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1.
为明确福建省致病疫霉的群体结构及其变化特点,对2001—2007年分离自11个市(县)的番茄和马铃薯产区的致病疫霉菌株进行交配型、甲霜灵敏感性及生理小种测定。交配型测定的187个菌株中,181株为A1交配型,1株为A2交配型,1株为A1,A2交配型,1株为自育交配型,其余3株交配型未知。对187个菌株的甲霜灵敏感性测定结果表明,高抗、中抗和敏感菌株分别占97.3%、2.1%、0.5%。生理小种测定结果表明,供试的11个抗性基因均可被克服,其毒性频率在3.3%～100%之间,51个菌株存在30个生理小种,其中小种3.7出现频率最高,为13.7%,是福建省优势生理小种类型;其次为小种3.4.7,发生频率为9.8%。  相似文献   

2.
福建省致病疫霉交配型分布及对甲霜灵的抗药性   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
为明确福建省致病疫霉Phytophthora infestans(Mont.)de Bary交配型分布及对甲霜灵的抗性情况,对1999～2002年分离的致病疫霉进行了交配型和抗药性水平测定.发现福建省同时存在致病疫霉的A1、A2两种交配型菌株,被测定的89个菌株中,73个菌株为A1交配型,16个为A2交配型,分别占82.1%和17.9%;对甲霜灵抗药性测定表明,高抗、中抗和敏感菌株分别占36.0%、48.3%、15.7%,不同菌株对甲霜灵的敏感程度差异很大;离体测定对甲霜灵的敏感性表明,1.0μg/mL甲霜灵对敏感菌株的平均防治效果为68.7%,而500μg/mL浓度对高抗菌株的防治效果仅为69.7%,说明致病疫霉对甲霜灵产生高抗药性.  相似文献   

3.
 葡萄霜霉病菌经UV诱导4次得5个抗烯酰吗啉菌株,其适合度较原菌株B951差,竞争力较弱,该菌经药剂驯化7代对恶霜灵产生抗性,但未对烯酰吗啉及霜脲氰产生抗性,UV诱导4次对霜脲氰及恶霜灵均未产生抗性。相比之下,马铃薯晚疫病菌经UV诱导11次得7个抗恶霜灵菌株,其中菌株UO1适合度好于其原菌株,竞争力较强。马铃薯晚疫病菌经过药剂驯化3代对恶霜灵产生了抗性,但是经UV诱导8~11次和药剂驯化30代对烯酰吗啉和霜脲氰仍保持敏感。  相似文献   

4.
2013-2014年北方5省(区)致病疫霉抗药性监测及交配型分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为明确致病疫霉对甲霜灵的敏感性及其交配型的动态变化,采用菌落生长速率法监测了2013-2014年采自我国北方5省(自治区)的马铃薯致病疫霉对甲霜灵的抗性,并利用标准菌株与待测菌株对峙培养测定了交配型.2013年和2014年检测的致病疫霉均以中抗菌株占主导,分别占当年检测菌株总量的82.7％和75.6％,但高抗菌株从3.3％增加到16.3％.测定甲霜灵对部分敏感、中抗和高抗菌株的EC50,发现该药剂对高抗菌株的EC50分别是中抗菌株和敏感菌株的5倍和400倍.2013年采自内蒙古、黑龙江、辽宁3省(自治区)6个县(市)的92个菌株中,A1交配型占主导地位,还发现了A2和A1A2;2014年采自内蒙古、黑龙江2省(自治区)4个县(市)的52个菌株仍以A1为主,A2所占比例较低,但未检测到A1A2.2013-2014年北方5省(自治区)致病疫霉群体结构呈现复杂化的趋势.  相似文献   

5.
黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌交配型及对甲霜灵敏感性测定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
马铃薯晚疫病(late blight)是由致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)引起的马铃薯生产中最具毁灭性的病害,明确晚疫病菌的交配型及对甲霜灵敏感性状况对制定马铃薯晚疫病防治策略具有重要意义。本研究对2011—2013年采自黑龙江省黑河、齐齐哈尔、绥化等马铃薯主产区的晚疫病菌菌株进行交配型及对甲霜灵敏感性测定,采用对峙培养法对153株晚疫病菌进行交配型检测,结果表明,A1交配型79株,占51.63%,A2交配型74株,占48.37%;采用菌落直径法对143株晚疫病菌进行甲霜灵敏感性测定,结果表明,83.92%表现高抗,8.39%表现中抗,7.69%表现敏感。  相似文献   

6.
为揭示宁夏固原致病疫霉群体遗传结构,用对峙培养法和菌落直径法测定致病疫霉的交配型和甲霜灵抗性,利用限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应（PCR-RFLP）技术检测致病疫霉线粒体DNA单倍型,并采用简单重复序列（SSR）和扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）技术确定致病疫霉群体的基因型。在94株供试菌株中,发现了1株A1交配型、86株A2交配型及7株自育型菌株,全部为甲霜灵抗性菌株。菌株的线粒体单倍型均为Ⅰa型,共鉴定出2种SSR基因型,Ⅰ型占绝对优势。AFLP聚类分析显示,在相似系数0.68时分成α和β两组,宁夏固原菌株全部聚在β组。研究表明,宁夏固原致病疫霉群体结构比较单一、遗传多样性水平较低。  相似文献   

7.
云南辣椒疫病的分子诊断及其病原菌群体特征研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
 对2005~2007年分离自云南省辣椒疫病的病原菌进行分子生物学鉴定,并对病原菌的群体特征进行研究。PCR特异性扩增表明,引起云南辣椒疫病的病原菌是辣椒疫霉。交配型测定显示,234个云南辣椒疫霉菌株由A1、A2和A1A2(自育型)3种交配型组成,以A2和A1A2交配型为主。其中,A2占45.3%,A1A2占43.2%,A1仅占11.5%。大部分产区3种交配型共存,在田间进行有性生殖的可能性很大。甲霜灵敏感性测定的200个菌株中,甲霜灵敏感菌株是主要菌系,占测定菌株的95.5%,中抗和抗性菌株比例较低,分别为2.0%和2.5%。抗药性菌株的出现与甲霜灵的选择压力有关。云南辣椒疫霉群体组成较为复杂,A1A2交配型可能在云南辣椒疫霉的有性生殖中起到了重要的作用,成为影响群体结构的一个重要途径。  相似文献   

8.
六省市致病疫霉交配型及其对几种杀菌剂的敏感性   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14  
测定了2000-2002年采自四川、重庆、吉林、黑龙江、福建、北京六省(市)致病疫霉菌株的交配型及其对几种杀菌剂的敏感性。结果显示,来自六省市的74个菌株中73株为典型的A1交配型,1株采自四川的菌株为可自育的A1交配型,未发现A2交配型。测定的37株代表菌中,对甲霜灵表现敏感、中抗、高抗的分别占27.0％、27.0％和46.0％。吉林、福建、黑龙江及重庆都存在高抗菌株。研究中还发现甲霜灵可促进部分抗性菌株的菌丝生长。随机抽取15个对甲霜灵表现敏感、中抗和高抗的菌株,测定其对几种杀菌剂的敏感性,结果全部对腈嘧菌酯和烯酰吗啉表现敏感;其中2株对丙酰胺表现敏感,11株表现中抗,2株表现高抗。结果也显示:烯酰吗啉和腈嘧菌酯与甲霜灵之间不存在交互抗性,具有应用潜力。  相似文献   

9.
安徽省辣椒疫霉交配型的分布及在无性后代的遗传   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
 测定了采自安徽省岳西、潜山、和县、合肥、寿县、淮南、阜南、亳州等不同地区的64 株辣椒疫霉菌株的交配型,并用10 μg / mL 的甲霜灵处理A1 交配型的菌株HN8 和A2 交配型的菌株HN3,分别获得抗性突变菌株HN8-Mrt和HN3-Mrt,进一步测定交配型在HN8、HN3 及其抗性突变株游动孢子后代中的遗传稳定性。结果发现,供试菌株中A2 交配型58 株(占90． 6% );A1 交配型6 株(占9. 4% ),未发现A0 、A1 A2 和A1 ,A2 交配型;A2 交配型全省各地均有分布,A1 交配型只出现在和县、淮南和阜南3 地;HN8-Mrt与HN8、HN3-Mrt与HN3 的交配型分别相同,各菌株单游动孢子后代的交配型均与其亲本分别相同。结果说明,辣椒疫霉交配型在安徽的分布呈不均等的态势,其中以A2 型占绝对优势;用甲霜灵处理不会诱导辣椒疫霉交配型的变异,交配型在辣椒疫霉的游动孢子后代中能稳定遗传。  相似文献   

10.
为明确江西番茄绵疫病菌的类别和抗药性水平, 采用单孢菌落直接配对法和菌落生长量法, 测定2018年-2019年江西番茄主产区绵疫病菌的交配型及其对甲霜灵的敏感性。结果表明, 江西番茄绵疫病菌存在A2和A0交配型, 发生频率分别为86.2%和13.8%, 未检测到其他交配型, 且A2交配型在各个产区均有分布。58株番茄绵疫病菌株对甲霜灵的EC50范围为0.602 9~3.313 3 μg/mL, 平均EC50为1.372 7 μg/mL, 最不敏感菌株EC50值为最敏感菌株的5.5倍, 差异较为明显。3个菌株对甲霜灵达到中抗水平, 占供试菌株的5.17%, 病原菌对甲霜灵的抗性水平上升, 亟须加强药剂的轮换或替代。  相似文献   

11.
昆明桃园梨小食心虫发生规律   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
2011-2013年对昆明桃园梨小食心虫发生规律及为害特点进行了系统调查研究。结果表明:3年来昆明地区梨小食心虫发生趋势基本一致,但各年度发生的大高峰期有差异,2012年成虫发生大高峰期为越冬代、第一代;2013年成虫发生大高峰期在第二、三代,这与当时的温度、降水量有很大关系。昆明梨小食心虫一年发生4代,越冬代成虫发生高峰期在3月中旬至4月上旬,第一代发生高峰期在5月上旬至6月中旬,越冬代、第一代主要为害桃树新梢,新植桃园幼虫更趋向在低龄桃树为害,幼虫蛀梢的高峰期在成虫羽化高峰期后15~30d;第二、三代发生高峰期在7月上旬至9月下旬,世代重叠明显,后两代主要为害果实。经饲养观察,桃园梨小食心虫性比[♀/(♀+♂)]为0.57~0.64,幼虫被天敌寄生率为26.9%,幼虫蛀果率为1.25%~5%。  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT Phytophthora infestans causes a destructive disease on tomato and potato. In North Carolina (NC) potatoes are mostly grown in the east, whereas tomatoes are grown in the mountainous areas in the western part of the state. Five genotypes of P. infestans were identified from 93 and 157 isolates collected from tomato and potato over a 5 year period between 1993 and 1998. All isolates collected from potato in eastern NC were the US-8 genotype, whereas only a single isolate was the US-1 genotype. Tuber blight was found on immature daughter tubers in a single field in 1997, however infection on mature tubers was not observed. Within potato fields, a range of sensitivity to metalaxyl was observed among isolates but all were either intermediate or highly resistant to the fungicide. In contrast, isolates from tomatoes included previously reported US-7 and US-8 genotypes and two new genotypes called US-18 and US-19 (A2 mating type, allozyme genotype Gpi 100/100 and Pep 92/100). These genotypes had unique restriction fragment length polymorphism banding patterns, were sensitive to metalaxyl, and have not been reported elsewhere. All genotypes, with the exception of the US-1, were the Ia mitochondrial haplotype. Thus, isolates of P. infestans from tomato were more genetically diverse over time in NC than those from potato and include two new genotypes that are sensitive to metalaxyl.  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT The temporal and spatial patterns of Phytophthora infestans population genetic structure were analyzed in the Del Fuerte Valley, Sinaloa, Mexico, during the crop seasons of 1994 to 1995, 1995 to 1996, and 1996 to 1997 by geographical information systems. Isolates of P. infestans were obtained from infected tissue of tomato and potato collected from two areas: (i) where both potatoes and tomatoes are grown, and (ii) where only tomatoes are grown. The isolates were characterized by mating type, allozymes at the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase loci, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) fingerprint with probe RG57, metalaxyl sensitivity, and aggressiveness to tomato and potato. The results suggest presence of an asexual population with frequent immigrations from outside the valley. There was a shift of mating type in the population from predominantly A2 to completely A1 in this period. The co-occurrence of mating types was restricted to very few fields in the area around Los Mochis where tomato and potato crops are grown. Genotype variation based on allozyme analysis and mating type was low with only one genotype affecting both crops each year. The genotypes affecting both crops were the only genotypes highly aggressive to both tomato and potato in laboratory aggressiveness tests and the only genotypes widespread on both the tomato and potato crops in the valley each year. These predominant genotypes were highly resistant to the fungicide metalaxyl. Data on metalaxyl sensitivity indicate that allozyme analysis can discriminate between sensitive and resistant isolates in the Del Fuerte Valley. RFLP analysis with the probe RG57 gives further discrimination of genotypes within an allozyme genotype. In the 1995 to 1996 season, four different RFLP genotypes were found within an allozyme genotype. However, there were five other dilocus allozyme genotypes that could not be further split by RFLP analysis in 1995 to 1996 and 1996 to 1997 seasons. Spatial analysis of genotypes suggests that each season individual fields near Los Mochis became infected with one or more genotypes, but only a single genotype, aggressive on both potato and tomato, occurred south and east to the Guasave area.  相似文献   

14.
Groves CT  Ristaino JB 《Phytopathology》2000,90(11):1201-1208
ABSTRACT A wide range of commercially formulated fungicides cause in vitro effects on mating behavior in specific isolates of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight of potato and tomato. Four isolates of P. infestans representing each of the four common US genotypes, US-1, US-6, US-7, and US-8 and varying in their sensitivity to metalaxyl, were exposed to a variety of fungicides used to control late blight in petri dish assays at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 mug a.i./ml. Exposure of each of these normally heterothallic single mating type isolates of P. infestans to 9 of the 11 commercial fungicide formulations tested resulted in the formation of oospores after 2 to 4 weeks. The highest numbers of oospores were formed on media amended with Ridomil 2E (metalaxyl) and Ridomil Gold EC (mefenoxam) at 0.1 to 10 mug a.i./ml, averaging as many as 471 and 450 oospores per petri dish, respectively. Several other fungicides including Maneb, Manzate (Mancozeb), Curzate (cymoxanil + mancozeb), and Acrobat MZ (dimethomorph + mancozeb) also induced oospore formation, producing from 0 to 200 oospores per plate at fungicide concentrations from 0.1 to 10 mug a.i./ml. The metalaxyl resistant isolates formed oospores in response to the fungicides more often than the metalaxyl sensitive isolates. No oospores were formed on media amended with Bravo (chlorothalonil) or Tattoo C (chlorothalonil + propamocarb HCl) and these compounds completely suppressed growth of the isolates at 0.1 and 1 mug a.i./ml. Three metalaxyl resistant A2 isolates mated with both A1 and A2 isolates after exposure to the fungicides Ridomil 2E and Ridomil Gold EC. Alterations in mating type expression were also observed in a metalaxyl sensitive A1 isolate after exposure to Benlate (benomyl). Copious amounts of chemicals are applied annually to potato and tomato production areas to control late blight. Our results indicate that a wide range of chemically diverse fungicides can induce normally heterothallic metalaxyl resistant isolates of P. infestans to form oospores in vitro after short exposures to the fungicides.  相似文献   

15.
Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is a constraint to both potato and tomato crops in Nicaragua. The hypothesis that the Nicaraguan population of P. infestans is genotypically and phenotypically diverse and potentially subdivided based on host association was tested. A collection of isolates was analyzed using genotypic markers (microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA haplotype) and phenotypic markers (mating type, virulence, and fungicide sensitivity). The genotypic analysis revealed no polymorphism in 121 of 132 isolates of P. infestans tested. Only the Ia haplotype and the A2 mating type were detected. Most of the tested isolates were resistant to metalaxyl. The virulence testing showed variation among isolates of P. infestans. No evidence was found of population differentiation among potato and tomato isolates of P. infestans based on the genotypic and phenotypic analysis. We conclude that the Nicaraguan population of P. infestans consists of a single clonal lineage (NI-1) which belongs to the A2 mating type and the Ia mitochondrial DNA haplotype. Moreover, based on the markers used, this population of P. infestans does not resemble the population in countries from which potato seed is imported to Nicaragua or the population in neighboring countries. The data presented here indicate that the NI-1 clonal lineage is the primary pathogen on both potato and tomato, and its success on both host species is unique in a South American context.  相似文献   

16.
Cohen Y 《Phytopathology》2002,92(3):300-307
ABSTRACT In this survey, 799 isolates of Phytophthora infestans collected from potato crops in Israel during 1983 to 2000 were analyzed for mating type and sensitivity to metalaxyl, and 324 were analyzed for race structure. The A(2) mating type, first recorded in 1983, fully dominated the pathogen population from 1983 until 1991 (9 years). It was thereafter replaced by the A(1) mating type, which dominated the population during 1993 to 2000. Metalaxyl-resistant isolates were first recorded in 1982. During 1983 to 1991, the majority of the isolates were resistant. Isolates with intermediate sensitivity (I) to this fungicide were first observed in 1993, when both A(1) and A(2) mating types occurred in the population. The proportion of I isolates gradually increased, reaching 39 to 41% in 1997 to 1998, and then declined to approximately 15% in 1999 to 2000. Pathogenicity to nine potato differential cultivars was determined for 80 potato isolates collected in 1983 to 1991, to 11 potato differentials in 173 isolates collected in 1993 to 1998, and in 71 potato isolates collected in 1999 to 2000. The first population was composed of 5 races with race 1,3,4,7,8,10 predominating (76%), the second population was composed of 19 races with race 1,3,4,7,8,10,11 predominating (63%), and the third population exhibited 42 (34 new) races with no single predominating race. RG-57 DNA fingerprinting and allozymes loci assays of 23 isolates revealed that isolates collected during 1984 to 1986 belonged to the PO-57 lineage, whereas those collected during 1997 to 1999 belonged to the RFO-39 lineage. Among isolates collected during 1993 to 1995, two unreported DNA fingerprinting patterns were found. Severe late blight epidemics occurred in tomato crops during 1998 to 2000. Of 35 tomato isolates, 28 were A(1) and only 7 were A(2). Of these tomato isolates, 94% were sensitive to metalaxyl. Almost every isolate had a different race structure on the 11 potato differentials. When inoculated onto three tomato differential cultivars, tomato isolates showed a virulence much more enhanced than potato isolates. The data suggest the Israeli population of P. infestans has passed through three major genetic changes during the past 18 years: in 1983, 1993, and 1999. The recent change included host specialization to tomato.  相似文献   

17.
ABSTRACT Genetic structure of Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato and tomato late blight, was analyzed spatially in a mixed potato and tomato production area in the Del Fuerte Valley, Sinaloa, Mexico. Isolates of P. infestans were characterized by mating type, allozyme analysis at the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase loci, restriction fragment length polymorphism with probe RG57, metalaxyl sensitivity, and aggressiveness to tomato and potato. Spatial patterns of P. infestans genotypes were analyzed by geographical information systems and geo-statistics during the seasons of 1994-95, 1995-96, and 1996-97. Spatial analysis of the genetic structure of P. infestans indicates that geographic substructuring of this pathogen occurs in this area. Maps displaying the probabilities of occurrence of mating types and genotypes of P. infestans, and of disease severity at a regional scale, were presented. Some genotypes that exhibited differences in epidemiologically important features such as metalaxyl sensitivity and aggressiveness to tomato and potato had a restricted spread and were localized in isolated areas. Analysis of late blight severity showed recurring patterns, such as the earliest onset of the disease in the area where both potato and tomato were growing, strengthening the hypothesis that infected potato tubers are the main source of primary inoculum. The information that geostatistical analysis provides might help improve management programs for late blight in the Del Fuerte Valley.  相似文献   

18.
In a survey of 1864 isolates derived from samples of Phytophthora infestans obtained from potato and tomato collected in England and Wales between 1985 and 1988, the A2 mating type was identified in approximately 10% of samples. There was no evidence for an overall increase in the frequency of the A2 mating type over this period. In agar culture, A2 isolates exhibited a distinct lumpy-colony morphology. Lumps were made up of intensely dichotomously branched hyphae. The incidence of resistance to metalaxyl among samples increased from 41 to 60% between 1986 and 1988. Some of the A2 isolates were resistant to metalaxyl and like other A2 isolates gave rise to progeny from in vitro matings with Al isolates. Except in one case, Al and A2 isolates were uniformly homozygous at an isoenzyme locus for glucosephosphate isomerase but isolates exhibited some variation at a peptidase locus. The source of the A2 isolates could not be established from these data.  相似文献   

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