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1.
Seedling growth and ion content of Pakistani bread wheat cultivars was assessed in solution culture in the absence and presence of NaCl (100 and 200 mol m−3) to determine whether seedling traits could be used in breeding programs for salt-tolerance. Growth was recorded as seedling fresh weight, and the shoot and leaves analysed for major inorganic ions. Plants subjected to salt stress excluded Na+ and Cl− ions from the shoot to varying extents. Exclusion preferentially maintained lower Na+ and Cl− levels in the apical tissue, as the leaf to leaf gradient in Na+ and Cl− became steeper as the external salinity increased, although there were significant differences between cultivars. Correlation analysis on individual plants indicated that excluding Na+ at low salinity, and Na+ and Cl− at high salinity, were correlated significantly with growth performance, although it was clear that other factors were also involved. The relationship of tolerance to ion exclusion was stronger when the data were examined on an individual plant basis than when related to pooled cultivar data or to the cultivar rank order derived from field trials, probably due to large variations in Na+, and to a lesser extent, Cl− transport in supposedly homozygous cultivars.  相似文献   

2.
Four bread wheat cultivars were studied at two salinity levels. Tobari 66 had the lowest uptake of Na+ and Cl−, and the highest K+/Na+ ratio; Pato had the highest uptake of these ions and Lyallpur 73 was intermediate. Intervarietal differences were greater at higher salinity, suggesting that they were not caused by variation at the Kna1 locus. There were significant differences between inbred lines for Na+, particularly in Blue Silver, suggesting the possibility of selecting genotypes with enhanced tolerance from within existing cultivars. Pato, Tobari 66 and their reciprocal F1 hybrids were further evaluated at four salinity levels. The hybrids exhibited similar relative grain yield to Tobari, with better Na+ and Cl− exclusion and higher K+/Na+ ratios than Pato. Overall, Tobari had the highest absolute yield under salinity, and the hybrids were closer to Tobari than to Pato. Tiller and grain numbers, 100-grain weight and yield were more affected by salinity than were height, spike length and spikelet number. We conclude that intervarietal variation for salt tolerance in wheat is controlled by genes which could be transferred to sensitive genotypes to improve their tolerance, and that the K+/Na+ ratio of the youngest leaf could be used to screen for salt tolerance.  相似文献   

3.
Interactive effect of NaCl salinity and putrescine on shoot growth, ion (Na+, K+ and CI−) concentration in leaf, stem and inflorescence and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L. var. GR-3) were studied. When rice plants were subjected to salt stress (12 dS/m) the extension growth and dry weight of shoot system as well as total leaf area and chlorophyll content were found markedly reduced. Analysis of leaf, stem and inflorescence of salt-stressed plants showed higher concentration of Na+ and Cl ions and lower concentration of K+ ion compared to the control. Salinization also caused a considerable fall in grain yield.
Foliar application of putrescine (10−5M) significantly increased the growth and yield of salt-stressed plants. Putrescine treatment decreased the influx of Na+ and Cl− ions and increased the K+ level in all the tissues of salinized plants examined. Putrescine also increased the chlorophyll content in salt-stressed plants. These results suggest that exogenous application of putrescine can be used successfully to ameliorate the stress injuries caused by NaCl salinity in rice plants to a considerable extent.  相似文献   

4.
Evaluation of commonly grown cotton (Gossypium hir-sutum L.) genotypes under saline environment may help to cope with the venture of the crop failure in salt-affected soils. In a pot experiment, four cotton genotypes (MNH-93, NIAB-78. S-12, and B-557) were grown to compare their relative performance on a sandy clay loam soil (original ECe = 1.9 dS m−1) salinized with a salt mixture (Na2SO4, NaCl, CaCl2, MgSO4 in the ratio of 9:5:5:1 on equivalent basis) to EQ levels of 10 and 20 dS m−1. The crop was raised to the flower initiation stage. The imposed salinity stress exhibited deleterious effect on the germination and vegetative growth with significant differences among the genotypes. Leaf area, stem thickness, shoot (stem + leaves) and root weights decreased with the increase in substrate salinity. NIAB-78 showed the least decline followed by MNH-93. Leaf thickness showed an opposite trend as an increase in this parameter was observed with the rising salinity, the maximum increase being in the case of NIAB-78. Analysis of the leaf sap showed increased Na+ and Cl− concentrations and decreased K+ concentration with the increase in substrate salinity. A better osmotic adjustment, a lower Na+/K+ ratio and a lower Cl concentration were found in the leaves of NIAB-78 followed by MNH-93. This contributed towards their better growth performance under saline conditions.  相似文献   

5.
The effects of salinity on the growth and production of `nopalitos' (young cladode sprouts) of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. cv. Copena V-1 were investigated. Salinity (NaCl) irrigation levels with electrical conductivities of 2, 5, 10, 13, 18 and 21 dS m–1 were used. In general, all cladode variables (stem area, number of young cladodes, length and width of cladodes, and fresh and dry weights) decreased with increasing salinity. The root-to-stem ratio and young cladode water content decreased significantly as salinity increased. Other variables that decreased with increasing salinity included harvest index, relative growth rate, stem area ratio, dry mass accumulation, and Na+ and Cl– concentrations. For rooted cladodes, increased salinity decreased fresh weight, succulence, and root fresh weight, dry weight and length. Our conclusions suggest that this species is salt sensitive; however, there is some indication that it could be effectively managed in saline environments. Further studies and evaluation of different cultivars are needed to identify the mechanism of adaptation of salt tolerance in this species.  相似文献   

6.
Effect of Sodium Chloride Salinity on Seedling Emergence in Chickpea   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  
Although laboratory (Petri dish) germination as an estimate of seed viability is a standard practice, it may not give an accurate prediction of seedling emergence in the field, especially when saline irrigation water is used. Experiments were conducted to investigate seedling emergence in two chickpea cultivars (ILC 482 and Barka local) in response to varied salinity levels and sowing depths. Seeds were sown in potted soil at a depth of 2, 4 or 6 cm. The salinity treatments were 4.6, 8.4 and 12.2 dS m–1. Tap water (0.8 dS m–1) served as the control. Depth of sowing had a significant effect on seedling emergence. Seeds sown 6 cm deep showed the lowest seedling emergence. Similarly, salinity had an adverse effect on seedling emergence. The lowest seedling emergence percentages were obtained at the highest salinity treatment (12.2 dS m–1). The interaction between salinity treatment and seeding depth was significant. Hypocotyl injury was implicated as a possible cause of poor seedling emergence in chickpea under saline water irrigation and was less severe when pre-germinated seeds were used. ILC 482 appeared to be more tolerant to salinity than Barka local, suggesting that breeding programmes involving regional exchange of germplasm may be helpful.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of salinity on the nodulation, N-fixation and plant growth of selected chickpea- Rhizobium symbionts was studied- Eighteen chickpea rhizobial strains were evaluated for their growth in a broth culture at salinity levels of 0 to 20 dS m−1 of NaCl + Na2SO4. Variability in response was high. Salinity generally reduced the lag phase and/or slowed the log phase of multiplication of Rhizobium. Nine chickpea genotypes were also evaluated for salt tolerance during germination and early seedling growth in Petri dishes at five salinity levels (0–32 dS m−1). Chickpea genotypes ILC-205 and ILC-1919 were the most salt-tolerant genotypes. The selected rhizobial strains and chickpea cultivars were combined in a pot experiment aimed at investigating the interactive effect of salinity (3, 6 and 9 dS m−1) and N source (symbiosis vs. inorganic N) on plant growth. Symbiotic plants were more sensitive to salinity than plants fed mineral N. Significant reductions in nodule dry weight (59.8 %) and N fixation (63.5 %) were evident even at the lowest salinity level of 3 dS m-1. Although nodules were observed in inoculated plants grown at 6 dS m-1, N-fixation was completely inhibited. The findings indicate that symbiosis is more salt-sensitive than both Rhizobium and the host plant, probably due to a breakdown in one of the processes involved in symbiotic-N fixation. Improvement of salinity tolerance in field grown chickpea may be achieved by application of sufficient amounts of mineral nitrogen.  相似文献   

8.
The identification of genotypes having potential salt tolerance is an effective approach to solve the problems of saline soils.
Seed germination and seedling establishment are limiting factors in crop production. Seven wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and one Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmak) genotypes were evaluated for salt tolerance at emergence and early seedling growth in solution culture with NaCl salinities up to 300 mM L−1 (electrical conductivity equals 27.6 dS m−1).
Seedling emergence was delayed by increasing NaCl in nutrient media. At 200 mM L−1 NaCl, the emergence percentages of wheat genotypes ranged between 68.7 % and 91.3 % after 7 days and 79.3 % and 98.7 % after 15 days. While at 300 mM L−1, the emergence percentages of the wheat genotypes were 0.0 % after 7 days. After 15 days the emergence percent ranged between 24 % and 72 %. The emergence percent of the Triticale line was 88.7 after 7 days and 89.3 after 15 days at 200 mM L−1, while it was 25.3 % and 84 % after 7 and 15 days, at 300 mM L−1, respectively. Root and shoot dry weight were greatly reduced by increasing NaCl, however, the Triticale line showed less reduction in growth compared to the wheat genotypes. K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were decreased with increasing salinity levels while Na+ content was decreased in the shoot tissues of wheat and Triticale genotypes.  相似文献   

9.
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress which adversely affects the yield and juice quality in sugarcane. However, the mineral nutrient status of plant plays a crucial role in increasing plant tolerance to salinity. We investigated the effects of K and/or Si on plant growth, yield and juice quality in two sugarcane genotypes differing in salinity tolerance. Addition of K and Si significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased K and Si concentrations and decreased the accumulation of Na+ in plants under salt stress. Cane yield and yield attributes were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher where K and Si were added. Juice quality characteristics like Brix (% soluble solids in juice), Pol (% sucrose in juice), commercial cane sugar (CCS) and sugar recovery in both sugarcane genotypes were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved with the supplementation of K and Si. For most of the growth parameters, it was found that K either alone or in combination with Si was more effective to alleviate salt stress in both sugarcane genotypes than Si alone. Moreover, the beneficial effects of K and Si were more pronounced in salt sensitive genotype than in salt tolerant genotype. The results suggested that K and Si counteracted the deleterious effects of high salinity/sodicity in sugarcane by lowering the accumulation of Na+ and increase in K+ concentration with a resultant improvement in K+/Na+ ratio which is a good indicator to assess plant tolerance to salinity.  相似文献   

10.
Spatio-temporal differences under short-term NaCl-salinity (0, 50, 100, 150 m m l−1) stress for 24 h and post-NaCl recovery after 24 h on the growth, water relations, ionic composition, proline and antioxidants of 12-day-old roots, stem and leaves of Vigna radiata were observed. Fresh and dry weight, relative water content and K+ ion decreased, whereas, Na+ ion and Na+/K+ ratio increased significantly in roots, stem and leaves. Post-NaCl recovered roots, stem and leaves showed similar results with lower values. Chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments decreased significantly in the leaves. Peroxide and lipid peroxidation level increased significantly with higher ratio in stressed compared to recovered leaves. Ascorbate and proline content increased significantly with no significant change in glutathione content in stressed roots, stem and leaves. Significant decrease in protein content, SOD, CAT, POX, APX and GR activities was observed in roots with no significant change in stem and leaves. The recovered parts showed similar results except increased POX and GR activities showing a tissue-specific response to NaCl-salinity stress. Improved tolerance to salt stress may be accomplished by increased capacity of antioxidative defence system and by lower level of lipid peroxidation and improvement in the plant water status, activities of some of the antioxidants in the recovered parts suggest that significant tissue differences in response to salt stress in V. radiata is closely related to differences in the activities of antioxidants, ion and proline content.  相似文献   

11.
Differential salt sensitivity during growth stages and reproductive compensation of plants after salt stress relief are important factors for adopting appropriate irrigation strategies with saline waters. Consequently, recovery of cotton after exposure to different levels of salt stress was evaluated. An outdoor, sand culture experiment was conducted with cotton. Water salinities were 2, 10 and 20 dS m−1, and the growth phases were vegetative (G1), reproductive (G2) and boll development (G3). G1 and G3 were the least and the most salt tolerant phases, respectively. The significant yield reduction in all of the saline water treatments as compared to control was mainly due to the reduction in number of bolls per plants. In general, cotton plants were capable of producing seed cotton under salt stress, as well as, after salt stress relief. However, as the salt stress severity increased the ability of cotton to compensate yield loss decreased. Irrigation of cotton at G1 stage with either moderate (10 dS m−1) or high (20 dS m−1) salinity waters should be avoided. Moderate saline water could be applied either at G2 or G3 stage. High salinity water can be used for irrigation only at G3 stage to produce acceptable cotton seed yield.  相似文献   

12.
The absorption and utilization of nitrogen (N) by plants are affected by salinity and the form of N in the root medium. A hydroponic study was conducted under controlled conditions to investigate growth and N uptake by barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) supplied with five different NH4+-N/NO3−-N ratios at electrical conductivity of 0 and 8 dS m−1. The five NH4+-N/NO3-N ratios were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0, each giving a total N supply of 100 mg N l−1 in the root medium. A mixed N supply of NH4+ and NO3− resulted in greater accumulation of N in plants than either NO3− or NH4+ as the sole N source. Plants produced a significantly higher dry matter yield when grown with mixed N nutrition than with NH4+ or NO3− alone. Total dry matter production and root and shoot N contents decreased with increasing salinity in the root medium. The interaction between salinity and N nutrition was found to be significant for all the variables. A significant positive correlation (r=0.97) was found between nitrogen level in the plant shoot and its dry matter yield.  相似文献   

13.
[Objective] This study investigates the effects of exogenous proline on the growth, physiological responses, and proline metabolism of cotton (Ekang No.8) seedlings treated with varying boron (B) concentrations. [Method] We conducted a randomized experiment with six treatments using the hydroponic method in a greenhouse at Huazhong Agricultural University. We applied three different concentrations of boron, including 0.02 μmol·L－1 (low-concentration B), 2.5 μmol·L－1 (medium-concentration B), and 100 μmol·L－1 (sufficient-concentration B). The first two are boron-deficient treatments. We also applied an exogenous proline treatment at 20 μmol·L－1(0 μmol·L－1 as control). When any significant difference among the treatments were observed, the related indicator was measured. [Result] The results showed that exogenous proline inhibited the growth of cotton seedlings under sufficient-concentration B treatment while promoting the absorption of B by roots under low-concentration B treatment. The application of exogenous proline to the seedlings under low-concentration B treatment reduced the contents of proline and H2O2 in leaves but increased the accumulation of MDA and H2O2 in roots. The activities of SOD and antioxidant enzymes (APX) in the roots and leaves were dramatically enhanced. Conversely, POD activity reduced significantly and there was no significant change in CAT activity relative to low-concentration B treatment. More importantly, we found that the application of exogenous proline under B deficiency increased the activities of P5CS, P5CR, OAT (synthetase), and PRODH (degrading enzyme) in proline metabolic pathways. [Conclusion] Applying exogenous proline under sufficient-B concentration inhibits growth. The application of proline to seedlings under low-B concentration promotes the absorption of B by roots, increases the activity of APX, and decreases the membrane lipid peroxidation in leaves. A B deficiency leads to proline accumulation in plants. The addition of proline under low-B concentration can reduce the proline content in leaves, which is caused by affecting the critical synthetase and catabolic enzyme activities in the proline metabolism pathway (Glu and Orn pathway). The main reason for this occurrence is the significant increase of proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) activity.  相似文献   

14.
Due mainly to alterations in plant metabolism, lack of oxygen and excess salts are disturbances that affect crop yields. In different parts of the world crops are subjected t o those disttirbances, simultaneously or successively. Our objective was to determine the effects of a winter waterlogging followed by a spring salt peak on rapeseed yield, A pot experiment, combining waterlogging and salinization was carried out. The waterlogging duration was: 0 (control), 3, 7 and 14 days and the sahnity treatments were peaks of Electrical Conductivity of 5 and 8 dSm−1 and the control. The yield started decreasingfrotn 3 days during waterlogging, mainly due to the lower number of seeds per plant. The salt peak from 5 dSm−1 affected the yield only in plants which had suffered a waterlogging lower than 7 days, showing interaction between salinity and waterlogging, Only salinity reduced oil content. The saline peak affected the K, Ca and Na concentration in plant tissues, but the effect of salinity on rapeseed could be more related to soil water potential than specific ion toxicities or imbalance.  相似文献   

15.
The effects of increasing soil-salt levels on emergence, shoot and root growth and yield composition of rapeseed were investigated. A range of electrical conductivity (EC) values in the soil solution from 2.3 dS m-1 to 10.3 dS m-1 was obtained by adding NaCl to the substrate. The emergence was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at EC values higher than 6 dS m-1 Above this value, a delay in the appearance of leaves and of the first visible internode was observed. The further increase of salinity level extended the period for siliqua formation and grain filling, and plant height, pod number and grain number per plant were lowered. However, the cultivar used showed the ability of counterbalancing for this lower grain number by increasing the seed weight, thus there were no variations on seed yield. The seed oil and protein content were also not affected by the changes in salinity. Root growth was adversely affected when salinity levels exceeded 6 dS m-1. Beyond this value, short tuber-like roots became remarkably frequent. This may be an adaptation mechanism of this species to saline stress; a similar reaction in rapeseed is known in adaptation to drought stress.  相似文献   

16.
Thirty-six accessions of linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) were screened for salt tolerance at the seedling stage after 2 weeks growth in solution culture salinized with 150mol m−3 NaCL Considerable variation in salt tolerance was observed in this set of germplasm. Two salt-tolerant accessions, T-5(69-S9)B and LS-2 and two salt-sensitive accessions P-70 and Aver-Rer-Seic, selected at the seedling stage, were grown to maturity in sand culture salinized with 0 (control), 70, 140, and 210 mol m−3 NaCl. Both the salt-tolerant accessions exceeded the two salt-sensitive accessions in biomass production, seed yield, and yield components, but the accessions did not differ significantly in seed oil content in the salt treatments. The tolerant accessions accumulated greater amounts of Na+ in the shoots and less in the roots compared with the salt-sensitive accessions. The shoot K+, K: Na ratios, and K+ versus Na+ selectivity were lower in the salt-tolerant accessions compared with the salt-sensitive accessions; the reverse was true for their roots. Contributions of Na+ and Ca2+ to osmotic adjustment were much higher in the two salt-tolerant accessions than in the salt-sensitive ones.
It has been established that there is a great deal of variation for salt tolerance in linseed. The degree of salt tolerance of this crop does not vary during ontogeny. The physiological basis of salt tolerance of this species appears to be associated with the inclusion of Na+ in the shoots.  相似文献   

17.
DNA甲基化参与调控马铃薯干旱胁迫响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
非生物胁迫下表观遗传对调控植物基因表达起重要作用,但是有关马铃薯干旱胁迫下的表观遗传研究甚少。本研究以马铃薯品种大西洋、费乌瑞它、C119、C16和青薯9号为试验材料,以MS培养基为对照以及分别添加200 mmol L~(-1)甘露醇、60μmol L~(-1)甲基化抑制剂(5-azadC)和60μmol L~(-1)甲基化抑制剂+200 mmol L~(-1)甘露醇,处理24 d后对试管苗表型性状和生理指标进行综合分析。结果发现,不同品种马铃薯对甘露醇和甲基化抑制剂响应程度趋势类似。在干旱和DNA甲基化抑制剂分别处理下,马铃薯植株干鲜重、株高、叶片数和叶绿素含量均显著减少(P0.05), SOD、POD、CAT活性和Pro、MDA含量均显著增加(P0.05),而分枝数、根长、平均根粗均无明显变化,表明马铃薯不同性状指标在响应干旱胁迫和DNA去甲基化时,受到的调控通路可能不同。进一步比较干旱胁迫和DNA去甲基化共同处理与分别处理下表型性状和生理指标的差异发现,共同处理使马铃薯植株表型性状受到进一步抑制,同时活化了SOD、POD、CAT,并且使Pro、MDA含量增加,表明马铃薯在响应干旱胁迫过程中,部分表型的形成与DNA甲基化调控相关。这将为深入研究马铃薯干旱胁迫响应与表观遗传学之间的调控网络通路提供初步的理论基础。  相似文献   

18.
A field experiment was conducted during 1994 and 1995 at Lucknow (26.5°N, 80.5°E, 120 m above mean sea level) to optimize planting density and fertilizer-N application for high essential oil yield of late transplanted mint ( Mentha arvensis ). The treatments studied were 2.5, 2.0 and 1.66 × 105 mint seedlings ha−1 and 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg N ha−1. Under 3 months delayed planting conditions using 2-month-old seedlings, the high planting density of 2.5 × 105 plants ha−1combined with 160 kg N ha−1 gave significantly higher herb and essential oil yields compared with those of lower planting densities (2 and 1.66 × 105 plants ha−1) and all other rates of N application. It is demonstrated that a transplanted mini crop, yielding essential oil at a level of 164 kg ha−1, is feasible after the harvest of rabi cereal, oil seed or legume crops in the north Indian plains.  相似文献   

19.
施钾量对马铃薯生长发育有重要影响,为调控钾肥合理施用,进一步提高马铃薯的增产潜力,开展了施钾量对马铃薯生长及氮磷钾吸收积累影响的研究。试验采用裂区试验设计,品种为主区,施钾量为副区,供试品种为‘费乌瑞它’和‘川芋117’,试验设置0、112.5、225、337.5、450 kg/hm25个施钾水平,测定了不同生长期株高、冠层覆盖率及成熟期干物质积累量、各器官氮磷钾含量、产量及相关参数。结果表明：施钾量和品种均对株高、冠层覆盖度、各器官氮磷钾积累和分配及产量有明显影响。施钾量增加有利于株高和冠层覆盖度增加。2个品种均在225 kg/hm2氮磷含量和氮磷积累量最大,但随施钾量增大,钾素在块茎中的分配比例显著下降,较空白对照,2个品种下降幅度分别为34.1%～45.7%和26.5%～59.1%。2个品种产量均在225 kg/hm2时达到最高水平,分别为29263 kg/hm2和32922 kg/hm2,较对照增产80.3%和55.6%。结论表明,施钾量为225 kg/hm2...  相似文献   

20.
A simple randomized field experiment was conducted to assess the growth and yield of rape-seed-mustard in relation to sulphur and nitrogen interaction. Three levels of sulphur (0, 40 and 60 kg ha−1) in combination with three levels of nitrogen (60, 100 and 150 kg ha−1) were tested as treatments, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. Results indicated significant favourable effects of sulphur and nitrogen, when applied together, on yield components, seed and oil yield. Maximum response was observed with treatment T3 (having S and N of 40 and 100 kg ha1, respectively). Percentage oil content of seed was maximal at T4 (having S and N of 60 and 100 kg ha1) in both cultivars. The increase in N dose from 100 to 150 kg ha−1 without any change in applied S, i.e. 60 kg ha1 (T5), decreased the percentage oil content. The seed and oil yield, however, were similar to T3. Favourable responses of S and N interaction on leaf area index, rate of photosynthesis and biomass production were also observed.  相似文献   

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