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1.
Lifeng Zhong Jie Li Wen Yan Xianglin Tu Weixia Huang Xiaohua Zhang 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2012,12(6):942-951
Purpose
Human exposure to particulate matter emitted from on-road motor vehicles includes complex mixtures of heavy metals from tyres, brakes, part wear, and resuspended road sediment. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of 14 platinum-group and other traffic-related heavy metals in road sediment within the metropolitan area of Guangzhou, China, with a view to identifying their sources and assessing the extent of anthropogenic influence on heavy metal contamination of road sediment.Materials and methods
Thirty-five samples of road sediment were collected. The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, La, Ce, Mo, Cd, Pb, Ba, and Rh were measured by inductively coupled plasma?Cmass spectrometry. Pt and Pd were analyzed by isotopic dilution?Cinductively coupled plasma?Cmass spectrometry. Multivariate statistical analysis and enrichment factor methods were employed to identify the sources of these heavy metals and to assess anthropogenic influences on their occurrence.Results and discussion
The mean concentrations of Pt, Pd, Rh, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, La, Ce, Mo, Cd, Pb, and Ba in the road sediment samples were 68.24, 93.15, 23.85, 147.5, 712.3, 47.24, 177.5, 1254, 47.50, 96.62, 4.91, 3.00, 198.1, and 641.3?ng?g?1, respectively. Very weak to significant linear positive correlations were found among the various heavy metals. The elemental composition of road sediment was dominated by five principal components. Three clusters were identified through cluster analysis, and enrichment factors were calculated relative to soils in China. The sources and degree of contamination of the heavy metals are discussed based on the results.Conclusions
The mean concentrations of heavy metals are higher than background values, especially for Pt, Pd, Rh, Cd, and Zn. Four main sources are identified: (1) Pt, Pd, and Rh were derived from traffic sources; (2) La, Ce, Mn, and Ba were derived mainly from natural sources; (3) Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Cd, and Pb showed mixed traffic-industry sources; and (4) Zn originated mainly from industrial sources. Enrichment factor analysis supported this source identification and further indicated that contamination of road sediment in Guangzhou is extremely high for Pt, Pd, and Rh; moderate to very high for Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Mo; and minimal for Cr, Ni, La, Ce, and Ba. 相似文献2.
Humberto F. Preciado Loretta Y. Li Dominique Weis 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,184(1-4):127-139
A multi-media monitoring field investigation, which included atmospheric, road sediment and soil samples, was carried out at two highway study sites to identify past and present Pb sources. Past Pb anthropogenic sources such as paint and leaded gasoline were linked to significant Pb accumulation in roadside soils at both sites through Pb isotopic analyses. This was achieved by identifying the distinct Pb isotopic composition in older versus newer Pb accumulation at different depths across the soil profile. Older Pb accumulations exhibited lower 206Pb/207Pb isotopic ratios, consistent with Canadian Pb-bearing ores, whereas newer Pb accumulations reflected a mixture of the 206Pb/207Pb ratios of road sediment samples, with the Pb isotopic signature of uncontaminated soil. Isotopic analyses were also helpful in identifying road sediment as an important current source of Pb in roadside soils, by comparing the isotopic signatures derived from road sediment and atmospheric dustfall. The known association of Pb with anthropogenic sources was used to indirectly relate other metals (Cu, Mn, Zn) to the same source by the Enrichment Ratio method. Significant positive correlations at the 90–95% confidence level were found between Cu, Zn and Pb Enrichment Ratios in roadside and dust deposition samples. Weaker correlations were found between Mn and Pb, at the highway study site with the least amount of traffic. However, correlations between these two metals were significant at the 90% confidence level for the busier highway site highlighting Mn potential anthropogenic source. An isotopic tracer study is suggested to further investigate the process of Mn redistribution in the environment due to exhaust fuel emissions. More research is needed regarding the potential impact from using a Mn-based fuel additive. 相似文献
3.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(13-14):2615-2623
Abstract Petunia ’Stereo Red’ and Impatiens ’Impulse Violet’ were grown in soilless potting media that contained either 0, 5, 10, or 20% by volume of ground tire rubber. The pH of half of each medium was adjusted to 5.0 and that of the other half to 6.5. Shoot weights declined with increasing rubber content, due to increasingly severe zinc (Zn) toxicity. Lower shoot weights at pH 6.5 than at pH 5.0 were attributed to manganese (Mn) deficiency that was unrelated to the presence of rubber. Extrapolation from the experimental data indicated that Petunia ’Stereo Red’ would have been damaged by as little as a 2% inclusion of tire rubber. The high risk of Zn toxicity means that ground tire rubber should not be included in soilless potting media. 相似文献
4.
工业区周边农田重金属污染评价及来源分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以新疆北疆某工业区周边农田土壤为研究对象,采集0~20 cm土壤样品254个,测定了Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb、Cd共8种重金属含量。运用相关性分析和主成分分析探讨工业区周边农田土壤重金属的来源,运用GS+进行数据拟合,选取最佳模型,再进行克里格插值分析重金属的空间分布格局。结果表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb和Cd的含量分别为45.00、28.53、55.66、73.57、13.39、2.17、15.38和0.50 mg kg~(-1)。测量的金属除Cr之外均超过土壤的背景值,只有Hg处于中度污染,其余元素都处于非污染,而研究区综合潜在生态风险程度为严重型。重金属空间分布表明,Ni、Zn、As、Hg和Pb在东部和南部含量较高。来源分析表明,Hg来源受研究区内工业活动的影响;Cr、Ni、Zn和Cd主要来自于化肥、农药和地膜等农业活动和土壤母质的共同作用;As、Hg和Pb主要来源是受研究区内工业活动的影响。 相似文献
5.
The aim of this 2-year field experiment was to investigate agronomic and economic efficiency of ground tire rubber and rubber ash as zinc (Zn) sources for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. Kavir and Back Cross) compared with a commercial zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). A similar rate of Zn was used by soil incorporation of 40 kg/ha ZnSO4, 200 kg/ha waste tire rubber ash, and 1000 kg/ha ground rubber. A no Zn added treatment was also considered as control. All Zn fertilizers significantly increased grain yield of wheat over the control, although effectiveness of rubber ash was greater than the other Zn sources. Wheat plants treated with rubber ash accumulated higher Zn in their grains compared with those treated with ground rubber and ZnSO4. Tire rubber ash had the highest agronomic and economic efficiency and contained low levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Therefore, it can be used as an economic substitution for commercial ZnSO4. 相似文献
6.
Konstantinos Markakis Anastasia Poupkou Dimitrios Melas Paraskevi Tzoumaka Maksinos Petrakakis 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,207(1-4):157-180
This paper describes a computational system developed for the compilation of an anthropogenic emission inventory of gaseous pollutants for Greece. The inventory was developed using a geographical information system integrated with SQL programming language to provide high temporal gridded emission fields for CO, NO2, NO, SO2, NH3 and 23 non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) species for the reference year 2003. Activity and statistical data from national sources were used for the quantification of emissions from the road transport, the other mobile sources and machinery sectors and from range activities using top-down or bottom-up methodologies. Annual emission data from existing national and European emission databases were also used. The emission data were spatially and temporally disaggregated using source-specific spatiotemporal indicators. On national scale, the road transport sector produces about 60% of the annual CO and NMVOC total emissions, with gasoline vehicles being the main CO and NMVOC emissions source. The road transport is responsible for approximately half of the higher alkanes and for more than half of the ethene and toluene emissions. The maritime sector accounts for about 40% of the annual total NOx emissions, most of which are emitted by the international shipping subsector, whilst SO2 is emitted mainly by the energy sector. The evaluation of the emissions inventory suggests that it provides a good representation of the amounts of gaseous pollutants emitted on national scale and a good characterisation of the relative composition of CO and NOx emission in the large urban centres. 相似文献
7.
The present study investigates the accumulation of Pb, Cu, Mn and Zn in leaves of Citrus limon (L.) Burm picked up from a field situated near a busy road. Samples were collected at different distances of 1–500 m from the road. Washed and unwashed foliage of citrus were analyzed by AA. Differences between washed and unwashed samples were found only for lead which indicated a significant reduction in concentration in all distances that come up to 52.35%, the differences evidence that this metal mainly reaches leaves by aerial deposition. Lead concentration in leaves of citrus with regard to distance from the roads decreases rapidly with increasing distance. Lead levels were higher than typical background concentrations. These concentrations indicated that lead pollution on a local scale is caused by emissions from motor vehicles that are still using leaded gasoline, that is, the only source of contamination known in this place. The content of the other metals did not present significant differences between washed and unwashed samples and the concentrations are not a function of the distance from the road. 相似文献
8.
Franz Zehetner Ulrike Rosenfellner Axel Mentler Martin H. Gerzabek 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2009,198(1-4):125-132
Automobile traffic pollutes roadside environments with a range of contaminants. In this study, we investigate the distribution patterns of different contaminant classes in topsoils across a highway-forest interface north-east of Vienna, Austria, in order to assess spatial pollutant distribution and evaluate the filtering effect of roadside forests. We collected soil samples along transects perpendicular to the highway, and analyzed the soils for road salt residues (Na), total and mobile heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Roadside soil pollution was highly heterogeneous. All contaminants followed an exponential-like decrease with distance from the road, reaching background levels at 5 to 10 m from the road curb. Traffic-born heavy metals in the immediate roadside zone tended to be more mobile than heavy metals of predominantly geogenic origin at greater distances from the road; the presence of road salt residues could have contributed to the elevated heavy metal mobility near the road. The forest vegetation acted as filter for PAHs shown by a sharp concentration increase at the forest edge. PAHs are likely transported with airborne soot particles that are scavenged by the wax-coated coniferous needles at our study site. 相似文献
9.
为了探明夏尔西里自然保护区土壤重金属污染状况及相关性,沿山路蛇形布点采样,根据实地采样数据和试验数据,通过单因子污染指数分析法和潜在生态危害评价法,分别对夏尔西里自然保护区土壤重金属污染状况进行评价分析。结果表明:夏尔西里自然保护区重金属含量超过《土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）》中一级土壤评价标准,Ni,Cr处于清洁状态;土壤中Pb,Zn,Co,Cu超标率分别为65%,50%,60%,85%;土壤中Hg,As超标率分别为90%,100%;8种重金属元素潜在生态危害系数顺序为:Hg > As > Cu > Pb > Co > Ni > Cr > Zn;Zn与Ni、Cu与Pb、Co与Cu的相关性达到显著性水平;Zn与Pb、Cr与Ni、Co与Pb、Co与Zn的相关性达到极显著性水平,元素有较高的同源性,重金属元素含量主要与成土母质有关,人为干扰对重金属元素含量影响较小,Hg,As元素与其他重金属元素相关性低或无相关性。 相似文献
10.
三峡库区耕地重金属分布特征初步研究 总被引：23，自引：2，他引：23
通过对三峡重庆库区16个市、县(区)旱地和水田土样分析、统计、评价,研究了库区耕地土壤主要重金属元素分布特征。结果表明,库区耕地土壤有不同程度污染,重金属As、Cd、Cu、Ni的含量均有超标,Cd有最大超标;旱地土壤重金属含量略高于水田,紫色土略高于黄壤,各采样点重金属含量差异大;重金属元素Cd、Pb、Cu、As、Zn间存在极显著正相关,土壤污染有复合污染趋势;主要淹水区县土壤环境质量评价结果显示,仅巫山县污染综合指数评价为中污染,主城区、开县为轻微污染,涪陵区、长寿区、奉节县为警戒级,其余为安全级;耕地土壤中重金属元素均未超过土壤环境基本容量,能够保证作物品质和农业持续发展。同时对三峡库区耕地重金属淹水和非点源污染进行风险分析,指出库区开展淹水重金属形态与非点源污染输出研究意义. 相似文献
11.
基于遗传算法的路面有理函数功率谱密度参数识别 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
针对路面二阶有理函数功率谱密度参数识别问题,以二阶有理函数功率谱密度与国际标准化组织给出的幂函数功率谱密度数值差的均方值最小为优化目标,建立了路面二阶有理函数功率谱密度参数识别的优化计算模型。采用遗传算法,获得了A～D级路面二阶有理函数功率谱密度参数最优值。在此基础上,采用谐波叠加法构建了路面不平度模型,并利用自回归(AR)模型的功率谱密度估计方法对创建的路面进行了谱分析。结果表明,路面二阶有理函数功率谱密度与幂函数路面分级标准数值吻合程度很好,应用遗传算法能准确识别出路面二阶有理函数功率谱密度参数。 相似文献
12.
公路旁土壤中水分和重金属的迁移 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
Roads with very high traffic loads in regions where soils are low in both pH and sorption capacity might be a source of percolation water loaded with heavy metals. Looking at some ＂worst case＂ scenarios, this study focused on the input of traffic related pollutants and on Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr concentrations in the soil matrix and soil solution, respectively. The analysis also included pH and electrical conductivity and at some sites DOC. The investigations were carried out on sandy soils with more or less low pH values at four motorway sites in Germany. The average of daily traffic was about 50 000 up to 90 000 vehicles. Soil pore water was collected in two soil depths and at four distances from the road. The pH in general decreased with increasing distance from the roadside. The elevated pH near the roadside was presumably caused by deposition of dust and weathering residues of the road asphalt, as well as by infiltration of salt that was used during winter time. At these road sites, increased heavy metal concentrations in the soil matrix as well as in the soil solution were found. However, the concentrations seldom exceeded reference values of the German Soil Protection Act. The soil solution concentrations tended to increase from the road edge to 10 m distance, whereas the concentration in the soil matrix decreased. Elevated DOC concentrations corresponded with elevated Cu concentrations but did not substantially change this tendency. High soil water percolation rates were found near the roads. Thus, even low metal concentrations of percolation water could yield high metal loads in a narrow area beside the road. 相似文献
13.
规模化猪场区域农田土壤重金属积累及影响评价分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解长期灌溉猪场废水对农田土壤重金属的影响,采集了河北省京安猪场区域农田清洁区和灌溉8年猪场废水污灌区的耕层(0～20 cm)共52个土壤样品,并测定了样品的pH、养分和Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和As全量和有效态含量,根据背景资料、相关分析和主成分分析确定重金属污染来源,应用富集因子分析重金属积累程度,并应用污染指数进行重金属影响评价分析。结果表明,灌溉猪场废水对土壤主要带来Zn和Cu的富集,对Ni、Cr和As几乎没有富集效应,Pb和As的富集主要由施用化肥引起。尽管灌溉8年猪场废水后土壤的Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb和As含量在安全范围内,但土壤重金属有效态含量不仅与重金属全量正相关,还与土壤pH负相关,而灌溉猪场废水会降低土壤pH,从而增加土壤重金属有效态含量。因此,长期灌溉猪场废水不但要注意土壤Zn和Cu积累,还需采取措施降低土壤Zn、Cu等重金属有效态含量以防重金属带来环境风险。 相似文献
14.
The bioaccessibilities of trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in eelgrass, sediment and preparations thereof with and without antifouling paint particles have been assessed by undertaken a physiologically based extraction test (W-PBET) designed to mimic the chemistry of the gizzard and intestine of the mute swan, Cygnus olor. Because Cu- and Zn-based pigments are employed in contemporary antifouling paints, concentrations of these metals were greatest in the preparations containing paint particles. Moreover, relative to total metal, both Cu and Zn displayed the highest gizzard bioaccessibilities in these preparations (about 10%). In the intestine, where most nutrients are absorbed, the accessibility of Cu was maintained while that of Zn was dramatically reduced. These observations were qualitatively consistent with metal concentrations measured in source materials relative to those in swan faeces. We conclude that Cu poses the greatest threat to C. olor inhabiting coastal areas where boat repair takes place. 相似文献
15.
为了深入分析含水乙醇对汽油直喷(GasolineDirectInjection,GDI)发动机性能的影响,利用CONVERGE软件,结合耦合含水乙醇汽油燃烧机理和碳烟模型,进行了三维模拟,从微观角度研究了GDI发动机结合废气再循环(Exhaust Gas Recirculation,EGR)技术燃用含水乙醇汽油时的燃烧及碳烟生成与排放特性。结果表明:含水乙醇掺混比的增大有助于加快火焰传播速度,进一步缩短燃烧持续期。碳烟前驱物(PAHs)控制碳烟的成核和生长,含水乙醇汽油的含氧特性及高活性的OH可以抑制碳烟生成,与E0(含水乙醇体积分数为0)相比,E20W(含水乙醇体积分数为20%)的碳烟前驱物苯、萘、菲、芘的质量峰值分别降低了60.0%、54.5%、73.3%、52.4%,碳烟质量峰值降低了63.6%,碳烟数量密度峰值下降了40.0%。EGR的引入使燃烧效率降低,PAHs和碳烟生成质量升高,碳烟数量密度降低,含水乙醇的添加能改善EGR环境中的燃烧效率,降低未燃HC和碳烟生成量。相比纯汽油,含水乙醇汽油结合EGR技术,弱化了EGR对燃烧和碳烟排放的负面影响。因此,EGR结合含水乙醇汽油能够改善发动机燃烧特性,降低发动机的碳烟等污染物排放,对提升GDI发动机性能和改善颗粒物排放有较好的作用。 相似文献
16.
污灌对潮土重金属含量及分布的影响——以开封市化肥河污灌区为例 总被引：26，自引：2，他引：24
以开封市化肥河污灌区为例,研究了污水灌溉对潮土中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和 As)含量及分布的影响。结果表明,污水灌溉已经导致了该区潮土较明显的重金属累积,其中Cd和As平均含量分别达1．70 mg/kg和26．28 mg/kg,远远超出了土壤环境二级标准值。进入潮土的重金属主要累积在潮土的耕作层,随着土壤深度的增加,重金属含量逐渐减少;相对其他重金属而言,As更易于在潮土表层滞留。污灌区潮土 Cu、As与Cd含量与距污染源距离呈线性相关。相关分析表明,污灌区土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和As含量与土壤理化性质及其他重金属含量有关,而土壤Cd和Cr含量则与其他重金属含量及土壤性质的相关性不明显。 相似文献
17.
原始精细的路面谱是研究车辆与路面耦合的重要基础,对车辆的通过性和噪声、振动及不平顺性NVH(noise,vibration and harshness)分析有重要的应用价值。为了构建与原始路面相同或相近的路面谱,利用非接触式激光路面不平度仪测量沥青路面、水泥路面、比利时路面和砂石路面的三维路面不平度;基于分形理论,采用迭代函数法重构这四种路面谱;结合路面不平度的统计特性评价指标和分形维数对四种路面的原始谱和重构谱进行评价。研究结果表明:重构前、后路面谱的平均值、标准差、峰度系数以及分形维数变化范围在±5%以内,除水泥路面的偏态系数变化范围均在±9%以内,重构路面谱与原始谱具有一致性;重构路面谱保持了原始路面的结构特性,并具有路面的细微结构。 相似文献
18.
金乡县大蒜产区土壤重金属特征及潜在生态风险评价 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
应用地积累指数、潜在生态风险指数、健康风险指数法和因子分析法对金乡县典型大蒜产区土壤重金属（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）特征、污染源头及其潜在生态风险进行了评价分析。结果表明:该县大蒜产区土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均含量分别为16.27、0.18、63.05、32.79、0.15、32.05、20.71和80.47 mg kg?1,未超过《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》（HJ 332—2006）规定的上限值,即多数点位土壤重金属含量处于清洁水平。土壤重金属潜在生态风险低,且没有显著的人体健康风险。土壤中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn可能主要来自施肥、施药和灌溉等农业生产活动,As和Hg可能来自当地煤炭生产等工业活动产生的大气沉降。总体而言,从重金属含量角度评价,该地区土壤质量处于清洁水平,建议今后继续加强大蒜产地投入品的监管和当地煤炭生产及相关工业活动的脱尘处理,以保障大蒜产区土壤具有绿色可持续的生产能力。 相似文献
19.
A total of 50 farmland soil samples were collected from the Yanqi County, Xinjiang, China, and the concentrations of eight heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined by standard methods. The spatial distribution, pollution level and ecological risk status of heavy metals were analyzed based on GIS technology, the Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), the Pollution Load Index (PLI) and the Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI). Results indicated that: (1) The average contents of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn of farmland soils exceeded the background values of irrigation soils in Xinjiang by 1.5, 1.40, 1.33, 2.63, and 4.92 times, respectively. Cd showed a no-pollution level, Zn showed a partially moderate pollution level, Pb showed a slight pollution level, and Cr, Cu, As, Mn, and Ni showed no-pollution level, compared to the classification standard. The PLI values of heavy metal elements of farmland soils varied from 0.83 to 1.89, with an average value of 1.29, at the moderate pollution level. (2) The Individual Potential Ecological Risk Index for heavy metals in the study area was ranked in the order of: As > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb > Cr> Zn. The RI values of heavy metals of farmland soils varied from 3.45 to 11.34, with an average value of 6.13, at the low ecological risk level. (3) Cu and Mn of farmland soils were mainly originated from the soil parent material and topography of the study area. As, Cd, Ni and Pb were mainly originated from human activities, and Cr and Zn may originated from both natural and anthropogenic factors in the study area. 相似文献
20.
Ruiping Li Guanqing Cai Jing Wang Wei Ouyang Hongguang Cheng Chunye Lin 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(11):1806-1817