor offshore transport contributed significantly to interannual variation in early larval mortality. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that wind-driven turbulent mixing affects variability in survival of young fish larvae. However, abundance of recruits does not necessarily reflect abundance of larvae surviving through this early stage. 相似文献
18.
风力发电储能胶体电池的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
风力发电是正在开发的新能源。河北省已有２０００多台风力发电机，多用于边远山区及牧区。当前所用的储能设备主要是起动型铅酸蓄电池，不仅有溢出酸液产生腐蚀的危险，且易排放酸雾污染环境，其功能也不符合风力发电配套设备要求。本文从电化学、胶体化学角度研制了新型的风力发电储能设备，制备方法简单，质量稳定，触变性能良好，成本低廉。新型胶体电池在山路上搬运方便，使用安全，维护简便，寿命延长。经实验室多次试验及山区农户长期使用，并经专家鉴定，确认该新型储能装置最适用于风力发电之用。 相似文献
19.
In-place measurements of the bottom currents in the Hudson Canyon reveal that the current regime is characterized by a pronounced reversal of flow up and down the canyon. Velocities are commonly of the order of 8 to 15 centimeters per second, reaching 27 centimeters per second on occasion in the upper and central portion of the canyon. Although alpha 2.5-day recording of currents showed a net transport upcanyon, a combination of 66 current measurements from the submersible Alvin, the analysis of sediment texture and organic carbon, and the determination of the benthic fauna-nutrient relationship indicate that over the long term there is a net transport of fine material through the canyon to the outer continenital rise. 相似文献
20.
日本以南黑潮流量对西北太平洋柔鱼渔场重心影响的滞后性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究西北太平洋海域黑潮流量对柔鱼Ommastrephes bartramii渔场的影响,本研究中结合1994—2010年西北太平洋海域黑潮流量和柔鱼渔场重心数据,采用阿尔蒙法建立了多项式分布滞后模型,通过分析黑潮流量异常与渔场重心偏移的互相关系数和模型的AIC值,确定了模型的最佳滞后期数,并添加了一阶滞后残差项以消除残差序列的自相关。结果表明:在经度方向上,黑潮流量异常在一年内对柔鱼渔场重心偏移没有明显的影响;而在纬度方向上,模型中黑潮流量异常变量的第12~15期系数均显著,分别为0.003 72(P0.05)、0.004 93(P0.01)、0.006 29(P0.01)和0.007 81(P0.05),说明黑潮流量异常会在6个月后的两个月内对渔场纬度重心产生正向的影响,模型调整后的相关系数为0.549。本研究中考虑了渔场对黑潮流量响应的时滞性,研究结果对延长西北太平洋柔鱼渔场预报的有效期限具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献