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1.
The present study was carried out to measure fecal progestagen and estrone concentrations during pregnancy in a giraffe and examine the possibility of utilizing this assay system for pregnancy diagnosis. Fecal samples were collected from a giraffe during her third and fourth parities and mixed with methanol to prepare a fecal solution. Diluted fecal solution was used for direct enzyme immunoassay for progestagen and estrone. The newborn calf from the third parity was viable, although that from the fourth parity died 5 days after calving. In the third parity, the giraffe's progestagen and estrone concentrations increased transiently from days 30 to 120 of pregnancy. Then, they decreased and remained low until day 330. This was followed by a drastic rise in both concentrations as parturition approached. Parturition caused a reduction in the progestagen and estrone concentrations of the feces. In the fourth parity, the progestagen concentration increased gradually after mating until day 320. This was followed by a reduction in the concentration until parturition. However, the estrone concentration fluctuated, and the duration and extent of the prepartum rise in concentration were shorter and lower than those of the third parity. The hormone dynamics of the third parity suggest the possibility of early pregnancy diagnosis by measuring progestagen or estrone between days 30 and 120 after mating.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of the present study was to establish a simple method to monitor ovarian activity and non-invasively diagnose pregnancy in okapi (Okapia johnstoni). The feces of a female okapi were collected daily or every 3 days for 28 months. Steroids in lyophilized feces were extracted with 80% methanol, and the fecal levels of immunoreactive progestagens (progesterone and pregnanediol-glucuronide), androgen (testosterone), and estrogens (estradiol-17beta and estrone) were determined by enzyme immunoassays with commercially available antisera. Using the progesterone profiles, the durations of the luteal phase, follicular phase, and estrous cycle were determined to be 11.1 +/- 0.4, 5.3 +/- 0.6, and 16.5 +/- 0.7 days (n=22), respectively. Fecal levels of immunoreactive progesterone, pregnanediol glucuronide, and testosterone gradually increased from early pregnancy and peaked several months before parturition. More pregnanediol glucuronide was excreted in feces than progesterone during late pregnancy, but not during the estrous cycle. Although the fecal concentrations of immunoreactive estradiol-17beta and estrone change a little throughout pregnancy and non-pregnancy, they rose sharply and temporarily on the day following parturition. The present study indicates that fecal assays with commercial antisera for progesterone and pregnanediol glucuronide are useful for evaluating luteal activity and diagnosing pregnancy and indicates that estrogens might have some role as a trigger of parturition.  相似文献   

3.
In this study, an attempt was made to use vaginal electrical impedance to predict calving in a female white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) and to determine the relationship between vaginal electrical impedance and hormonal profiles during pregnancy. The principle behind vaginal electrical impedance is that a change in the ionic balance of vaginal and cervical mucus occurs in response to changes in reproductive hormones. Three times weekly vaginal electrical impedance readings and fecal samples were collected from midgestation to calving (a 6-mo period). The extracted fecal samples were analyzed for immunoreactive estrogens, progestagens, and corticoids by RIA. Vaginal electrical impedance readings did not decrease before calving but remained consistent throughout the last 140 days of pregnancy. Fecal progestagens in the white rhinoceros decreased between day 17 and day 1 before calving, whereas estrogens increased between 4 and 2 mo before calving, with an additional increase occurring 1 mo before calving. Fecal corticoids increased 5 mo before calving, slowly declined, and increased again within 3 wk before calving. A decline in vaginal electrical impedance was noted 168 days before calving and remained at low levels for 4 wk. At the time of this decrease, the female became aggressive toward the male and began lactating. Fecal progestagens and estrogens did not change during this time; however, fecal corticoids increased as vaginal electrical impedance readings returned to normal along with her behavior and cessation of lactation. In summary, the use of vaginal electrical impedance could not predict parturition in the white rhinoceros. However, an anomaly occurred during pregnancy that was supported by vaginal electrical impedance readings, a change in female behavior, premature lactation, and a subsequent increase in fecal corticoids. The etiology of this physiological anomaly is unknown, yet it did not compromise pregnancy.  相似文献   

4.
Fecal progestagen analysis in okapis (Okapia johnstoni) was used for diagnosis of pregnancy and reproductive disorders, including a comparison of urinary and fecal progestagen analysis and endocrine data on the postpartum period. Data were generated on reliability of fecal progestagen analysis in early pregnancy diagnosis, and case reports were compiled involving single animals with missing luteal activity, abortion after twin pregnancy, and abortions due to deficient placental progestagen production. There was approximately 100-200-fold higher progestagen concentration in feces than in urine, thus explaining the high reliability of fecal progestagen evaluations in diagnosing luteal function and pregnancy. The postpartum period was characterized by lactational anestrus of several months duration, and a postpartum estrous cycle about 2-3 wk after parturition was observed in two of eight animals. An animal with five abortions due to deficient placental progestagen production was treated with altrenogest in a subsequent pregnancy and carried the fetus to term.  相似文献   

5.
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the fecal progestagen (progesterone and its metabolites) levels of miniature pigs would change after excretion at room temperature. Our initial investigation focused on the correlations between the fecal progestagen concentrations with and without ether extraction and between the plasma progesterone and fecal progestagen concentrations in order to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for fecal progestagen without ether extraction. There were significant correlations between fecal progestagen concentrations with and without ether extraction (r=0.880) and between fecal progestagen concentrations without ether extraction and plasma progesterone (r=0.763). The fecal progestagen concentration obtained by ELISA without ether extraction was almost identical to that obtained with ether extraction. These results validate the ELISA method without ether extraction, which was therefore used for the latter experiment. Fecal samples collected from the pigs were preserved for 0-24 h at room temperature, and then their fecal progestagen concentrations were measured. The fecal samples preserved for 0 to 24 h were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ELISA. The concentrations of all samples significantly increased with time after preservation. The progestagen concentration of fresh feces (0 h) with high progestagen concentration (>1000 ng/g) increased significantly after 3 h. The concentration increased significantly after 12 h for fresh feces containing about 500 ng/g progestagen. HPLC analysis is showed that the fecal progesterone concentration, but not its other metabolites, doubled 24 h after excretion compared with the concentration at 0 h. These results suggest that dynamic changes in the profile of progesterone metabolites occur in feces after excretion.  相似文献   

6.
Maternal plasma progestagen concentrations increase about 20 days before parturition. The major contributors to the increase are reduced metabolites (ie 5 alpha-pregnanes). Precocious increases (ie less than 310 days of gestation) in these metabolites may occur in abnormal pregnancies. The effects of CRH, ACTH or betamethasone administered to the foetus at gestational ages ranging from about 250 to 320 days were examined. Sixteen healthy pony mares were used for foetal injection employing aseptic techniques. Water or normal saline were used as controls. Maternal plasma progestagen concentrations were measured using a commercial radioimmunoassay (RIA) progesterone kit and results were confirmed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results demonstrated clearly that an increase in maternal plasma progestagen concentrations occurred after injection of ACTH, CRH or betamethasone to the foetus, irrespective of gestational age. A comparable increase was not observed in the control animals. Of the 16 mares in which the foetus was injected, 13 produced viable foals at gestational ages ranging from 307 to 339 days whereas 3 mares delivered non-viable foals at 284 to 306 days gestation. The results support the hypothesis that the pre-parturient rise in progestagens occurring in the mare is the result of foetal adrenocortical activity.  相似文献   

7.
Fecal 17beta-estradiol and progestogens excretion was monitored in adult, female cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus; n = 2), ZGG-12301 (born 3 April 1993), gonadotrophin treated and ZGT-3301, (born 19 August 1993), nontreated, for 120 days using commercially available plate enzyme immunoassay kits prepared for human serum or plasma. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) between baseline and peak concentrations of both hormone measures. Female ZGG-12301, which conceived, but this pregnancy resulted in an unobserved spontaneous abortion, showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between baseline and gestation 17beta-estradiol values; fecal 17beta-estradiol excretion during pregnancy was statistically different (P < 0.001) from excretion during the nonpregnancy period. Baseline progestogen concentrations were different from pregnancy (P < 0.001) and postovulatory (P < 0.01) concentrations, and progestogen concentrations during pregnancy period were different (P < 0.001) from postovulatory concentrations. In the nontreated cheetah (ZGT-3301), basal and increased progestogen concentrations were statistically different (P < 0.01). On the basis of 17beta-estradiol excretory patterns, duration of the estrous cycle (x +/- SEM) was 13.2 +/- 2.2 days. These results suggest that the enzyme-linked immunosorbent methods reported in this study were capable of quantifying reproductive hormones in fecal extracts of cheetahs and could be a practical alternative to other enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays which require more complex procedures.  相似文献   

8.
利用放射免疫测定法测定了3只坡鹿粪便中孕酮含量的变化,观察记录了圈养坡鹿的繁殖行为。结果显示:圈养坡鹿繁殖行为具有明显的季节变化,如雄鹿的求偶行为、标记行为和雄鹿、雌鹿的性行为等在发情期表现明显。坡鹿怀孕及分娩前后,粪便中孕酮含量有明显的变化。怀孕前粪便中孕酮的含量维持在较低的浓度水平。怀孕后,孕酮含量明显上升。分娩后,孕酮含量迅速降至低浓度水平。粪便中孕酮含量的变化可以及时地反映坡鹿的生殖生理状况(包括发情、怀孕、分娩等)并作为早期妊娠诊断的依据。  相似文献   

9.
We studied the relationship of serum prolactin, estradiol-17 beta, and progesterone concentrations to plasma calcium, phosphorus, and free hydroxyproline concentrations, as well as to dry matter intake, in 14 aged dairy cows (mean of 4.5 parities), 7 of which became paretic, from 28 days before to 4 days after calving. Plasma calcium and phosphorus concentrations and dry matter intake decreased more at parturition in paretic cows than in nonparetic cows. Prolactin concentrations were not different between paretic and nonparetic cows, but were variable. Concentrations of estradiol were higher in paretic cows from 15 to 5 days before parturition, whereas hydroxyproline concentration was lower in paretic cows on days 10 through 3 before parturition. Progesterone concentration was lower in paretic cows and decreased earlier at parturition, compared with that in nonparetic cows. The findings suggested that high estradiol concentrations in late pregnancy inhibit bone resorption and predispose aged cows to parturient paresis. The earlier decrease in progesterone concentration at parturition and lower concentrations throughout late pregnancy might have contributed to the greater inappetence in paretic cows at parturition. The importance of prolactin in the pathogenesis of parturient paresis is not clear.  相似文献   

10.
The captive North American cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) population is not self-sustaining because of high prevalences of unusual diseases and poor reproductive success. Cheetahs are commonly moved between zoos for breeding purposes to maintain genetic diversity within the captive population, and movement may exacerbate infertility and disease. Fecal corticoids were analyzed by radioimmunoassay to measure the stress response of cheetahs to movement between facilities. Fecal samples were collected from 15 cheetahs for 14 days before movement and for at least 30 days after movement. For each cheetah, premovement fecal corticoid concentrations were used to determine baseline and then compared with trends in postmovement concentrations. In general, postmovement corticoid concentrations either increased (n = 8), did not change (n = 2), or decreased (n = 5). Although individual animal differences occurred, corticoid concentrations increased for most animals moved on-exhibit and decreased in animals moved off-exhibit. Animals moving on-exhibit had an 18-times greater risk of having corticoids elevated more than two standard deviations above baseline for 30 days after movement compared with animals that moved off-exhibit. In addition, greater day-to-day variation in corticoids occurred in animals moved on-exhibit. In general, animals with initially low baseline corticoid concentrations had a greater postmovement corticoid response than cheetahs with initially high baseline levels. These results indicate that some cheetahs have a prolonged stress response when moved between facilities, and the magnitude and character of this response is influenced by the exhibit environment.  相似文献   

11.
The plasma concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol-17p during pregnancy and the first 20 days after parturition were estimated in reindeer. The concentration of progesterone in the period 75–25 days prior to parturition was significantly higher than in the period 200– 75 days prior to parturition (P < 0.001). During the last 25 days before parturition the concentration decreased significantly. The concentration of oestradiol-17β was in most cases below 70 pg/ml until 50 days prior to parturition. During the last 25 days of pregnancy there was a significant increase in oestradiol-17β and the ratio progesterone/ oestradiol-17β was markedly lower than in the period 75–25 days before calving.Key words: reindeer, gestation, plasma, progesterone, oestradiol-17β  相似文献   

12.
Fecal progesterone content was measured by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) in the sika doe (Cervus nippon). The total recovery rate of fecal progesterone by twice extraction with diethylether was about 60%. The displacement curve of TR-FIA with serial doses of fecal extract (0.156-5.0 mg feces) was closely parallel to that of the reference standard. Fecal progesterone content was correlated with that of plasma (r=0.829, n=16), but the values were 100-fold higher in feces than in plasma. Fecal progesterone content periodically changed during the breeding season suggesting the estrous cycle in the doe. The fecal progesterone content was higher between the estruses, and decreased after estrus. The time between the onset of estrous signs and the lowest fecal progesterone content was 1-2 days suggesting the time required for hepatic metabolism and intestinal passage. Fecal progesterone content was also decreased around the time of vaginal discharge. The discharge took place within a few days, suggesting a short luteal phase. Not of all decreases in fecal progesterone values were preceded by estrous behavior or vaginal discharge. Fecal progesterone content was further increased in pregnancy rather than in the preceding estrous cycle and the levels were maintained up to term. These results suggest that fecal progesterone measurement is a useful tool for non-invasive analysis of luteal function in the sika doe. The TR-FIA kit, designed for the human hospital market, was shown to be successfully utilized for fecal assay in the sika doe with minor modifications.  相似文献   

13.
Sixty-four Thoroughbred and Anglo-Arab mares aged 6-12 years were used, of which 40 were non-lactating and 24 lactating. Foals from these 24 mares were weaned at the age of 6 months. Non-lactating and lactating mares were divided into 4 dietary groups each. The total daily protein intake and the protein quality (essential amino-acid content) differed in the 4 groups of non-lactating and 4 groups of lactating mares. The mares were covered and the effect of the quantity and quality of dietary protein on serum progestagen concentrations during pregnancy was studied. A sharp decline in serum progestagen concentrations was recorded in all dietary groups from Days 18 to 40 of pregnancy, with some individual mares reaching values of less than 4 ng/ml. Serum progestagen concentrations recorded in some of the non-lactating mares on the low-quality protein diet increased to higher values (p < 0.05) than those of mares in the other 3 dietary groups at 35-140 days of pregnancy. A similar trend was observed for the lactating mares on a low-quality protein diet at 30-84 days of pregnancy. No such trends were observed in any of the other dietary groups. High-quality protein supplementation increased serum progestagen concentrations during the 1st 30 days of pregnancy. Lactation depressed serum progestagen concentrations until after the foals were weaned.  相似文献   

14.
The fossa is an endangered, mongoose-like carnivore species endemic to Madagascar with a breeding season (BS) in the southern hemisphere spring. For the present study, faecal samples of captive fossas were collected for over 1 year for five males and four non-pregnant females, and for two pregnant animals during the reproductive period. The goal was to assess gonadal activity using non-invasive hormone measurements of faecal testosterone (T) and gestagen metabolites using assays previously established in our laboratory and further validated in this study. All study animals were housed in northern hemisphere zoos. In males, the seasonal T metabolite profile revealed a peak in spring (March). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to characterize the faecal hormone metabolite composition. The highest immunoreactivity was detected in the position of dihydrotestosterone, whereas native T was not detected. In the two pregnant females, gestagen metabolite concentrations increased 4–9 days after the initial matings and remained elevated throughout gestation with concentrations dramatically higher than those of the non-pregnant females during the BS. In these females, gestagen metabolite analyses did not reveal a seasonal pattern similar to the males. The HPLC-analysis revealed that the major proportion of immunoreactivity was associated with an unknown metabolite, whereas native progesterone was undetectable. The seasonal hormone pattern of male fossas gives proof of the reproductive seasonality of this species.
The elevated 5α-pregnan-3β-ol-20-one levels in pregnant animals allows for the characterization of pregnancy in the fossa based on analysis of faecal steroid metabolite concentrations.  相似文献   

15.
Progesterone production is essential for growth and development of the conceptus during pregnancy. Abnormal development of the corpus luteum (CL) after conception can result in early embryonic loss or fetal abortion. Routine monitoring of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) pregnancy after artificial insemination or natural conception with ultrasonography and serum progesterone determination has allowed for the establishment of expected fetal growth rates and hormone concentrations. Using these monitoring techniques, we revealed four pregnant dolphins (12-24 yr old) with abnormally low progesterone production indicative of luteal insufficiency. Once diagnosed, animals were placed on altrenogest (0.044-0.088 mg/kg once daily) alone or with oral progesterone (50-200 mg twice daily). Doses of hormone were increased or decreased in each animal based on how fetal skull biparietal and thoracic growth rates compared with published normal values. Hormones were withdrawn starting from day 358 of gestation in animals 1 and 2, with labor occurring 6 and 7 days after withdrawal and at 376 and 373 days of gestation, respectively. Both deliveries were dystocic, with each calf requiring manual extraction and fetotomy for calf 1. The fetuses in animals 3 and 4 died at 348 and 390 days of gestation, respectively. Induction of labor was attempted in both animals, after fetal death, by using a combination of rapid progesterone withdrawal and steroid and prostaglandin F2alpha administration. The calf of animal 4 had to be removed with manual cervical dilation and fetotomy All adult females survived the procedures. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that the CL is the primary source of progesterone throughout pregnancy in the bottlenose dolphin. Until further characterization of hormones required during pregnancy and at parturition has been accomplished, the exogenous progestagen supplementation protocol described here cannot be recommended for treatment of progesterone insufficiency in bottlenose dolphins.  相似文献   

16.
In this study, the period of pregnancy of nine collared peccary females has been monitored through the analysis of serum progesterone and estradiol-17β profiles. Serum concentrations of progesterone increased by Day 4 after conception, reaching concentrations of 33.4±5.6ng/mL on Day 10. Between Days 10 and 130 progesterone values were maintained between 20 and 60ng/mL. In the collared peccary, embryonic estradiol synthesis is first observed in the systemic circulation by Day 15 of pregnancy. Between Days 0 and 50 of pregnancy, average estradiol-17β concentrations were between 0 and 30pg/mL. From Day 75 of pregnancy onwards, estradiol concentrations were constantly increasing, reaching maximum concentrations (131.4±40.8pg/mL) on the day of parturition. The combined study of serum progesterone and estradiol-17β concentrations as a potential method for early pregnancy diagnosis presented the best overall accuracy (73%) when the threshold was established at 20ng/mL serum progesterone and 20pg/mL serum estradiol. Nevertheless, the accuracy for diagnosing pregnancy of females at mid and late pregnancy was 78% and 95%, respectively. The analysis of the sexual hormones during pregnancy could be a useful tool as a potential pregnancy diagnosis and an efficient predictor of the day of parturition in the captive collared peccary.  相似文献   

17.
Peripheral plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2alpha(PGFM), progesterone, prolactin and oestrone were determined in 20 sows for two days before and three weeks after parturition. Groups of four sows each received one of the following five treatments post partum: 30 ml sterile 0.9 per cent saline solution intrauterinely; ovariectomy and 30 ml saline solution intrauterinely; 10 ml Lugol's iodine plus 20 ml saline solution intrauterinely; ovariectomy and 10 ml Lugol's iodine plus 20 ml saline solution intrauterinely, or progesterone (0.5 mg [kg bodyweight]-1 intramuscularly). Saline solution and iodine were administered every 48 hours, starting immediately after parturition, for one week. Ovariectomy was performed within eight hours of delivery. Progesterone was given every third day for 12 days. Piglet weight gains were used as a reflection of milk yield. In all sows, oestrone values were elevated before parturition, but fell by the end of delivery and were very low during lactation. PGFM concentrations rose during the last two days of pregnancy to reach maximal values at the time of delivery. Plasma progesterone levels declined concomitantly with the rise in PGFM values before parturition. Basal values of progesterone were achieved within 24 hours after delivery in control sows receiving saline treatment. Progesterone values fell immediately after ovariectomy in sows receiving saline or iodine treatment but were slightly elevated for one week in sows that received only intrauterine iodine treatment, suggesting that complete regression of corpora lutea is prevented by suppression of post parturient uterine prostaglandin production. Sows injected with progesterone maintained plasma values of about 5 to 15 nmol litre-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

18.
Assays of reproductive hormone metabolites require validation in each animal species. For validation of methodology in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), fecal samples were collected from females that had been injected by blowgun with estradiol, progesterone, or a control substance. Analysis by radioimmunoassay revealed that estradiol and pregnanediol were more abundant fecal metabolites of estrogens and progestins than were estrone or progesterone. Peak excretion rates of estradiol and pregnanediol occurred within 12 and 24 hr of injection, respectively. Ovulation time was estimated by measuring the frequency of occurrence of eight behavior patterns, including copulation. Profiles were compiled for three deer over the course of estrus and early pregnancy for estradiol, estrone, progesterone, and pregnanediol using radioimmunoassay. Pregnanediol was excreted at concentrations about 1,000 times higher than those of the other three fecal steroid metabolites, and pregnanediol differed in concentration during estrus, the luteal phase, and early pregnancy. Consequently, a simpler enzyme immunoassay was adapted and used to measure pregnanediol levels over the course of estrus and early pregnancy for seven deer. Measurement of fecal pregnanediol is useful for monitoring reproductive events in female white-tailed deer.  相似文献   

19.
The present study aimed to establish simple systems for measuring fecal steroid hormones in order to monitor the reproductive profiles of captive Hokkaido brown bears. The efficiency of fecal sample processing at the steps of dehydration and extraction and the correlation between steroid concentrations in matched fecal and blood samples were studied. Then, monthly changes in fecal estradiol-17 beta and progesterone in female bears, and testosterone in male bears were examined. The procedure was finalized as follows. Fecal samples were dried at 100 degrees C for 3 hr and extracted with diethyl ether. The diethyl ether in the extracts was evaporated and residues were reconstituted in ethanol for the assays. Hormone concentrations were quantified using enzyme immunoassays. Concentrations of progesterone and testosterone in fecal and plasma samples were correlated in the systems. The changes in fecal progesterone and testosterone concentrations were similar to those in serum concentrations of bears as reported previously. In contrast, fecal estradiol concentrations did not correlate with plasma levels probably because of the time lag in excretion. However, the changes in estradiol-17 beta concentrations in feces in the present study were similar to those reported in serum. In conclusion, fecal progesterone and testosterone assay systems appear practical for monitoring ovarian and testicular activities without immobilization, though methodological improvements and further validation may be required. For the fecal estradiol-17 beta assay, there is a need to solve the problem of excretion time lag before the system can be used in the study of reproductive physiology.  相似文献   

20.
During the cycle, the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum inhibits the positive feedback of oestrogens and thus prevents the LH discharge, and also primes the central nervous system for oestrous behaviour. Prostaglandin F2α has been identified as the hormone produced by the uterus which causes luteal regression. The LH discharge leading to ovulation follows the demise of the CL. None of the characteristics of the LH surge (duration, maximum level, total release) can be related to ovulation rate. However, the interval from onset of oestrus to the beginning of the LH discharge is greater in highly prolific breeds than in less prolific ones.The knowledge of these physiological processes leading to oestrus and ovulation makes possible the control of ovarian activity in the ewe. In cyclic females, the control of the timing of the LH discharge and ovulation can be obtained either by inducing luteolysis with PGF2α or its synthetic analogues after day 4–5 of the cycle, or by artificially lengthening the luteal phase with exogenous progesterone or progestagens.During the seasonal and post-partum anoestrus, PGF2α is ineffective and progesterone or progestagens alone are generally unable to induce oestrus and ovulation. Addition at the end of progestagen treatment of inducers of follicular growth and LH release is necessary. Both PMSG and synthetic GnRH are used for this purpose.  相似文献   

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