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1.
Ammonium chloride was added to diets varying in Ca content to evaluate its potential in preventing silica urolith formation in sheep. A 2 x 2 factorial experiment involved wether lambs with ad libitum access to a diet of 50% grass hay and 50% ground oats plus supplement. The basal diet contained on a DM basis 3.3% SiO2, .31% Ca, .22% P, 11.6% CP, and 26% ADF. Treatments (38 to 39 lambs/treatment) consisted of a control (C), limestone to increase dietary calcium to .6% (L), 1% ammonium chloride (A), and L + A (LA). After a 118-d experimental period, siliceous kidney deposits were found only in C and L, with silica making up 93% to 95% of the urolithic ash. Urolith incidences were 13% (C) and 18% (L), respectively. The lack of urolith development in lambs fed A and LA (ammonium chloride effect, P less than .01) and a trend toward a lower urolith incidence in C vs L (P less than .02) support the hypothesis that acid-forming effects of the diet and a reduction in the dietary Ca to P ratio reduce silica urolith formation.  相似文献   

2.
Two trials evaluated the potential for weaning lambs directly onto legume pasture at 28 d of age. Ewes and their twin-reared lambs were placed in paddocks on d 19; ewes were removed on d 28. In Trial 1, 60 lambs were allocated to three treatments: unweaned controls (CON1), lambs weaned onto first-cut alfalfa either without supplementary grain (WOG) or with up to 270 g.hd-1.d-1 supplementary grain (WG). Daily gains for the CON1, WOG and WG lambs were 309, 118 and 159 g for the period from d 28 to 40 (P greater than .05) and 241, 195 and 245 g for the period from d 40 to 56 (P greater than .05), respectively. In Trial 2, 80 lambs were allocated to four treatments: weaning onto first-cut alfalfa (early alfalfa, EA), second-cut alfalfa (late alfalfa, LA) birdsfoot trefoil (BFT) and unweaned controls (CON2, pastured on second-cut alfalfa). Daily gains for CON2 lambs were greater (P less than .05) than gains of EA and LA lambs (327 vs 136 and 136 g, respectively) for d 28 to 40, but not different (P greater than .05) for d 40 to 56 (245, 227 and 195 g, respectively). Gains for BFT lambs were lower (P less than .05) than for CON2 lambs for both periods (122 and 136 g, respectively), and BFT lambs appeared to be unthrifty after weaning. By d 32, weaning caused plasma glucose to decline 16.0 mg/dl and plasma nonesterified fatty acids to increase 365 mu eq/liter from preweaning levels. Hematocrit values ranged from 31 to 35% (Trial 1) and 25 to 29% (Trial 2), suggesting that the weaned lambs did not suffer from dehydration. Crossbred lambs can be weaned at 28 d of age directly onto first-cut or second-cut alfalfa.  相似文献   

3.
Urolithiasis has been reported in veterinary literature in some species of the Mustelidae family, including ferrets. In this species, the most common form of urolithiasis is that caused by struvite. The current study examined the case of mixed urolith in an 8-month-old female ferret (Mustela putorius furo) with antecedents of strangury and hematuria. A cystotomy was carried out to remove the urolith, which had a rough surface and a homogeneously porous interior and was formed by a mixture of struvite (60%) and calcium oxalate dehydrated (40%).  相似文献   

4.
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5.
Two experiments were conducted with ruminally fistulated wether lambs to determine the effect of lactic acid addition to a hay diet on rumen lactate metabolism, blood acid-base status and subsequent adaptation to a high concentrate diet. In Exp. 1, lambs were fed mature brome hay (H), H plus 5% (w/w) D,L lactic acid (H5L) or H plus 10% lactic acid (H10L) (three lambs per treatment) for 14 days (phase I) then switched to a 90% concentrate diet for 2 days (phase II). In Exp. 2, lambs were fed alfalfa-brome hay (H) (six lambs), H plus 2.5% lactic acid (H2.5L) (six lambs) or H plus 5% lactic acid (H5L) (four lambs) during phase I, then switched to a 70% concentrate diet (3 days) followed by a 90% concentrate diet (10 days) (phase II). During both experiments rumen fluid samples were taken periodically for pH and lactate analyses and in vitro L- or D-lactate disappearance (IVLD) studies. Blood samples were taken to measure acid-base status, serum lactate, and serum calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. Dietary lactic acid enhanced IVLD during phase I of both experiments. L and D isomer IVLD rates were similar and followed zero-order kinetics. In Exp. 2, IVLD increased rapidly during phase II in response to increased concentrate level in the diet; the enhanced rates of H2.5L and H5L lambs were sustained for the first 3 days of phase II. Blood data from both experiments indicated a deleterious effect of dietary lactic acid on blood acid-base balance; however, this treatment effect was not manifested in any symptoms of acute acidosis. There was a decrease (P less than .05) in serum calcium during phase II of both experiments. In Experiment 1, serum calcium increased linearly (P less than .05) in response to dietary lactic acid level. In Exp. 1, rumen fluid total lactate and L-lactate were lower (P less than .05) for H5L vs H lambs during phase II. However, all lambs in Exp. 1 experienced acute acidosis; four of the nine lambs subsequently died. There was evidence of acidosis in Exp. 2, but there were no clear treatment effects during phase II on rumen fluid pH or lactate, or feed intake. All lambs adapted to the high concentrate diets as evidenced by rumen lactate levels and feed intakes. In both experiments, the proportion of L-lactate in rumen fluid decreased from almost 100 to about 50% of total lactate by the end of phase II.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVES: To identify an appropriate sampling technique(s) to accurately detect the bacteria causing urinary tract infections in dogs with urolithiasis. METHODS: Twenty-one dogs with urolithiasis were included in the study. Three types of samples were taken from each dog. Urine was collected by cystocentesis, and a urinary bladder mucosal biopsy and urolith were retrieved during cystotomy. The samples were then cultured on blood agar and MacConkey's agar to identify the bacteria associated with urinary tract infections. RESULTS: Bacterial urinary tract infection was found in 16 cases (76.19 per cent). The most prevalent bacteria found to cause urinary tract infection were Escherichia coli (n=7), followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species (n=4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=2), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=2) and Proteus mirabilis (n=1). In the case of a positive urine culture, the same bacteria were also cultured from the urinary bladder mucosal biopsy alone or from both the urinary bladder mucosal biopsy and urolith. However, in the case of a negative urine culture, bacteria were found to be present in the urinary bladder mucosal biopsy or urolith cultures in 23.81 per cent of dogs. The uroliths that gave positive culture results were either infection-induced uroliths composed of struvite and calcium carbonate phosphate, ammonium acid urate only or metabolic uroliths composed of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, or calcium phosphate only. All the uroliths that gave negative culture results were metabolic uroliths composed of calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate, and uric acid and calcium phosphate. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: When the culture from the urine obtained by cystocentesis is negative, cultures of urinary bladder mucosal biopsy and urolith are recommended in dogs with urolithiasis in order to accurately assess the microbiological status of the urinary tract.  相似文献   

7.
Clinical and clinicopathologic features of transport tetany in 9 feedlot lambs were investigated. The lambs became recumbent within 10 days after arrival in the feedlot. The mean serum calcium concentration, mean magnesium concentration, and calcium:phosphorus ratio were significantly (P less than 0.01) less in affected lambs than in 6 unaffected lambs from the same feedlot. The mean serum phosphorus concentration was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in the group of affected lambs. High activities of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase in the serum of affected lambs indicated muscle necrosis, which was confirmed by histologic examination. Blood pH, HCO-3, and total carbon dioxide were significantly greater in affected lambs (P less than 0.01) than in unaffected lambs.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) reduces urinary calcium excretion in dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis. DESIGN: Original study. ANIMALS: 8 dogs with calcium oxalate urolithiasis. PROCEDURE: 4 treatment protocols were evaluated in each dog (a low calcium, low protein diet designed to prevent calcium oxalate urolith formation with and without administration of HCTZ [2 mg/kg (0.9 mg/lb) of body weight, PO, q 12 h] and a maintenance diet with higher quantities of protein and calcium with and without administration of HCTZ). At the end of each 2-week treatment period, 24-hour urine samples were collected. Blood samples were collected during the midpoint of each urine collection period. Analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effects of HCTZ and diet on urine and serum analytes. RESULTS: Hydrochlorothiazide significantly decreased urine calcium and potassium concentration and excretion. Hydrochlorothiazide also significantly decreased serum potassium concentration. Compared with the maintenance diet, the urolith prevention diet significantly decreased urine calcium and oxalic acid concentration and excretion. Dogs consuming the urolith prevention diet had significantly lower serum concentrations of albumin and urea nitrogen. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of HCTZ decreased urine calcium excretion in dogs with a history of calcium oxalate urolith formation. The greatest reduction in urine calcium concentration and excretion was achieved when dogs received HCTZ and the urolith prevention diet. Results of this study suggest that the hypocalciuric effect of HCTZ will minimize recurrence of calcium oxalate urolith formation in dogs; however, long-term controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of HCTZ.  相似文献   

9.
Ten client-owned cats with calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis were evaluated to determine the effect of diet on urine CaOx saturation. Two dietary treatments were evaluated in each cat: the diet consumed just prior to urolith detection and a canned diet formulated to prevent CaOx uroliths. This study revealed that hypercalciuria is a consistent abnormality in cats with CaOx urolith formation. When urolith-forming cats consumed a diet formulated to prevent urolith formation, activity product ratios for CaOx (which estimate the degree to which urine is saturated with CaOx) were significantly lower. These results suggest that consumption of an appropriately formulated urolith-prevention diet will reduce recurrence of CaOx urolithiasis.  相似文献   

10.
A study consisting of two trials was conducted to determine the effects of monensin on the apparent absorption and retention of magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) and to determine mineral changes in tissue and ruminal fluid. Eight lambs (39 kg) were used in trial 1, and 10 lambs (37 kg) were used in trial 2. Animals were blocked by weight and fed a high concentrate diet with or without 20 mg/kg monensin. Trials began with a dietary adjustment period lasting 18 d in trial 1 and 21 d in trial 2. Animals were then placed in metabolism stalls for a 10-d stall adjustment period followed by a 12-d collection period. Collections to determine mineral balance were made during the first 10 d of the collection period. Blood and ruminal fluid samples were taken on d 11 of the collection period. Lambs were slaughtered on d 12 of the collection period and tissue samples were collected. Monensin supplementation increased (P less than .05) Mg retention 42.0%. Urinary Ca excretion decreased (P less than .05) 60.0% when monensin was fed. Monensin supplementation decreased (P less than .05) liver Ca and bone Ca, 45.5 and 2.9%, respectively. Apparent P digestibility increased (P less than .05) 40.0% and P retention increased (P less than .10) 26.8% due to monensin supplementation. Both apparent absorption and retention of Zn increased (P less than .01) 50.0 and 45.0%, respectively, with monensin supplementation. Ruminal fluid Zn concentrations decreased (P less than .05) 33.0% with the addition of monensin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

11.
To determine effects of clenbuterol (CB) on muscle protein turnover and growth hormone (GH) secretion, 16 crossbred wether lambs (14.4 kg) were randomized into two groups designated to receive daily oral boluses of gelatin capsules containing corn starch with either 0 (control, CTL) or 1.87 mg/kg body weight CB for either 14 (n = 8) or 28 d (n = 8). This calculates to be approximately 40 mg CB/kg diet. Lambs had ad libitum access to a 16% crude protein corn-soy diet and feed consumption (FC) was measured. After 14 and 28 d, lambs were slaughtered and semitendinosus (ST), longissimus (LD) and brachialis (BR) muscles were exercised, weighed and analyzed for protein (TP) content. For 6 h prior to slaughter of 28-d lambs, 2.5 microCi L-[U-14C]tyrosine/kg was infused intravenously, blood was sampled and plasma was analyzed for specific radioactivity of tyrosine. Plasma GH concentrations were assessed by radioimmunoassay. No differences due to treatment were found in FC, rate of gain or GH concentrations. Semitendinosus and BR weights of control lambs at 14 d did not differ between treatments. At 28 d, ST and BR weights of control lambs (58.8 and 18.5 g, respectively) were less (P less than .10) than those of lambs treated with CB (74.3 and 23.1 g, respectively). The TP per ST and BR at 28 d for control lambs was 71.5 and 85.1% (P less than .10) that of muscles of lambs treated with CB. Fractional protein synthesis rates (FSR) of the BR (9.4 vs 6.1%/d) and total protein synthesized in ST muscle per day (1.4 vs .8 g) were elevated (P less than .10) in lambs treated with CB compared to controls. These data suggest that the increased fractional accretion rate observed in lambs treated with CB for 28 d was caused by increased FSR.  相似文献   

12.
Administration of thiazide diuretics has been recommended to prevent calcium oxalate urolith development in dogs. To evaluate the effects of thiazide diuretics in dogs, 24-hour urine excretion of calcium was measured in 6 clinically normal Beagles after administration of chlorothiazide (CTZ) for 2 weeks, administration of CTZ for 10 weeks, and administration of calcium carbonate and CTZ for 2 weeks. Compared with baseline values, 24-hour urine calcium excretion did not decrease after CTZ administration. When CTZ was given at a high dosage (130 mg/kg of body weight), urinary calcium excretion was significantly (P < 0.04) higher than baseline values. Based on these observations, we do not recommend CTZ for treatment or prevention of canine calcium oxalate urolithiasis.  相似文献   

13.
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of roughage to the concentrate ratio of complete diets containing sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB), an agro-industrial by product, as sole roughage source on nutrient utilization in ram lambs. Twenty-four Nellore × Deccani cross ram lambs aged about 3?months (average body wt. 10.62?±?0.03?kg) were randomly allotted into four groups fed with CR-I (60R:40C), CR-II (50R:50C), CR-III (40R:60C), and CR-IV (30R:70C) complete diets. The roughage to concentrate ratio did not affect the dry matter intake (in grams/day or grams/kilogram weight(0.75)). The crude protein (P?相似文献   

14.
Primary hyperparathyroidism resulted in calcium urolith formation and calcium nephropathy in 2 dogs. Uroliths composed of calcium phosphate were surgically removed from the bladder of one dog 3 months after surgical removal of a parathyroid adenoma. Five years later, hypercalcemia and urolithiasis had not recurred. In a second dog, calcium oxalate renal and bladder uroliths remained unchanged in size at 11 months after removal of a parathyroid adenoma. The possibility of primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered in any dog with calcium urolithiasis.  相似文献   

15.
Two trials were conducted to evaluate effects of dietary potassium (K) concentration and lasalocid (L) in lamb finishing diets. Treatments were arranged in a 2 X 2 factorial and consisted of a 65% concentrate diet with 1.1% K (C), .9% K + 21.3 mg L/kg (CL), 2.1% K (P) and 2.5% K + 20 mg L/kg (PL). In trial 1, 64 fine-wool lambs (initial wt 35.3 kg) were randomly assigned to the four treatments (two pens of four wethers and four ewes/treatment) for a 56-d feeding trial. Average daily gain was not affected by K, but was increased (P less than .10) by L (.23 vs .26 kg/d). Lasalocid tended (P less than .20) to improve feed:gain ratio (5.6 vs 6.3). A K X L interaction (P less than .06) was noted for feed intake, with values of 1.37, 1.45, 1.49 and 1.51 kg X head-1 X d-1 for the C, CL, P and PL groups, respectively. In trial 2, 16 wether lambs (four/treatment fed at 2% of body weight) were used in a site and extent of digestion and nitrogen (N) balance trial, using the same four diets as in trial 1. Site of digestion was estimated from abomasal samples taken at slaughter, with indigestible acid detergent fiber as a marker. Total tract organic matter digestibility was increased (P less than .05) with added K (80.1 vs 76.4%) and L (80 vs 76.4%). Ruminal starch digestibility was not affected by added K, but was decreased (P less than .10) by added L (71.8 vs 88.2%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

16.
Level of nutrition and splanchnic metabolite flux in young lambs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Splanchnic metabolite flux was measured in young lambs given access to a high-concentrate diet either ad libitum (ADLIB) or at a maintenance level (MAINT) for 21 d. Net fluxes of urea N (UN), ammonia N (NH3 N), alpha-amino N (AAN), amino acids, glucose (G), and lactate (L) across the liver and portal-drained viscera (PDV) were measured in 11 crossbred ram lambs (35 kg) surgically fitted with indwelling catheters in the portal, hepatic, and mesenteric veins and mesenteric artery. During the 21-d period, daily N and ME intakes were 24.6 and 10.7 g N/d and 3.02 and 1.28 Mcal/d, respectively, for ADLIB and MAINT lambs. Intakes, thus, were 42% lower for MAINT than for ADLIB lambs. Net portal fluxes of UN, NH3 N, AAN, and L in MAINT lambs were 46%, 84%, 50%, and 74%, respectively, of that in ADLIB lambs. Expressed as a percentage of N intake, the proportion of AAN absorbed by the PDV was higher in MAINT lambs (P less than .05) than in ADLIB lambs. There was no net portal glucose absorption in either group of lambs; however, net hepatic glucose production in MAINT lambs was 48% of that in ADLIB lambs. There was net utilization of glutamine by the PDV; net glutamine flux in MAINT lambs was 49% of that in ADLIB lambs. The liver utilized AAN and NH3 N and produced UN. Splanchnic tissues modulate metabolite flux following changes in feed intake in young ruminants.  相似文献   

17.
A study consisting of two trials was conducted to determine the effects of monensin on the apparent absorption and retention of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) and to examine changes in tissue and ruminal fluid concentrations of these minerals in lambs. Eight lambs (39 kg) were used in trial 1 and 10 lambs (37 kg) were used in trial 2. Animals were used in randomized block designs, blocked by weight, and fed a high concentrate diet with or without 20 mg/kg monensin. Trials began with a dietary adjustment period lasting 18 d in trial 1 and 21 d in trial 2. Animals were then placed in metabolism stalls for a 10-d stall adjustment period followed by a 12-d collection period. Collections for mineral balance were made during the first 10 d of the collection period. Blood and ruminal fluid samples were obtained on d 11 of the collection period. Lambs were slaughtered on d 12 of the collection period and tissue samples were collected. Sodium retention decreased (P less than .05) 86.2% when monensin was fed. Apparent K absorption increased (P less than .05) 16.7%, while K retention increased (P less than .10) 52.6% when monensin was fed. In lambs fed monensin, ileal Na decreased (P less than .10) 13.8%. These results indicate that dietary monensin alters the metabolism of Na and K in lambs.  相似文献   

18.
This study reports emerging trends in feline urolithiasis in Canada during the past 16.8 y, evaluates associations of breed and gender with urolith types, and reports on feline submissions from outside of Canada. Struvite and calcium oxalate uroliths comprised > 90% of all uroliths submitted. In cats, oxalate submissions outnumbered struvite submissions from Canada, Hong Kong, Denmark, and the United Arab Emirates, while Australian struvite submissions outnumbered calcium oxalate submissions. In Canada, the majority of urolith submissions were from domestic cats followed by Himalayan, Persian, and Siamese cats. Males were more likely to form calcium oxalate uroliths and females were more likely to develop struvite uroliths. Compared to domestic short-haired cats, Tonkinese, Burmese, Devon rex, Himalayan, Persian, and Siamese cats were significantly associated with calcium oxalate urolith submission. Egyptian mau, Birman, ocicat, and Siamese breeds were over-represented amongst urate submissions.  相似文献   

19.
Determination of urolith mineral composition is critical for management of urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Using computed tomography, urolith physical density, and hence chemical composition, can be quantified using mean beam attenuation measurements (Hounsfield units; HU). This study was designed to establish in vitro reference ranges for three types of compositionally pure uroliths retrieved from dogs. Sixty-six canine uroliths (22 uric acid, 21 calcium oxalate, 14 struvite, nine mixed or compound) were placed in a phantom array. Uroliths were scanned at 120 kVp, 200 mA, and 80 kVp, 200 mA. The region of interest (ROI) for mean HU calculation was determined using two techniques, and reference ranges were calculated for each kVp using either ROI technique. HU for urolith types of pure composition were statistically different (Wilcoxon's two-sample test, P < 0.0083 [Bonferonni correction with six comparisons for total P < 0.05]) using both ROI techniques at either kVp. Struvite uroliths were not statistically different from mixed or compound uroliths. The accuracy for determination of composition of pure uroliths ranged from 86% to 93%; the prediction accuracy for each urolith mineral type and for all uroliths in general was highest when the ROI was hand-drawn just within the visible urolith border at 80 kVp. Technique of ROI determination and kVp that yielded the highest sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values varied for each urolith type. Therefore, in this study, HU could be used to differentiate three types of uroliths of pure mineral composition in vitro. Further studies are needed to determine the predictive value of HU in vivo.  相似文献   

20.
The efficacy of a diet designed to facilitate dissolution of feline magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) uroliths was evaluated in 30 cases of urolithiasis, sterile struvite uroliths dissolved in a mean of 36 days after initiation of dietary treatment. In 5 cases of urolithiasis, struvite urocystoliths associated with urease-negative bacterial urinary tract infection dissolved in a mean of 23 days after initiation of dietary and antimicrobial treatment. In 3 cases of urolithiasis, struvite urocystoliths associated with urease-positive staphylococcal urinary tract infection dissolved in a mean of 79 days after initiation of dietary and antimicrobial treatment. Dissolution of uroliths in cats fed the treatment diet was associated with concomitant remission of dysuria, hematuria, and pyuria, and reduction in urine pH and struvite crystalluria. In one case, a urocystolith composed of 100% ammonium urate, and in another case, a urolith composed of 60% calcium phosphate, 20% calcium oxalate, and 20% magnesium ammonium phosphate did not dissolve.  相似文献   

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