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1.
Somatic cell counts （SCCs） levels indicate the occurrence of infections in goat udders and are related to the productivity of goat milk, cheese and yoghurt. This work presents a segmentation method for counting somatic cells in goat milk images, intending to detect an infection known as mastiffs, which is the major cause of loss in dairy farming. The image segmentation procedure is devised by using the lab color space and the watershed transform. A large number of samples under variable preparation conditions are treated with the proposed method. A comparison between manual and the proposed technique is presented. Promising results indicates that video-microscopy systems may be employed to develop automated SCC for goat milk.  相似文献   

2.
The detection of chemical contaminants is critical to ensure dairy safety. These contaminants include veterinary medicines,antibiotics,pesticides,heavy metals,mycotoxins,and persistent organic pollutants(POPs). Immunoassays have recently been used to detect contaminants in milk because of their simple operation,high speed,and low cost. This article describes the latest developments in the most important component of immunoassays — antibodies,and then reviews the four major substrates used for immunoassays(i.e.,microplates,membranes,gels,and chips) as well as their use in the detection of milk contaminants. The paper concludes with prospects for further applications of these immunoassays.  相似文献   

3.
The purpose of soil monitoring system in Slovakia is better to protect the soils with regard to sustainable land use. The main objective is the observation of soil properties concerning the main threats to soil： soil contamination, salinisation and sodification, decline in soil organic matter （SOM）, soil compaction and erosion. Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is consistently running since 1993. Its importance consists of providing the information on changing spatial and temporal variations of soil parameters as well as the evolution of soil quality in topsoil and subsoil. Soil monitoring network in Slovakia is constructed using ecological principles, taking into account all main soil types and subtypes, SOM, climatic regions, emission regions, polluted and non-polluted regions as well as various land use. The results of soil monitoring of 318 sites on agricultural land in Slovakia have been presented. Soil properties are evaluated according to the main threats to soil relating to European Commission recommendation for European soil monitoring performance as follows： soil contamination, soil salinization and sodification, decline in SOM, soil compaction and erosion. The most significant change has been determined in physical properties of soils. The physical degradation was especially manifested in compacted and the eroded soils. About 50% of agricultural land is potentially affected by soil erosion in Slovakia. In addition, decline in SOM and available nutrients indicate the serious facts on evaluation and extension of soil degradation processes during the last period in Slovakia. Obtained measured data and required outputs are reported to Joint Research Centre （JRC） in lspra （Italy） and European Environmental Agency （EEA） in Copenhagen （Denmark）. Finally, soil monitoring system thus becomes a basic tool for protection of soils and sustainable land use as well as for the creation of legislatives not only in Slovakia, but in EU, too.  相似文献   

4.
The aim of this research is to identify the most suitable land for forestry, afforestation and rangeland management in Hamadan province. This research has been accomplished using Makhdoum＇s model. In this research 30 digital data layers are used. The Geographic Information System （GIS） has been used as main tool and overlay method has been used to implement the mentioned model. The results of this research revealed that the extent of favorite areas for fifth grade forestry, favorite areas for fourth grade afforestation, and favorite areas for third grade and fourth grade range management in the studied area. Based on the results of this research, the studied area has limited potentials for forestry and afforestation activities. The obtained results of evaluation also showed that the rangelands of Hamadan province are extremely poor. Since the rangelands have a substantial role in preservation of soil and water, therefore it is necessary to take appropriate measures for better exploitation of rangelands.  相似文献   

5.
臭牡丹叶提取液对2种植物病菌的抑制作用研究（英文）   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The test was undertaken to reveal the antifungal activity of extracts from Clerodendrum bungei leaves against Pestalotia funereal and Rhizoctonia solani,the results showed that optimal condition for best antifungal activity of extracts against Pestalotia funereal and Rhizoctonia solani are as follows:material-liquid ratio of 1∶6,75% ethanol as extracting solvent,reflux at 90 ℃ for 1.5 h.The substances with good dissolubility in ethanol and water solution such as organic acid,bioflavonoid and alkaloid are main antifungal bioactive substances in Clerodendrum bungei.  相似文献   

6.
The purpose of this research was to incorporate Bifidobacterium angulatum and Bifidobacterium infantis in frozen fermented dairy desserts made from camel or cow milk and to determine their viability during freezing and storage at .20℃. To meet this objective, ice cream mixtures were formulated using camel or cow milk constituents, inoculated with regular yogurt starter （Lactobacillus delbruecldi ssp bulgaricus and streptococcus thermophilus） and incubated at 42℃ till a pH value of 5.0 was attained. The fermented mixes were heated to 80℃ for 5 min in water bath to inhibit yogurt organisms. Bifidobacteria were then added at 2 g/kg mix （1 gram from each Bifidobacterium strain）. The results showed that the initial counts of Bifidobacteria before freezing were 7.3 × 10^8 and 7.1 × 108 cfu/g for camel and cow mix respectively and decreased to 1.06× 10^8 and 1.1×10^8 in the same order （about 0.8 log reduction in the count of Bifidobacteria was observed） after freezing and storage for one day. No significant changes in counts of Bifidobaeteria were found during storage at -20℃ for 17 weeks. Changes in pH and titratable acidity were also studied. No significant changes in titratable acidities of frozen yogurt made from camel or cow milk constituents during storage period were observed.  相似文献   

7.
The vertical price transmission is generally considered as the relationship between two markets of the same production chain However, we can expand this concept to another relation which has not been deeply investigated： the joint products. They are the products which are produced in a single production process, but not correspond to the same chain. An especial case is the beef and milk markets in Costa Rica. Even if these products usually correspond to disconnect chains, in Costa Rica farms make use of cattle to produce both meat and milk. The cointegration framework is applied in order to indentify the price transmission among these markets. In addition, the asymmetric behavior and structural breaks are taken into account. Price transmission between each market pair was found. First, the cattle prices adjust in the milk-cattle relationship, second, beef meat prices adjust in the cattle-beef meat and in the milk - beef meat relationship. Finally, the equations allowing for structural breaks affect the estimates in the following three ways： after the break the elasticities became higher than 1, there is more evidence of cointegration, and the adjustment coefficients are significant only when a change in the long run is allowed.  相似文献   

8.
To keep the concept of a safe food supply to the consumers, animal feed industries world over are showing an increasing interest in the direct-fed microbials(DFM) for improved animal performance in terms of growth or productivity. This becomes all the more essential in a situation, where a number of the residues of antibiotics and/or other growth stimulants reach in milk and meat with a number of associated potential risks for the consumers. Hence, in the absence of growth stimulants, a positive manipulation of the rumen microbial ecosystem to enhance the feedstuff utilization for improved production efficiency by ruminants has become of much interest to the researchers and entrepreneurs. A few genera of live microbes(i.e., bacteria, fungi and yeasts in different types of formulations from paste to powder) are infrequently used as DFM for the domestic ruminants. These DFM products are live microbial feed supplements containing naturally occurring microbes in the rumen. Among different DFM possibilities, anaerobic rumen fungi(ARF) based additives have been found to improve ruminant productivity consistently during feeding trials. Administration of ARF during the few trials conducted, led to the increased weight gain, milk production, and total tract digestibility of feed components in ruminants. Anaerobic fungi in the rumen display very strong cell-wall degrading cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities through rhizoid development, resulting in the physical disruption of feed structure paving the way for bacterial action. Significant improvements in the fiber digestibility were found to coincide with increases in ARF in the rumen indicating their role. Most of the researches based on DFM have indicated a positive response in nutrient digestion and methane reducing potential during in vivo and/or in vitro supplementation of ARF as DFM. Therefore, DFM especially ARF will gain popularity but it is necessary that all the strains are thoroughly studied for their beneficial properties to have a confirmed ‘generally regarded as safe' status for ruminants.  相似文献   

9.
In Brazil, milk production is a key sector for income generation, tax collection and much of the milk produced comes from family farms. The present study was aimed to assess the conditions of milk production on 30 farms in the city of S~ Mateus, to the North of the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil. Data were obtained through questionnaires sent to producers according to the legislation of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture. The questions included type of milking, hygiene practices and health status of milkers, mastitis control and source and others. Milking was manually done in all farms, and only 40,0% of milkers washed their hands and forearms before milking, and 13.0% used antiseptic solutions after washing. None of the farms performed the pre-dipping and post-dipping procedures. Control of mastitis was not performed in 94.0% of the farms and none of them performed the CMT test. A high degree of non-conformity was observed in the family farms. These data demonstrate the need for training farmers in good agricultural practices. This would contribute to achieving better quality milk, and ensure the sustainability of the segment in the Northern region of the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil.  相似文献   

10.
By the end of sixties, several satellites were launched to observe the earth; among them the Landsat missions have been important to study natural resources, especially in agriculture. Currently, Landsat 7, with some problems, and Landsat 5 are useful to evaluate crop development. A project called ＂Participatory multi-Level EO-assisted tools for Irrigation water management and Agricultural Decision-Support＂ （PLEIADES） was financed by the European Commission. This project considers eleven countries and 23 research institutions, Mexico being one of the selected countries. Landsat images are a basic tool of this project. Some of the results obtained in this study are presented in this article. By using w~getation indices obtained by the combinations of reflectances in different bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, it has been possible to estimate the behavior of several biophysical parameters of crops which are used to evaluate plant development, water stress, spatial soil variation, and the effect of plagues and crop diseases. To facilitate this process, a visor was developed, named SPIDER （System of Participatory Information Decision support and Expert knowledge for River basin management） whose use in this work is explained.  相似文献   

11.
The present study was conducted to investigate antifungal activity ofLawsonia inermis （Henna plant）. Leaf samples of the plants were collected from Eastern Nile of Khartoum state, Sudan. Ethanol and petroleum ether extracts in various concentrations were obtained by maceration （cold method）. The extracts were bioassay in vitro to know their bioactivity to inhibit the growth of tested fungi. The cup plate agar diffusion method was adopted to assess the antifungal activity of the extracts against tested yeasts while agar incorporated method was used for other molds. Both extracts revealed anti fungal activity against all yeast strains except Pichiafabianii which was found resistant to both ethanol and ether extracts. The results displayed antifungal activity against tested fungi. Minimum mould concentration （MMC） of the extracts was determined. The obtained results revealed antifungal activity of henna leaves extracts which support the traditional use of the Henna in therapy of fungal infections. The possibility of therapeutic use of Sudanese henna as antifungal agents is recommended.  相似文献   

12.
The molecular factors involved in the three-way interaction between plant, pathogenic fungi and antagonistic/biocontrol fungi, such as Trichoderma, are still poorly understood, even if they represent a matter of interest for improving crop management and developing new strategies for plant diseases control. The aim of this work is to investigate the components involved in this interaction and, for this purpose, a proteomic approach was used. 2-D maps of the protein extracts from the single co…  相似文献   

13.
Farmers may not be conscious for their farmland＇s nutrients, soil organic matter, water and air because they simply concerned only for their labor availability and soil fertility losses. The composition and proportion of these components greatly influence soil physical properties, including texture, structure and porosity, the fraction of pore space in a soil. The soil of this farmland must be able to supply adequate amount of plant nutrients, in forms which can be absorbed by the crop, within its lifespan. Deficiencies or imbalances in the supply of any of essential elements can compromise growth, affecting root development, cell division, crop quality, crop yield and resistance to disease and drought. This study was conducted to fill this knowledge gap in order to develop economically vital and environmentally accepted nutrient management strategies for the use of soils in agricultural lands. The objective of this study is to assess the elemental contents and concentration of soil samples collected from farmlands of ＂Yebrage＂ using neutron activation analysis （NAA） techniques regardless of oxidation state, chemical form or physical locations. NAA is used to determine the elemental composition and concentrations present in a soil. The macro/micronutrient and organic matter deficiencies have been verified in agricultural soils through increased use of soil testing and plant analysis. The challenge for agriculture over the coming decades will meet the world＇s increasing demands for food in a sustainable way. Current issues and future challenges point out that as long as agriculture remains a soil based industry, major decreases in productivity likely to be attained ensuring that plants do not have adequate and balanced supply of nutrients.  相似文献   

14.
Scientific and technical progress has been the driving forces of enterprises development.Milk productive enterprises are developing faster and growing better.It is very important to measure the contributive ratio of scientific and technical progress in milk productive enterprises.And the appraisement could help to develop milk productive enterprises.The model C^2GS^2 was established to appraise the contributive ratio of scientific and technical progress in milk productive enterprises in the research.And the appraisement on the contributive ratio of scientific and technical progress in milk productive enterprises was made by the model.In the results of appraisement,science and technology play a main role in milk productive enterprises.It is shown that our milk productive enterprises are developed by scientific and technical progress while not by input of productive factors.  相似文献   

15.
Revenue Sharing in Dairy Industry Supply Chain-A Case Study of Hohhot,China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Dairy industry has become an increasingly important enterprise in China as people＇s dietary preferences and composition have changed dramatically with rapid economic development in the past several decades.A number of problems,however,exist in China＇s relatively young dairy industry,including the imbalanced allocation of profits throughout the dairy supply chain.One of the root causes of the melamine infant powered milk scandal in 2008 was the unfair profit allocation mechanism in dairy supply chain.The revenue sharing contract approach has proven to be effective in generating market shares and total profits.In this study,we apply the three-stage revenue sharing contract model of Giannoccaro and Pontrandolfo（2004） in an analysis of dairy supply chain to explore its problems in profit allocation and possible solutions to them.The analysis was conducted by a case study of Hohhot,often called as ＂milk capital of China＂.Our results show that the current profit distribution in the dairy supply chain is not balanced：the supermarket＇s profitfarmer＇s profitmanufacturer＇s profit.Under the revenue sharing contract setting,the dairy industry＇s total profit increased by 12.49%.By exploring different parameters in the revenue sharing contract model,we have found that a win-win situation can be created among all the members of the supply chain.In dairy supply chain,the ratio of the revenue reserved for the supermarket itself is equal or greater than 47% and the ratio of the revenue reserved for the manufacturer itself is between 46.4 and 50.2%.The values of the parameters that generate a sustainable or win-win situation are related to the bargaining position in the dairy supply chain.The revenue sharing contract has proven to be effective and desirable by all the dairy chain partners in dairy supply chain.The results of this study provide relevant information for improving the dairy supply chain structure and the revenue sharing contract model can be applied to other industries,sectors and regions.  相似文献   

16.
The use of the power tillers （walking tractors） are increasingly popular in Nigeria among farmers adopting Sawah rice production technology. This study compares the effects of two types of power tillers on physical properties of soil and rice yield. because soil properties determine to a large extents rice yield. Data on soil properties and rice yield were collected and subjected to t-test statistics. The results show that, significant differences exit for all the physical properties of soils rice yields from fields where the two power tiller were used with yields from rice field where SHAKTI was used was higher than KUBOTA. It is important that farmers using these models of power tillers for rice production should not only focus on the purchase cost of these power tillers but their overall efficiency in order to achieve the desired high level of yield.  相似文献   

17.
At the beginning of 2007 the milk producers from the Primorsko-Goranska County, Croatia were surveyed through the questionnaire in order to determine the current status and to highlight the obstacles and the possibilities of development and improvement of the modern cattle breeding in the observed county. The questionnaire spanned 2001-2006 period and all together 260 families were surveyed. The survey aimed to get as much as possible useful information＇s that would indicate the problems concerning the cattle breeding in this area, and based on these results to give certain guidelines for the improvement of current status. Older age of milk producers, significant number of family farms with small number of cattle and difficult implementation of selective measures due to the small number of cows that were included in milk recording were determined as the main obstacles for cattle breeding development in the surveyed county. It is emphasized that development of cattle breeding in this area should be based upon the increased number of family farms with larger herds. To achieve this it is necessary to retain existing cattle fund, and then gradually increase the number of cattle in the mentioned county through the import of breeding heifers of dairy and combined breeds from neighboring European countries with highly developed cattle breeding. Besides that, it is also necessary to create conditions for the production of organic （ecological） products, which represents the future of agriculture, livestock production, bearing in mind that demanding European market has recognized the value of organic agricultural products that were produced through environment friendly production, which Primorsko-Goranska County, due to its significant natural resources, could easily assure.  相似文献   

18.
The article reports a method of making dried larval specimens of Erythraeidae,ectoparasitism of insect,refreshed for taxonomic study.The dried larvae are let in cuvettes with 50%ethanol.The cuvette plat is then put into a beaker with water in appropriate amount,fulling to 1/3-2/3 high of the cuvette plat.The beaker is heated until the water boiling,and then stop to heat.After that,the treated larvae are immersed into a container with ethanol-glycerol solution(50%ethanol:glycerol=20:1),and then the container is warmed in a Water-Bath at 60℃for 2h to‘refresh’the larvae.The refreshed larvae are as mollescent as fresh ones and easy to be prepared for morphologic observation and long-term preservation.  相似文献   

19.
The small heat shock protein(sHSP) chaperones are required for protecting cellular proteins from damage,as well as refolding denatured proteins.This study was carried out to investigate the temporal-spatial expression patterns of two sHSP genes in rice.These two genes,named as Os16.9A and Os16.9B,are reverse duplicated genes that adjacently located on chromosome 1 and probably share the same or overlapping DNA region as a promoter.The interval sequence between the start codons of the two genes which are transcribed in opposite directions is only about 2.6 kb.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to detect the expression of the two genes under normal growth conditions and different stress conditions.The expression patterns of the two genes were in detail investigated by using β-glucuronidase(GUS) reporter gene fusion system.Results showed that heat shock stress can induce high level expression of the two genes.Under normal growth conditions,Os16.9A and Os16.9B expressed in vegetative organs and young panicles.GUS staining combined with cytological observations showed that the two genes expressed mainly in the vascular tissues of roots,stems and young panicles,implicating that Os16.9A and Os16.9B play important roles not only for heat shock response,but also for normal development in rice.  相似文献   

20.
This paper provides a model to identify the most appropriate packaging system （i.e. the industrial process by which the product is hygienically coupled with the container） for different liquid foods. The model developed is grounded on the Analytic Network Process （ANP） methodology, a powerful and flexible tool used in decision making. To select the appropriate packaging system, the model takes into account several factors, including packaging material, cost, safety, performance （e.g., speed and accuracy）, plant reliability and flexibility, which may directly or indirectly affect the suitability of the process. Moreover, the chemical and physical properties of commercial liquid foods, and the packaging technology are included in the model as further variables to be considered for the final choice. We try to answer the following research questions： is a filling system appropriate for a given liquid food？ Is it compatible with a defined packaging technology？ When several filling systems are available for a given liquid food, how can the most appropriate one be selected？ The ease of application of the model and the robustness of the results provided have been tested on a sample of 59 commercial liquid foods, for which the model allowed to identify the most suitable packaging system, providing useful practical guidelines. The model was developed in close collaboration with a panel of experts, operating in the beverage bottling industry, and validated by the same experts; thus, the resulting tool is suitable for use as a decision support system by food and bottling industries.  相似文献   

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