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1.
不同轮作方式下蚕豆节约氮对玉米产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了评价在中国西南地区广为采用的蚕豆—玉米轮作种植体系中前茬种植蚕豆所增加的土壤氮的供给量对后茬玉米生长的影响,设计了田间二因素试验,分别在不施氮、N75kg/hm^2、N150kg/hm^2、N300kg/hm^2四个氮水平条件下,比较前茬小麦单作、蚕豆单作和小麦/蚕豆间作处理条件下轮作玉米的产量。数据表明,在不施氮（N0）和75kg/hm^2（N1）处理时,与前茬小麦单作相比,前茬单作蚕豆和小麦/蚕豆间作处理显著提高了后茬玉米棒子的产量,前茬蚕豆单作时后茬玉米棒子产量提高了21%和33%,而前茬小麦/蚕豆间作时分别提高了7%和30%,因此在外源氮供应低时蚕豆节约氮对下茬玉米的生物有效性高,从而生物固氮残留提供的氮营养增加;但随施氮量的增加,前作不同种植方式下后作玉米产量间差异不显著,表明随施氮量增加蚕豆节约氮对下茬玉米的生物有效性降低。研究认为在蚕豆-玉米轮作体系中进行氮养分资源管理时,要综合考虑轮作方式和施氮水平,以求得经济和环境效益的统一。 相似文献
2.
接种根瘤菌对蚕豆/玉米间作系统氮营养的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
通过田间试验,研究了不同施氮水平下蚕豆接种根瘤菌GS374对蚕豆/玉米间作系统氮营养的影响.结果表明,在不施氮肥的蚕豆/玉米间作系统中,与不接种相比,蚕豆接种根瘤菌GS374显著提高了系统中蚕豆、玉米的生物学产量和籽粒产量,但在N225水平下则差异不显著.在本试验的N0水平上接种根瘤菌与不接种只施用N 225 kg/hm2所获得的系统总产量相当.无论施氮与否,在蚕豆/玉米间作系统中,与蚕豆不接种相比,蚕豆接种根瘤菌对蚕豆、玉米地上部植株含氮量均无显著影响,但对整个系统的植株地上部吸氮量有显著的促进作用.换句话说,在不施氮的间作系统中,蚕豆接种处理的系统吸氮量比不接种处理提高了19.5%,在施N 225 kg/hm2的间作系统中也提高了14.1%.同时,在不同施氮水平的蚕豆/玉米间作系统中,与蚕豆不接种处理相比,接种根瘤菌并不能显著影响0～20 cm土壤的全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量.因此,本研究认为豆科作物接种合适的根瘤菌,是进一步提高豆科/禾本科作物间作系统氮营养间作优势的又一重要途径. 相似文献
3.
为探究不同施氮水平下小麦蚕豆间作对蚕豆根瘤形成及氮素吸收累积的影响,明确氮肥施用与豆科作物结瘤固氮、氮素吸收累积和产量的关系,通过2年田间试验,分析了N0、N1、N2和N3 4个施氮水平（蚕豆：0、45、90、135kg/hm2;小麦：0、90、180、270kg/hm2）下,单作、间作蚕豆各关键生育期根瘤鲜重、氮素吸收关键参数、地上部氮素累积量和产量的特征。结果表明,N0、N1和N2水平下,间作蚕豆根瘤鲜重比单作分别提高40.9%、27.2%和34.1%;高氮（N3）水平下,单作、间作蚕豆根瘤鲜重无显著差异。与单作相比,4个施氮水平下间作蚕豆的最大氮素累积量（A）和最大氮素吸收速率（Rmax）降幅分别为8.01%~13.93%和10.27%~12.98%,表明氮素吸收累积特点与根瘤鲜重相反。在蚕豆营养生长阶段（出苗后90d内）,单作、间作蚕豆氮素累积量无差异;进入结荚期后（出苗90d后）,间作显著降低了蚕豆的氮素累积量。同时,蚕豆产量也受施氮量和种植模式的调控,与单作相比,4个施氮水平下,间作降低蚕豆产量平均达20.66%。整体而言,在N1水平下,蚕豆根瘤鲜重和产量达最大值,随着施氮量增加,蚕豆根瘤鲜重、氮素累积量和产量均随之降低,间作促进根瘤形成的优势减弱甚至消失。因此,间作体系中蚕豆氮肥的运筹与间作优势的形成密切相关。 相似文献
4.
为探究不同氮效率夏玉米品种间作的氮肥增产效果,采用田间试验研究了不同施氮水平下,不同氮效率夏玉米品种间作种植模式对其产量、氮素积累量、地上部生物量、光合特性及氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,不施氮水平下,郑单958和浚单20间作较郑单958和浚单20单作产量分别增加8.82%和6.34%,吐丝期净光合速率分别增加47.68%和30.89%;施氮240 kg/hm~2水平下,间作较郑单958和浚单20单作产量分别增加7.19%和5.88%,吐丝期净光合速率分别增加27.31%和22.16%;施氮450 kg/hm~2水平下,间作较郑单958和浚单20单作产量分别增加6.53%和5.31%,吐丝期净光合速率分别增加19.20%和7.43%。间作模式下,施氮240,450 kg/hm~2,玉米分别增产9.55%和11.22%,但2个氮水平间差异不显著。郑单958和浚单20间作提高了夏玉米氮素积累量,氮肥利用率提高3.10~3.47个百分点,氮肥农学效率提高1.08~2.64 kg/kg;施氮240 kg/hm~2水平下,郑单958和浚单20间作的氮肥利用率高于浚单20单作,氮肥农学效率最高。综合产量和氮肥利用效率,郑单958和浚单20间作施氮240 kg/hm~2效果较好。 相似文献
5.
玉米/蚕豆、小麦/蚕豆和大麦/蚕豆间作体系地上部、 地下部生物量及作物含氮量分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【研究目的】该盆栽试验研究了在不同分隔方式下三种禾本科作物与蚕豆间作对间作作物地上部、地下部生物量及吸氮量的影响。【方法】首先采用三种分隔方式（塑料膜分隔,尼龙网分隔和无分隔）建立了同一作物组合条件下种间根系相互作用的不同强度;其次选用竞争能力不同的三种禾本科作物（大麦、小麦和玉米）与蚕豆间作,建立了禾本科和豆科作物的竞争强度不同的作物组合。【结果】首先,与三种禾本科作物间作,以及同一间作体系不同分隔方式,对蚕豆地上部、地下部生物量的影响不大;仅与小麦间作蚕豆地上部生物量无分隔显著高于尼绒网分隔。其次,禾本科作物地上部生物量,玉米和大麦显著高于小麦,分别高出15.3%和16.5%;三种禾本科作物地下部生物量,玉米显著高于大麦,高出30.5%,大麦显著高于小麦,高出50.8%;同一间作体系不同分隔方式,对玉米、小麦和大麦地上部和地下部生物量影响显著。再次,大麦全氮含量显著高于玉米和小麦,分别高出16.5%和19.7%,与三种禾本科作物对土壤氮素的竞争能力相一致,大麦大于小麦和玉米;同玉米间作蚕豆全氮含量显著高于同小麦和大麦间作蚕豆,分别高出11.2%和5.6%。最后,玉米,同小麦和大麦间作蚕豆无分隔处理全氮含量显著高于塑料膜分隔,表现出间作优势。【结论】蚕豆的生长受间作禾本科作物的影响不显著;然而大麦/蚕豆间作体系利用氮素最充分;间作玉米在氮素营养上显著受益于同蚕豆的间作;并且在三种间作体系里,根系完全相互作用时有利于作物氮素的累积。 相似文献
6.
交替灌溉对西北绿洲区小麦间作玉米水分利用的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
受水资源不足的严重制约,西北绿洲区以间作套种为主体的多熟种植面积被持续压缩,使单位耕地产出率和光能利用率明显下降,间作节水理论和技术研究亟待开展。交替灌溉技术节水和提高水分利用效率的作用已得到大量验证,但该技术应用到间作中能否产生节水、增效作用,缺乏理论依据。2006—2008年,在甘肃河西走廊干旱荒漠绿洲区进行田间试验,探讨了交替灌溉对小麦间作玉米产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与单作相比,交替灌溉小麦间作玉米可显著提高土地利用效率(LER),LER达到1.22~1.52。交替灌溉与传统灌溉间作相比,LER差异不显著;对间作小麦的产量效应不显著,但使间作玉米的产量提高11.4%~36.4%,混合产量平均提高12.9%。与传统灌溉间作相比,交替灌间作未显著增加作物的耗水量,与单作小麦、单作玉米的加权平均相比高1.2%~19.4%。交替灌溉小麦间作玉米的WUE较单作小麦高12.0%~71.4%、较单作玉米高10.6%~37.8%、较传统灌小麦间作玉米高0.9%~22.5%。在河西绿洲灌区,小麦间作玉米上应用交替灌溉技术具有节水和提高WUE的可行性。 相似文献
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研究不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米产量对单作和间作的响应,对于优化栽培措施、提高作物产量具有重要意义。本试验于2017年在甘肃河西绿洲灌溉区进行,重点研究是不同施氮水平下箭筈豌豆、玉米在单作及间作模式中干物质累积、产量构成、产量表现。结果表明,间作箭筈豌豆干物质累积量与单作相比在不施氮(N0)、减量施氮(N1)和常规施氮(N2)处理下分别提高44.0%、36.7%和37.2%;施氮水平间,间作模式下N1比N2和N0提高9.1%和25.5%,单作模式下提高9.4%和32.1%。间作玉米干物质累积量与单作相比在N0、N1和N2处理下分别提高23.3%、22.5%和23.0%;施氮水平间,间作模式下N1比N2和N0提高9.3%和19.8%,单作模式下提高9.9%和20.7%。间作模式下箭筈豌豆豆荚数和玉米穗数较相应单作分别增加7.6%和14.5%,两者的产量较单作分别提高34.9%和27.0%。由通径分析可知,箭筈豌豆产量决定次序是豆荚数>粒重>单荚粒数,玉米产量决定次序是穗数>粒重>穗粒数。间作结合施氮量240 kg/hm2能获得较高干物质积累量和产量,是河西灌溉区玉米间作箭筈豌豆适宜的施氮水平。 相似文献
8.
《作物杂志》2017,(3)
通过田间试验,研究了单作马铃薯、马铃薯/蚕豆间作和单作蚕豆对干物质积累以及氮、磷积累量的影响。结果表明,在马铃薯和蚕豆共生期内,马铃薯植株和各器官干物质累积受到明显的抑制作用,蚕豆收获后,马铃薯各器官干物质累积促进,间作处理马铃薯植株干物质累积为304.03g/株,大于单作处理的298.29g/株。在苗期,间作处理较单作处理对马铃薯根和叶的全氮累积分别提高了36.52%和17.41%,间作对茎全氮累积具有抑制作用,在生长后期间作处理较单作对马铃薯根、茎和叶全氮累积分别提高了68.68%、42.98%和109.48%,促进作用很明显。在苗期间作处理较单作处理对马铃薯各器官全磷累积具有促进作用而在块茎形成期只对根和叶全磷累积有促进作用,但随着生育期推进反而对不同器官全磷累积都起到抑制作用。 相似文献
9.
初步研究了探讨了黄淮海农区冬小麦Ⅱ早春玉米／夏玉米（简称间作玉米）、春玉米单作、冬小麦－夏玉米（简称单作夏玉米）轮作3种超高产种植模式下玉米的氮营养特性，结果表明，间作提高了玉米产量，但在高脂水平氮吸收效率却低于当量面积单作，在中肥和无肥水平下，间作氮利用效率高于单作，吸收效率低于单作。在作物共生期间，养分吸收存在着竞争和补偿作用，使得间作玉米氮吸收量在每个生育期都不同同于单作。间作提高了夏玉米氮素向籽粒的转移强度，而春玉米只在不施肥时有种趋势。 相似文献
10.
小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯套作对土壤氮素含量及氮素转移的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为探讨小麦/玉米/大豆套作对氮素营养的种间促进机制, 采用叶片15N富积标记法研究了小麦/玉米/大豆(A1)和小麦/玉米/甘薯(A2) 2种套作系统中不同施氮水平下的土壤培肥效果和氮素转移规律。结果表明,施氮可以提高小麦、玉米的土壤总氮含量,以施纯氮150~300 kg hm-2处理最高;大豆较甘薯更有利于保持土壤肥力,施氮0、150、300和450 kg hm-2水平下种植大豆后的土壤总氮含量比种植大豆前(小麦收获后)高38.6%、20.2%、9.4%和16.7%,而种植甘薯则降低总氮含量3.1%、1.8%、14.0%和3.8%。A1系统中小麦和玉米季土壤中NO3-N含量低于A2系统,且随施氮量的增加而增加;大豆季土壤中NO3-N含量高于甘薯季。A1和A2系统均存在15N的双向转移,15N转移量随施氮量的增加而降低,且A1的15N净转移量和转移强度高于A2;A1系统中小麦、玉米和大豆的15N净转移量比A2系统的15N净转移量分别高3.3%~12.1%、27.0%~166.2%和26.2%~78.7%。玉米与小麦之间的15N净转移方向为从玉米向小麦,玉米与大豆之间的15N净转移方向为从大豆向玉米,玉米与甘薯之间的15N净转移方向为从玉米向甘薯。 相似文献
11.
花粉不育是籼粳杂种F1优势利用的主要障碍之一。包括Sa、Sb和Sc等至少6个基因座位内的等位基因互作会引起花粉不育,这些座位上的中性等位基因可以克服不育性。所以,发掘和利用中性等位基因具有重要意义。本文用携带S5n的水稻种质,分别与台中65及其携带花粉不育基因的一套近等基因系杂交,组配具有单个座位互作和多个座位同时互作的杂种F1,首先通过观察杂种F1的花粉育性并比较相应杂种F1育性的差异,初步判断是否具有中性等位基因,然后,采用与Sa、Sb和Sc座位紧密连锁的分子标记对F2植株基因型的分离进行检测,并分析其分离比例的符合度,确定存在中性等位基因的真实性。结果发现在所鉴定的6份材料中有2份(灰背子和Madhukar)同时携带San和Sbn,3份(饭毫皮、秕五升和粤泰B)携带Sbn,1份(Jackson)携带Scn。这些材料同时携带可克服杂种F1胚囊不育和花粉不育的基因,是克服籼粳杂种F1不育性的重要基因来源。 相似文献
12.
Pflanzenwachstum durch CO2 /HCO3 -Eintrag über die Wurzel 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
W. Schäfer 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1988,160(4):228-234
Plant Growth after Application of CO2 /HCO3 to the Roots
After applying H14 CO3 to the root system of summer wheat in hermetically sealed pots, absorption and incorporation of HCO3 in the sugar-, starch-, and fibre-fraction (approximately 50 % of the absorped 14 C) could be shown. This fraction reached 0.44–1.21 % of total C-assimilation of the shoot during growing stage F9/F10 on the Feeke-scala. 1/3 of the HCO3 -fraction resting in the soil was bound organically indicating that microorganisms may be able to utilize exogenous anorganic CO2 /HCO3 for their photosynthesis. 相似文献
After applying H
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Two genic male sterile (GMS) lines, Lang-A conditioned by ms 15 and Zhongkang-A conditioned by ms 5 ms 6 duplicate recessive genes in Gossypium hirsutum L., were chosen to map GMS genes. These two lines were crossed with Gossypium barbadense cv. 'Hai7124' to produce segregating populations. The ms 15 gene was mapped on chromosome 12, and was flanked by two simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, NAU2176 and NAU1278, with a genetic distance of 0.8 and 1.9 cM respectively. The ms 5 and ms 6 genes were mapped to one pair of homoeologous chromosomes, ms 5 on chromosome 12 flanked by three SSR markers, NAU3561, NAU2176 and NAU2096, with genetic distances of 1.4, 1.8 and 1.8 cM, respectively, and ms 6 on chromosome 26 flanked by two SSR markers, BNL1227 and NAU460, with a genetic distance of 1.4 and 1.7 cM respectively. These tightly linked markers with the ms 15 , ms 5 and ms 6 genes can be used in the marker-assisted selection among segregating populations in a breeding programme, and provide the foundation for gene isolation by map-based cloning for these three genes. 相似文献
15.
Although the wild sunflower species Helianthus laevigatus has not been extensively studied it may be considered for sunflower breeding as a potential source of desirable genes for Sclerotinia stalk rot resistance and high contents of proteins and linoleic acid in the seed. A set of six H. laevigatus populations was crossed to cultivated sun~ower lines and produced nine F1 (2-14 plants) and 66 BC1F1 hybrid combinations (1-13 plants). Male sterility occurred in F1 and BC1F1 hybrid combinations and pollen viability was lower in the progenies than in the parents (51.6-77.2%in F1 and in F1 and 4.8-34.0% in BC1F1). Meiosis was normal in the H. laevigatus populations It was found that this tetraploid species also occurred in a hexaploid form Numerous irregularities were observed in the meiosis of the F1 interspecific hybrids During diakinesis, quadrivalents and hexavalents were recorded in addition to bivalents Dislocated chromosomes and chromosome bridges were present in the other phases The chromosome number in F1 was 68 (tetraploid). Irregularities in chromosome pairing were observed in the interspecific hybrids at BC1F1. There were many univalents, and trivalents quadrivalents and hexavalents were also present The chromosome number in the BC1F1 generation ranged from 34 to 60. The occurrence of meiotic irregularities in the F1 and BC1F1 interspecific hybrids indicates that H. laevigatus and the cultivated sunflower differ in genome constitution. 相似文献
16.
The role of leaves, stem and reproductive parts in 14 CO2 fixation and subsequent photosynthate translocation was studied in Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea L.) at three growth stages. The data indicated that leaves, stem and pods are important sources of photosynthates for seed filling. At bud emergence stage leaves are the principle site of 14 CO2 , fixation. The contribution of leaves declines at subsequent stages, where as the contribution of pod walls increased from bud emergence stage to ripening stage. The contribution of the stem remains more or less constant at all three growth stages studied. Although stem can fix 14 CO2 , at bud emergence and flowering stages it imported 14 C-photosynthates from leaves. However, stem exported photosynthates during subsequent growth stages. 相似文献
17.
Summary The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is a serious pest of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Trichome-based host plant resistance of wild Lycopersicon species may offer an alternative to pesticides for management of this pest. Two wild species, Lycopersicon cheesmanii f. minor and L. pennellii, were crossed with L. esculentum and the types and densities of trichomes possessed by the F1 hybrids measured. The effects of these trichomes on M. persicae were assessed by placing nymphs on leaves and, 96 hr later, designating each nymph as either dead, alive, emigrating off
the leaf or unaccounted for. A generalised linear model was used to detect relationships between the numbers of nymphs in
each designation and the densities of trichomes and leaf area. Mortality of nymphs on L. pennellii hybrids was associated with high densities of type IV and low densities of type I trichomes. Mortality of nymphs on L. cheesmanii f. minor hybrids was associated with high densities of type III trichomes. An increase in the densities of type III trichomes on L. pennellii hybrids was associated with greater numbers of nymphs emigrating off the leaf whilst unaccounted nymphs on L. pennellii hybrids were associated with increased densities of type VII and type I trichomes. Further experimentation using excised
leaflets found mortality on L. pennellii hybrids may be due to nymphs being hindered by type I trichomes and increased densities of type V trichomes were associated
with greater numbers of unhindered nymphs. Implications of results are discussed in the context of introducing trichome-based
host plant resistance into L. esculentum. 相似文献
18.
Several characteristics from sparkleberry (V. arboreum) would be useful if transferred to highbush blueberry cultivars, but to date all direct crosses have failed. The purpose
of this research was to see whether crosses of diploid V. darrowii and diploid V. fuscatum (both section Cyanococcus) with diploid V. arboreum (section Batodendron) could be made and to assess the possibility of transferring traits from V. arboreum into cultivated blueberries of section Cyanococcus. Many crosses were successful and easy to make. Crosses were more productive when V. arboreum was the pollen parent, but some hybrids were also obtained with V. arboreum as seed parent. Pollen stainability of F1 (V. darrowii × V. arboreum) hybrids was low, ranging from 0.9 to 23.7%. Numerous meiotic abnormalities were found in the F1 hybrids. These led to a high percentage of incomplete and unstained tetrads and probably to the production of unreduced gametes. 相似文献
19.
在盐酸质子化条件下,采用超声微波协助法成功制备了可见光型复合催化剂WO3/g-C3N4。利用X射线多晶粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis)和BET比表面测试仪对样品进行了表征,并以罗丹明B(RhB)为目标降解物对其光催化性能进行研究。结果表明:复合催化剂样品是由片状的WO3纳米片负载在g-C3N4表面组成的。当WO3负载的质量分数为40%时,前驱物在500℃条件下煅烧2 h后所得样品的光催化性能明显好于同条件下制得的单一相WO3和g-C3N4,在可见光(波长大于420 nm)照射下,5 h内对100 mL浓度为10-5 mol/L罗丹明B橙溶液的降解高达98%。 相似文献
20.
Influence of high temperature stress on photosynthesis and allocation of carbon into different biochemical fractions in mature leaves of Indian mustard [ Brassica juncea (L) Czern] was investigated. Heat stress reduced 14 CO2 fixation and inhibited the translocation of carbon from the leaves. Allocation of 14 C into starch and residue fractions was significantly lower in heat stressed plant leaves. Starch content was significantly reduced in heat stressed plants. 相似文献