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1.
珠江三角洲典型地区表层农田土壤中多氯联苯残留状况 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
采集了珠江三角洲典型区域384个表层农田土壤样品,分析了其中常见6种土壤多氯联苯(PCB28、PCB52、PCB101、PCB138、PCB 153与PCB180)的残留状况.研究结果表明:6种多氯联苯总量(Σ6PCBs)的检出率为78.13％,其平均值为0.42 μg/kg. PCB138的检出率与含量高于其他5种PCBs;土壤中6种多氯联苯的残留状况存在很大的差异;PCB101的检出率最低,仅为10.16％,但其平均值(0.11 μg/kg)较高,主要源于某点位PCB101高达32.44 μg/kg,土壤受到了严重污染.线性相关关系分析结果表明:土壤有机质、黏粒含量则与PCB52存在显著正相关关系.总体而言,低氯代的PCBs含量与土壤理化性质具有一定的相关性,高氯代的PCBs呈现典型的点位污染且在点位土壤中其含量显著高于低氯代同系物. 相似文献
2.
分别于2009年春季（4月）、夏季（8月）、秋季（10月）、冬季（2010年1月）采集胶州湾东岸海域12个站位表层沉积物样品,参照美国EPA标准方法及采用气相色谱质谱联用（GC/MS）技术对表层沉积物中多氯联苯含量进行分析测定,同时对沉积物中多氯联苯的污染程度、年度分布特征、污染来源进行了研究。结果表明,胶州湾东岸表层沉积物中多氯联苯总量年度平均值较低,在10.39~22.26 ng.g-1之间,但各站点含量变化幅度较大,在1.84~105.22 ng.g-1之间;不同监测季节多氯联苯含量有明显差别,各海域总体含量为夏季〉秋季〉冬季〉春季,整体上呈现出由北向南逐渐降低的趋势,各调查海域含量是李村河〉海泊河〉石老人浴场。生态风险值、效应含量标准法以及毒性当量法评价结果表明,胶州湾东岸表层沉积物总体潜在风险不高,未对生态造成严重影响,但是李村河表层沉积物处于中度污染水平,应当引起关注。 相似文献
3.
东平湖沉积物中磷的赋存形态及其空间分布特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
用采集沉积物样本分析测试的方法,探究了东平湖沉积物中磷的赋存形态特征及其空间分布特征。结果表明,东平湖表层沉积物总磷（TP）含量在500 ~ 812 mg kg?1之间,平均值为 618 mg kg?1,空间分布上表现为湖区中部和西南部含量高、东南部含量低的趋势。沉积物中磷以非活性磷（Ca-P、Res-P）为主,非活性磷与总磷（TP）呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）;在总磷中钙结合态磷（Ca-P）占比最高（62.6%）,残渣态磷（Res-P）次之（36.2%）,活性磷（Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P）占比最低（1.20%）。靠近湖区边缘的点位沉积物中活性磷占总磷的比例略高于湖区中部点位;表层（0 ~ 4 cm）沉积物中各形态磷含量变化幅度大于下层,随垂直深度增加活性磷含量和非活性磷含量分别表现为下降和上升的变化趋势,这可能与人类活动影响以及沉积物中磷的来源和转化机制不同有关。 相似文献
4.
巢湖表层沉积物中重金属污染的时空变化特征及潜在生态风险评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2008年3月至7月连续对巢湖8个采样点的表层沉积物中Zn、Hg、Cr、Pb、Ni和Cu6种重金属含量进行分析,据此探讨巢湖表层沉积物中重金属污染程度及时空分布特征,评价巢湖重金属污染的潜在生态风险并筛选出主要生态风险因子。结果表明：3月至7月期间,全湖范围内表层沉积物中重金属含量逐渐降低,河流入湖区的污染程度高于其他区域,Zn、Cu、Pb的污染程度高于其他重金属,表层12cm沉积物中的重金属含量随深度增加污染情况呈加重趋势;从潜在生态风险角度分析,巢湖表层沉积物总体只具有轻微潜在生态风险,生态风险指数排名前两位的区域是南淝河入湖区和十五里河入湖区,3月至7月期间重金属潜在生态风险级别逐渐降低,巢湖生态安全主要风险因子为Hg,其次是Pb和Cu。 相似文献
5.
基于达里诺尔湖富营养化日趋严重的现实,开展了湖泊表层沉积物中腐殖质形态空间分布和污染特征研究。结果表明,表层沉积物中腐殖质形态水平分布均表现经向分异特征,胡敏素的分布特征主导了腐殖质的水平分布格局。达里诺尔表层沉积物中胡敏素是腐殖质中的主导形态,占总有机碳的74%~94%,占腐殖质的80%~90%。深水区表层沉积物中松结态胡敏酸和稳结态胡敏酸含量高于浅水区,揭示由水深导致的氧化还原条件是影响胡敏酸分布的因素之一。腐殖质本身矿化率很低,但它能促进其他有机质的矿化,腐殖质形态与总有机碳、有机氮显著相关。达里诺尔湖表层沉积物中有机指数基本为中清洁水平,湖区西南部有机污染较湖区东北部严重,湖区西部有机污染较湖区东部严重。 相似文献
6.
长江三角洲某电子垃圾拆解区土壤中多氯联苯的残留特征 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
运用网格法(1.0 km × 1.0 km)采集了长江三角洲某典型电子垃圾拆卸区38个土壤样品,分析了该地区17种土壤多氯联苯(PCBs)的总体残留特征.结果表明:研究区土壤PCBs污染以点源污染为主,其∑17PCBs的检出率为65.8%,检出范围在ND(未检出) ～ 152.8 μg/kg之间,平均含量为19.9 μg/kg ± 32.5 μg/kg,土壤PCBs的残留程度存在很大的差异,局部点位受到了严重污染.土壤中17种同系物又以3 ～ 5氯代化合物为主,三者占同系物总量的98.5%,其中PCB28、PCB77、PCB118含量高于其他同系物,分别为4.43、5.29 和 10.1 μg/kg.不同土地利用方式土壤残留量顺序为果园＞水田＞荒地＞林灌＞菜地.因此,该地区土壤PCBs污染问题不容忽视,应从源头控制,并加强修复管理,保障当地土壤的安全可持续利用. 相似文献
7.
太湖流域农村黑臭河流表层沉积物营养盐的污染特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]分析农村黑臭河道沉积物中营养盐的空间分布情况和形态构成特征并给予分析与评价,为认识河流污染现状、黑臭河流治理和太湖富营养化防治提供基础数据。[方法]以江苏省宜兴市周铁镇掌下浜(北段)为例,沿河流从上游到入河河口共采集了13个沉积物表层样,分析其总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)、有机氮(Org-N)、有机碳(TOC)的空间分布特征,并对表层沉积物中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的组分分布进行耦合分析以及污染状况评价。[结果]Org-N是河流表层沉积物中氮素的主要成分,平均值为2 193.69mg/kg,占TN质量分数的90.86%;各采样点处TN,Org-N,TP和TOC含量从上游到下游总体呈现波动中上升趋势,最高值分别是最低值的2.98,3.46,6.29和1.59倍;NH_4~+-N含量的变化趋势是缓慢上升而后急速下降,而NO_3~--N含量呈现出缓慢下降而后急速上升;各采样点C/N均值为12.07,有机物以外源输入为主,TOC与TN含量具有极显著正相关(p0.01,n=13);C/P均值为2.04,TOC与TP具有显著正相关(p0.05,n=13);N/P均值为2.04,TN与TP具有极显著正相关(p0.01,n=13),N,P污染具有同源性。[结论]太湖流域农村黑臭河流沉积物环境状况属有机污染,其中氮污染程度属有机氮污染状态。 相似文献
8.
长江三角洲地区城市污泥中多氯联苯和有机氯农药含量与组分研究 总被引：22，自引：5，他引：17
对我国长江三角洲地区15个主要城市的46个污泥中的多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量与组分进行了较系统的分析,结果表明,该地区城市污泥中PCBs的含量在0~0.720mg/kg之间,平均为0.076mg/kg,大部分低于0.1mg/kg,仅2个样品中PCBs含量超过我国农用城市污泥的控制标准(0.2mg/kg)。污泥中PCBs组分以PCB44检出量最高,PCB180、PCB99、PCB52、PCB74、PCB77和PCB167次之;供试城市污泥中OCPs的含量在0~0.426mg/kg之间,平均为0.055mg/kg,大部分低于0.05mg/kg。OCPs以o,p’-DDT检出量最高,其次为p,p’-DDE、β-HCH、δ-HCH、α-HCH、γ-HCH、p,p’-DDD和p,p’-DDT。该地区城市污泥中PCBs和OCPs的含量、组分和分布与污泥类型、污水来源、污水处理工艺及化合物本身的理化性质等有关。 相似文献
9.
2007年3月采集上海市农村及郊区36个表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱法对土壤中的多氯联苯（PCBs）残留进行了分析,揭示了土壤中PCBs的残留水平、分布、组成特征及来源。结果表明,试区土壤中共检出62种PCB,总浓度最高2530ng·kg-1,最低71.7ng·kg-1,平均含量534ng·kg-1。较高污染浓度主要是编号为BS2、SJ6、JS4和FX4的土壤样品,但从整体采样区域来看,其污染可能主要来源于城区污染导致的区域大气沉降或是全球大气传输所致。上海农村及郊区土壤PCBs污染物以Tri-CBs和Tetra-CBs为主,主要以工业Aroclor1242来源为主。相关性分析显示,土壤中PCBs与TOC具有显著相关性,尤其是对于挥发性较强的低氯代PCBs,表明TOC是影响上海市土壤中PCBs持留的重要因素之一。聚类分析显示,部分采样点PCBs污染与工业品使用有关,但可能还存在其他来源。 相似文献
10.
考察了羟丙基-β-环糊精(HPCD)及聚氧乙烯月桂醚(Brij35)洗脱和过硫酸钠(SPS)氧化联合对模拟污染土壤以及场地污染土壤中多氯联苯(PCBs)的去除效果,探讨了洗脱时间、土液比和洗脱剂浓度对土壤中PCBs洗脱率和过硫酸钠浓度对洗脱液中PCBs降解效率的影响。结果表明:两种洗脱剂都能有效地洗脱模拟污染土壤中的2,4,4?-三氯联苯(PCB28),在土液比为1︰20,HPCD和Brij35浓度分别为20 g/L和8.0 g/L时,洗脱4 h后,土壤中PCB28的洗脱率分别可达90%和79%;用100 g/L的SPS氧化24 h后,PCB28的最大去除率分别可达90%和92%。将PCB28模拟污染土壤洗脱-过硫酸钠氧化的优化条件用于去除场地污染土壤中的PCBs(总浓度约1 400 mg/kg),发现HPCD和Brij35对PCBs的总洗脱率分别为66%和53%;SPS处理后,两种洗脱液中PCBs(10.6 mg/L)的总降解率分别为41%和52%。由此,洗脱-过硫酸钠氧化法能快速有效去除污染土壤中的PCBs,为PCBs场地污染土壤修复提供了一种新的方法。 相似文献
11.
F M Dunnivant A W Elzerman 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1988,71(3):551-556
A sonication technique is presented for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from sediments. In addition, a quantitation scheme is described which allows peak-specific and, in many cases, congener-specific determination of PCBs. PCBs are quantitated by capillary column gas chromatography-electron capture detection, with internal standard calibration. Results utilizing sonication extraction were compared with those obtained by Soxhlet and steam distillation extractions of 3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) quality control sediment samples and 3 lake sediments known to be contaminated with PCBs. Environmental lake sediments were extracted wet, with no drying prior to extraction. Recoveries by each technique varied depending on the sediment sample being extracted and degree of chlorination of PCB congeners. With proper selection of extraction solvent, the sonication technique can recover amounts of PCBs equivalent to and sometimes greater than recoveries by the Soxhlet or steam distillation techniques. A 24-h quiescent period in the extraction solvent between 2 sonications improved extraction efficiency for 2 freeze-dried sediments but did not affect results obtained for 3 environmentally contaminated sediments that were extracted without drying. Replacement of Soxhlet extraction with the sonication technique results in reduced sample preparation time, decreased volumes of solvents and sample, and substitution of common laboratory glassware in place of fragile, expensive Soxhlet glassware. Sonication extraction can also improve precision compared with Soxhlet extraction. 相似文献
12.
G. I. Agapkina E. S. Efimenko E. S. Brodskiy A. A. Shelepchikov D. B. Feshin 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2011,66(1):36-41
The concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in the soils of Moscow has been determined by gas chromatography and
high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). The total concentrations of 19 indicator and dioxin-like congeners, as well as
PCBs in surface soils, are 2.85–60.62 μg/kg (the most contaminated sample was 4591.99 μg/kg). The average value, excluding
the most contaminated sample, is 14.44 μg/kg, which is characteristic of residential areas of industrialized countries. This
indicator varies insubstantially depending on the functional zone of the city. The toxicity equivalent of 12 dioxin-like PCBs
in soils is 1.92 ng I-TEQ/kg on average and varies in a range from 0.15 to 334.12 ng I-TEQ/kg. The fraction of PCBs in the
total toxicity of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds in soil varieties is 16.7–85.4%. 相似文献
13.
L. Guzzella 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1997,99(1-4):245-254
PCB congeners and organochlorine pesticides (DDT, lindane and HCB) distribution were studied in Lake Orta sediments. The results indicated a contaminated area in the nor-them part of the sub-basin. The observed high levels of organochlorine compounds (OCs) may he explained by the focusing phenomenon, ie. the preferential transport of lighter and smaller particles from the emission sources to this area. The PCBs and DDT values were correlated with the organic carbon content and the heavy metal contamination. The toxicity of the sediment samples was related also to PCB content. PCBs and OCs pollution of Lake Orta was of the same order of magnitude as in Lake Como, which is the most contamined lake in Northern Italy. 相似文献
14.
Esteve-Turrillas FA Caupos E Llorca I Pastor A de la Guardia M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(6):1797-1803
This study includes the determination of five indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (52, 101, 153, 138, and 180), six non-ortho PCBs (35, 80, 81, 77, 126, and 169), and two mono-ortho PCBs (28 and 118) in fast food for children. A freeze-dried sample of 10 g is extracted by using pressurized n-hexane in two 5 min cycles at 120 degrees C and 100 mbar. Fatty extracts were cleaned up by means of acetonitrile/n-hexane partitioning and gel-permeation chromatography. The fractionation of non-ortho, mono-ortho, and indicator PCBs was made on graphitized carbon solid-phase extraction cartridges by using n-hexane, n-hexane/toluene (99:1, v/v), and toluene as elution solvents. Gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and large-volume injections with a programmed-temperature vaporizer (PTV-LV) were used to increase sensitivity and selectivity of the PCB determination. The PTV-LV injection settings, that is, vaporizing temperature, vaporizing time, and purge flow, were optimized by using a central composite design. A 15-40 times increased sensitivity was reached as compared with that obtained with the conventional 1 microL splitless injection. The limits of detection achieved were between 0.3 and 1.2 pg/g, and repeatability data, as relative standard deviation varied, ranged from 2 to 9% for the 0.05 ng/mL PCB level. 相似文献
15.
Intention, Goal, Scope, Background Environmental pollution caused by oil spills is a major ecological problem. Oil contamination in the environment is primarily
evaluated by measuring the chemical concentrations of hydrocarbons. The results of chemical analyses are important for estimating
water and sediment quality in the risk assessment to the flora and fauna of oil-contaminated sites. In the world there are
lake ecosystems under permanent chemical stress due to urbanization and the oil industry. Studies, however, have been generally
limited to petroleum compounds and have not considered other pollutants of the site like PCBs, polychlorinated pesticides
and heavy metals.
Objective Water and sediment from stations in the Mecoacán Lake in the Mexican State of Tabasco were analyzed for polycy-clic aromatic
compounds (PAHs), aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated pesticides (PCPs) and heavy
metals. The objective of this study was to examine the contaminant levels of the samples collected in February 1993 and 1996
after oil spills at the Mecoacán petroleum region. The goals of this study were to reveal the effect of the spills on the
distribution of the hydrocarbons and assess the toxi-cological significance of the levels found. In addition, our aim was
to examine the distribution of the PAHs in sediments from Mecoacán originated from both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources.
Methods Samples were collected from 19 stations and prepared according to the CARIPOL (Caribbean Pollution) methodology of the United
Nations Environmental Programme (1992) of the Great Caribbean Region for hydrocarbons in marine and coastal water, and sediments.
The gas-chromatographic and atomic absorption analysis of the samples was performed after sampling.
Results and Discussion Concentrations of PAHs in water ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 μg/l in 1993 and from 0.3 to 2.8 μg/l in 1996. The concentration of
the 16 EPA-PAHs varied from 0.1 to 36 mg/kg dry weight in the lake sediment samples collected in 1996, while those of AHs,
PCBs and PCPs ranged from 0.1 to 67 mg/kg, 0.1 to 59 μg/kg and 6 to 370 μg/kg, respectively. The most abundant contaminants
in water were benz[a]anthracene and pyrene, in 1993 and 1996, respectively; while in sediments collected in 1996: Pyrene,
C24, 2-chlorobiphenyl and endrin predominated. Heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) were found at low concentrations. Benzo[a]pyrene
was detected in some sediment samples in varying amounts (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg).
Conclusions The maximum total PAH concentration in sediments was found at sites near the oil fields and the AH concentration near the
urban zone. The mayor pollutants in sediments were PAHs and AHs, and taking into regard the detected PAHs near the oil fields,
the source was the oil spilling. The mean total PAH value in Mecoacan sediments of 6.4 mg/kg did not exceed the median range
effects value (ERM) for total PAHs of 44.8 mg/kg. The measured organochlorine compounds and heavy metals were present in amounts
much inferior to the ERM values. This study confirms that contaminants concentration in sediments did not exceed the environmental
quality guideline for the 50% probability and no adverse effect can be expected.
Recommendation and Outlook Analysis revealed no indication of a contribution of PAHs, PCBs, PCPs and heavy metals to acute sediment toxicity. The results
of this study demonstrate the importance of continuous monitoring of ecosystems exposed to pollution to make pre-spill data
available in order to evaluate the real consequence of the spilling and its effect on flora and fauna. 相似文献
16.
Consuelo Riva Andrea Binelli Marco Parolini Alfredo Provini 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2010,210(1-4):75-86
In 1996, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) pollution of industrial origin was discovered in Lake Maggiore. It was caused by industrial effluents on a tributary of the River Toce, one of the major affluents of the lake in correspondence of Pallanza Bay. This event is the worst case of environmental pollution that has occurred in Western countries in the last 25 years, not due to agricultural use of DDT, but because of an accidental industrial discharge. Heavy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution was also noticed in 2002, with concentration levels three to seven times higher than those measured in other Italian subalpine lakes. In this study, the current DDT and PCBs contamination levels were assessed according to their presence in zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) specimens sampled in the last 5 years (2003–2008) in eight sampling stations of Lake Maggiore, chosen to cover the entire perimeter of the basin. Moreover, for two stations (Baveno and Pallanza-Villa Taranto) located inside and outside Pallanza Bay, respectively, it is possible to make comparisons starting from 1996. The results obtained show how Lake Maggiore is still an ecosystem with a severe environmental risk, more than 10 years after the original insecticide discharge. DDT contamination continues to evolve, and natural events, like lake overturn, floods, and heavy rains, can have a great influence on the insecticide levels in the lake. By contrast, PCB contamination is absolutely negligible, even if the peak of pollution revealed in 2002 seems to indicate that these pollutants are still present in large quantities in the Lake Maggiore watershed. 相似文献
17.
【目的】了解东平湖湿地土壤不同形态无机硫含量水平与分布特征。【方法】采集东平湖湿地表层土壤样品(0～5 cm)和不同植被区(芦苇区、菹草区、植被混生区和对照区)土壤柱样(0～10 cm),分析样品中总无机硫(TIS)及其各形态(水溶性硫、吸附性硫、盐酸溶解性硫及盐酸挥发性硫)的含量,探讨了不同形态无机硫含量的时空分布特征及其影响因子。【结果】东平湖湿地表层土壤总无机硫含量范围为31.26～117.36 mg kg-1,均值为75.85mg kg-1;各形态的平均含量占比为水溶性硫(43.49%)>盐酸溶解性硫(27.37%)>吸附性硫(26.78%)>盐酸挥发性硫(2.36%);其含量的空间分布总体表现为湖区码头附近显著升高,大汶河入湖口较低。柱状土壤总无机硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫与盐酸溶解性硫含量总体表现为夏季和芦苇区最高,且随土层深度的增加逐渐降低;菹草区总无机硫、吸附性硫、盐酸溶解性硫由于受季节与植被区的交互作用影响而无显著季节变化。表层土壤和柱状土壤不同形态无机硫含量间存在一定的正相关关系,且与有机质多呈显著正相关;柱... 相似文献