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1.
《林业与环境科学》2018,(6)
应用样方调查法,对海南尖峰岭半落叶季雨林的物种组成结构及多样性特征进行研究。结果表明,在总面积5 000 m~2的样方中,共记录到胸径≥1 cm的植株2 565株,除3个种未确定种名外,其他分属26科42属46种。以大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)和桑科(Moraceae)为优势科,以刺桑(Streblus ilicifolius)、布渣叶(Microcos paniculata)和鹊肾树(Streblus asper)为优势种。当取样面积达到3 850 m~2或取样植株数达到1 800株时,记录到的物种数有47种,占总物种数的95.92%。样地内所有植株平均胸径为6.36 cm,径级分布呈倒"J"型。刺桑、赤才(Lepisanthes rubiginosa)和粗糠柴(Mallotus philippensis)的空间分布呈较强的聚集性,布渣叶和鹊肾树的分布较均匀。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数较低,样地的物种种类较少,植株分布的不均匀。 相似文献
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《林业与环境科学》2020,(1)
天然针阔混交林是广东孔江国家湿地公园的地带性植被,具重要生态和经济价值。为深入了解天然针阔混交林群落的结构特征和物种多样性维持机制,在广东孔江国家湿地公园内建立了1 hm 2的森林长期监测型固定样地,对其物种组成、结构及其多样性特征进行研究,结果表明:在总面积1 hm2的样方中,共记录到胸径≥1 cm的植株6 212株,隶属43科69属77种。以茜草科、樟科和山茶科为优势科,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、木荷(Schima superba)和黄樟(Cinnamomum parthenoxylon)为优势种。样地内所有植株平均胸径为4.71 cm,群落径级分布呈"J"型,群落结构总体稳定;马尾松、白花苦灯笼(Tarenna mollissima)、酸味子(Antidesma japonicum)的空间分布呈较强的聚集性;木荷、油茶(Camellia oleifera)的分布较均匀。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数较高,样地的物种种类较多,植株分布的均匀。群落结构总体稳定。 相似文献
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天然针阔混交林是广东孔江国家湿地公园的地带性植被,具重要生态和经济价值。为深入了解天然针阔混交林群落的结构特征和物种多样性维持机制,在广东孔江国家湿地公园内建立了 1 hm 2 的森林长期监测型固定样地,对其物种组成、结构及其多样性特征进行研究,结果表明：在总面积1 hm2 的样方中,共记录到胸径≥ 1 cm 的植株 6 212 株,隶属 43 科69 属 77 种。以茜草科、樟科和山茶科为优势科,马尾松（Pinus massoniana）、木荷（Schima superba）和黄樟（Cinnamomum parthenoxylon）为优势种。样地内所有植株平均胸径为 4.71 cm,群落径级分布呈“J”型,群落结构总体稳定; 马尾松、白花苦灯笼（Tarenna mollissima）、酸味子（Antidesma japonicum）的空间分布呈较强的聚集性;木荷、油茶（Camellia oleifera）的分布较均匀。Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数和Simpson 多样性指数较高,样地的物种种类较多,植株分布的均匀。群落结构总体稳定。 相似文献
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【目的】探讨热带山地雨林不同地形条件下物种组成及群落结构特征差异,评估物种与地形关联性,为进一步探索热带山地雨林的物种共存机制提供依据。【方法】以海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林60 hm2大样地及其290种木本植物(胸径≥1 cm)为研究对象,通过对大样地每块20 m×20 m样地的平均海拔、坡度和凹凸度3个地形指标进行C-均值模糊聚类,将60 hm2大样地分为不同地形类型,分析不同地形条件下群落物种组成、物种丰富度和植株密度的差异;采用Torus转换检验,对大样地中胸径≥1 cm的独立植株且种群个体数量大于60的230种常见木本植物进行物种与地形关联性分析。【结果】尖峰岭60 hm2大样地可分为低海拔沟谷、陡坡、高海拔沟谷和山脊4类地形,其面积分别为12.6,16.68,15.08和15.64 hm2,对应的物种丰富度分别为274,269,264和267种;种-面积曲线表明,随着取样面积增加,同等面积条件下,低海拔沟谷的物种丰富度始终最大,其他3类地形物种丰富度基本处于陡坡估计值的±1.96×SE置信区间内,三者种-面积曲线相差不大;种-个体数累积曲线表明,随着个体数增加,低海拔沟谷物种丰富度的累积速率最大,陡坡和高海拔沟谷物种丰富度基本处于陡坡估计值的±1.96×SE置信区间内,二者种-个体数累积曲线相差不大,山脊物种丰富度随个体数增加的累积速率最小;高海拔沟谷植株平均胸径最大,陡坡次之,山脊植株平均胸径与大样地植株平均胸径相同,低海拔沟谷植株平均胸径最小;在各个径级内,山脊植株密度均最大,陡坡次之,植株平均胸径≤10 cm时,高海拔沟谷植株密度小于低海拔沟谷,而植株平均胸径≥10 cm时,低海拔沟谷植株密度小于高海拔沟谷;对4类地形内各径级植株数占总植株数的比例进行分析,平均胸径≥30 cm时,比例表现为高海拔沟谷陡坡山脊低海拔沟谷,平均胸径≥50 cm时,比例表现为低海拔沟谷高海拔沟谷陡坡山脊;低海拔沟谷中重要值最大的前3个物种为白颜树、柏拉木和大叶蒲葵,而其他3类地形条件重要值最大的前3个物种均为大叶蒲葵、白颜树和厚壳桂;230种常见植物中,有203个物种(占88.3%)与至少1类地形显著相关,高于世界上其他多个大样地;4类地形显著负相关的物种平均数占被检测物种总数比例表征的地形异质性贡献率为23.7%。【结论】尖峰岭60 hm2大样地中不同地形条件下木本植物群落结构及多样性具有较大差异,4类地形显著相关的物种数明显不同。地形是影响该大样地中木本植物分布的重要因素,与其他影响因素如光照、水分、土壤等多种环境因子共同发挥作用。尖峰岭热带山地雨林森林群落具有生境特化的特性,地形异质性对其物种多样性的维持具有重要贡献。本研究结果同样具有应用价值,如在恢复热带山地雨林植被、改造或营建混交林时,可以根据物种与地形的关联性,在不同的地形条件下选择不同的物种组合。 相似文献
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杉木生物量优化模型研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据湖南省杉木分布特点,本着"布点均匀、选树适中"的原则,在湖南绥宁、资兴等地选取标准地进行50株杉木取样,测定样木树高、冠幅、胸径等指标,记录样地海拔、小地形、坡向、坡位、坡度等因子.根据外业采集数据,在充分考虑各种立地因子对杉木生物量影响的基础上,以胸径(D)和树高(H)(或树冠长L)为自变量,用8种数学回归模型进行拟合,拟合了8种模型的杉木树干、根、叶、枝干等的生物量,从中筛选出杉木生物量最优模型. 相似文献
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以通山县大幕山林场国家储备林为研究对象,按蓄积采伐强度设置对照(0%)、低强度(15.7%)、中强度(27.0%)、高强度(36.0%)、超高强度(45.6%)5个处理建立20块固定样地,对杉檫混交林目标树经营成效进行了监测。结果表明:作业样地2020年与2019年相比,目标树平均胸径生长量增加0.52 cm/年,单位面积蓄积生长量增加4.38 m3/(hm2·年);同时,2020年4种采伐强度作业样地平均每100 m2天然更新树种数6.25个,新增天然更新株数21株,而对照样地每100 m2天然更新树种数仅3个,新增天然更新株数仅12株。由此可见,目标树经营既促进了林木胸径生长,增加了林分蓄积量,同时又改善了林下天然更新,增加了物种多样性,可为国家储备林项目营林措施的选择提供有力支撑。 相似文献
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本文调查了桉树人工林和邻近天然林内土著的木本植物多样性、密度和物种组成。桉树人工林和邻近天然林内分别圈画出20个20m×20m样地,记录下每块样地内的物种名称、物种丰富度、植株直径和高度以及采集亚样方(4m2)内幼苗数目。本试验中,记录人工林内木本植物46种,邻近天然林内52种,分别来自36个科。人工林内,物种多样性(H’)为2.19,林下木本植物密度为3842株/hm2,幼苗密度为4151株/hm2;而天然林内的物种多样性、林下树木密度和幼苗密度分别为2.74,4122株/hm2和8101株/hm2。两种林分的木本植物物种组成相似性较高。研究还表明,桉树人工林适合于Millitia ferruginia和小果咖啡生长和再生,而对下层木本则不适合。 相似文献
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湖北木林子保护区大样地的木本植物多样性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《林业科学》2016,(1)
[目的]分析亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林大样地(森林动态监测样地)物种多样性特征,阐明亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多样性的时空变化规律,为探索物种多样性维持、群落动态、环境异质性和生态系统功能调控机制等奠定基础。[方法]参照CTFS大样地建设与监测技术规范,于2014年在湖北木林子国家级自然保护区亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林中建立15 hm~2森林动态监测样地,调查并鉴定样地内DBH≥1 cm的所有木本植物,分析其物种多样性特征。[结果]15 hm~2大样地内共有木本植物228种84 189株,分属于112属61科,其中以10 cm为起测径级的木本植物130种11 863株,分属于71属44科;以30 cm为起测径级的木本植物67种1721株,分属于40属29科;以1 cm为起测径级和以10 cm为起测径级的木本植物在0~3 hm~2范围内物种数随取样面积的增大而快速增加,在6 hm~2时包含的物种数均超过了总物种数的80%,以30 cm为起测径级的木本植物在0~0.2 hm~2范围内物种数随取样面积的增大而快速增加,在8 hm~2时包含的物种数超过了总物种数的80%;样地内个体数量超过1 000的物种有18种,占样地所有物种数的7.89%,但个体数量之和占样地总个体数量的70.63%;样地上层乔木以小叶青冈和多脉青冈为主,中、下层的翅柃个体数量最多,重要值最大;样地内稀有种比例极高,有116种,占物种总数的50.88%,但个体数量仅占总个体数量的0.14%;群落物种组成中最主要的科为壳斗科和山茶科;样地中共有萌生木本植物137种18 880株,分属于76属42科,分别占样地总物种、个体数量、属及科数的60.1%,22.4%,62.8%和65.6%,其中,以10 cm为起测径级的萌生木本植物有64种,分属于43属26科,共计1 073株,以30 cm为起测径级的木本植物17种,分属于15属和9科,共计46株。[结论]木林子自然保护区亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林中木本植物种类丰富,主要由壳斗科和山茶科组成,稀有种及萌生物种所占比例高。该样地大量萌生物种的出现可能与保护区建立以前的人为干扰及区域特殊生境条件密切相关。 相似文献
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为了解毛脉槭林的群落学特征,在浙江天童山设立18个20 m×20 m样地,调查样地中胸径≥1 cm的物种数量、胸径、株高和蓄积量,分析其优势度。结果表明:1毛脉槭林物种组成复杂,拥有木本植物37科62属,计95种;区系分布类型分为11种,热带和温带分布属分别占总属数的55.5%和40.3%;2毛脉槭为亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林的一种优势树种,重要值10.4%,该种群的径级结构较为合理,呈间歇增长型结构,具有充沛的幼苗、幼树;3毛脉槭林胸径≥5 cm的个体平均密度为1122株·hm-2,平均胸径14.9 cm,其中毛脉槭最大胸径达50 cm,蓄积量达145.3 m3·hm-2。说明天童山保存着浙东典型的毛脉槭天然林,立木蓄积量较高,具有较高的保护和利用价值。 相似文献
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[目的]研究青云山自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落结构和区系特征,为该区域森林生态系统及生物多样性保护提供参考。[方法]参照CTFS的调查技术规范,于2016年在广东翁源青云山省级自然保护区内设置了14个40 m×40 m的森林固定样地,对样地内胸径≥1 cm的木本植物进行每木调查。[结果]样地内共有胸径≥1 cm的木本植物216种、13 630株,分属52科110属;稀有种和偶见种分别占总种数的28.70%和43.98%。样地以杉木、木荷、罗浮柿、毛棉杜鹃花、黧蒴锥、栲、罗浮锥、米槠、华润楠、鼠刺、毛竹和甜槠为优势种,以樟科、山茶科、大戟科、金缕梅科、木兰科、蔷薇科、壳斗科、禾本科为优势科。52个科可划分为9个分布区类型,以热带性质为主,占总科数的65.39%,温带性质占总科数的15.38%;110个属可分为12个分类区类型,以热带性质为主,占总属数的70.00%,温带性质占总属数的26.36%。样地内所有个体径级结构呈倒"J"形分布,有丰富的小径级植株;记录到的物种数随起测胸径的增大而逐渐减少,无明显断层现象,群落总体更新良好,呈稳定增长型。[结论]青云山自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林群落物种组成丰富,群落总体更新良好并处于演替初期。 相似文献
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This study presents data on the biomass and net aerial primaryproductivity (NAPP) of two contrasting East Anglian salt marshes.One site was at Tollesbury, Essex where the marshes are of theestuarine type and are subject to marsh degradation and erosionwhile the other site was 130 km to the north at Stiffkey, Norfolkwhere the barrier-type marshes are still actively developing withno signs of erosion. The NAPP was determined by the method ofSmalley with quadrats being harvested monthly with replacement.At the lowest levels at Tollesbury there was Pioneer Marshwhich was dominated by a mixture of Salicornia spp. and Astertripolium. At higher levels at Tollesbury there was LowerMarsh which was dominated by a mixture of Atriplex portulacoides andPuccinellia maritima. Over the four years of the studyPuccinellia became the dominant species following a markeddecrease in the extent and vigour of Atriplex. At Stiffkey theMiddle Marsh was at a much higher level and the vegetation waspredominantly a short dense sward with Atriplex portulacoides,Puccinellia maritima and Limonium vulgare together with smallerquantities of Armeria maritima and Plantago maritima. The meanNAPPs over three years of the Pioneer and Lower Marsh atTollesbury (467 & 519 g m-2 yr-1respectively) were similar butin 1993 the NAPPs recorded at Tollesbury were higher than thoserecorded at Stiffkey (625 & 583 compared with 458 g m-2yr-1).Smalleys method is difficult to apply to communities wherespecies dominance is variable, especially when dominance isshared between species with markedly different growth patterns.The results for NAPP obtained from the salt marshes at Tollesburyand Stiffkey are discussed in relation to results obtained byother workers from comparable areas in England and theNetherlands. Attention is also drawn to the possibly largerbelow-ground component of production that is frequentlyoverlooked. The importance of salt marshes in relation to othercoastal communities lies in the export of a proportion of theorganic matter produced and this mainly depends on theabove-ground production. 相似文献
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东莞蕨类植物区系研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用野外调查与查阅标本相结合的方法,对东莞蕨类植物区系及其分布特点进行研究,结果表明:东莞市有蕨类植物37科66属125种,其区系特点为:①分布区类型在科、属、种的水平上皆以热带、亚热带性质为主,占各自总数的64.87%、75.76%与61.60%。②科与属的分布区类型显示出东莞蕨类植物区系从热带向亚热带过渡的性质,与温带蕨类植物区系的联系较弱;在种的水平上,温带成分占总数的28.80%,呈现出热带蕨类植物区系向温带蕨类植物区系过渡的特点。③在种的水平上热带亚洲分布及东亚分布类型构成了东莞蕨类植物区系的主体,各占38.40%和20.80%。④与周边4个地区的比较中,与深圳的相似性为最高,与乐昌的相似性为最低;总体上,东莞蕨类植物区系与周围地区关系较为密切。 相似文献
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Staline Kibet 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(6):949-957
The Kenyan coastal forests make up one of the World 25 Biodiversity Hotspots. They consist of over 140 fragments (the majority with areas less than 0.5 km2) of the once extensive Zanzibar-Inhambane lowland moist forest. The over 60 known Mijikenda sacred Kaya forests and groves scattered along the coastal hinterland form the greater part of this ecosystem. The forests are of biological and cultural significance, and this has been recognized nationally and internationally, with some now listed as World Heritage Sites. The forests are protected by councils of Kaya elders who regulate use of their resources. Increasing human population and subsequent rise in demand for forest products and land for settlement has put a strain on these relic forests. Farm encroachment and extraction of forest products in different Kaya forests have affected the vegetation ecology at varying levels. This study investigated the spatial species distribution, association and regeneration potential of commonly utilized plants in one of these traditionally managed ecosystems. A modified nested plot method was used to collect data in the field.Using TWINSPAN multivariate, and indicator species analysis, two plant communities (Asteranthe and Bridelia) and an undifferentiated vegetation type were identified. Species association in Asteranthe consisted largely of forest dependant species, with a significant presence of woody climbers. It was comprised of two sub-communities namely Manilkara and Scorodophloeos. In contrast the second plant community, Bridelia, was dominated by light demanding species. It comprised one sub-community (Catunaregam) and a seral stage (Keetia). The species diversity and richness was higher in the Asteranthe community compared to Bridelia. Some of the forest species commonly utilized by the local people were observed to regenerate both in open and closed forest habitats while others had seedling recruitment confined to closed forest.Despite some coastal forests showing physiognomic similarity, detailed study shows intra-variation linked to topography, exposition, type and intensity of human perturbation both currently and in the distant past. Clearly, vegetation patterns of coastal forests of eastern Africa change at fairly short intervals.Recruitment of forest specialists is likely to decline if closed forests are opened up by farm encroachment, however their less specialized counterparts can pioneer in re-colonization of disturbed sites if conservation is strengthened. There is need to invigorate traditional management systems of forests with cultural significance by recognizing and giving increased legal mandates to the local custodians. 相似文献
16.
Responses of swamp bay,Persea palustris,and avocado,Persea americana,to various concentrations of the laurel wilt pathogen,Raffaelea lauricola 
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下载免费PDF全文 M. A. Hughes S. A. Inch R. C. Ploetz H. L. Er A. H. C. van Bruggen J. A. Smith 《Forest Pathology》2015,45(2):111-119
Laurel wilt, caused by the fungus Raffaelea lauricola and transmitted by the exotic ambrosia beetle Xyleborus glabratus, has killed members of the Lauraceae plant family throughout the southeast United States. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the effects of inoculum concentration on the development of laurel wilt in swamp bay, Persea palustris, and avocado, Persea americana. In each experiment, host plants were inoculated with aqueous suspensions of 102, 103, 104 or 105 conidia of R. lauricola, and plants were rated periodically for external symptom development (wilting and foliar dieback). At the end of experiments, plants were rated for internal symptoms of the disease (discoloration of sapwood) and assayed for R. lauricola on a semi‐selective medium. Symptom severity in swamp bay was significantly lower for the 102 treatment than at higher (103–105) concentrations, whereas 102 and 103 conidia caused less disease than 104 and 105 conidia in avocado. At the lowest inoculum concentration, 67% of the swamp bay plants and 20% of the avocados died by the time the respective experiments were terminated. The pathogen was recovered from a high proportion of the symptomatic sapwood of swamp bay (100%) and avocado (94%), and sapwood discoloration and recovery of R. lauricola from inoculated stems of swamp bay were highly correlated with recovery of the pathogen and symptom development in roots. Clearly, swamp bay and avocado are very sensitive to R. lauricola. The ability of only 100 conidia of this pathogen to kill these hosts suggests that few individuals of X. glabratus or other ambrosia beetles that carry low levels of the pathogen would be sufficient to transmit conidia that infect and lead to disease development. The results are also relevant to the development of disease‐tolerant host selections, as they indicate levels of the pathogen appropriate for use in screening plants for disease resistance. 相似文献
17.
Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses techniques have been applied to investigate the thermal degradation characteristics
and chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar, cypress, fir, and spruce. The decomposition of the components could be modeled by
an Arrhenius kinetic expression. The kinetic parameters were extracted from the thermogravimetric data using least-squares
techniques. The heating rates used for the analyses were 10°, 5°, and 0.33°C/min; and the activation energy and reaction order
of the above woods were 7.54, 8.39, 2.87, and 7.88 kJ/mol and 0.71, 0.64, 0.44, and 0.63, respectively. Finally, carbonization
was done to produce charcoal from these woods under various operating conditions, and the charcoal was characterized in respect
to yield, heating value, electrical conductivity, and X-ray diffraction. The quality of the charcoal from fir was the best
among the four types of wood. The charcoal produced is inferior to binchotan (white charcoal) in respect to electrical conductivity
and crystalline structure.
Received: February 13, 2002 / Accepted: July 12, 2002
Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to Professor Yoshida of Applied Chemistry in Tokyo Metropolitan University for performing
the TG/DTA in his laboratory and for his valuable suggestions about the analyses. 相似文献
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We summarized the status of wolves (Canis lupus), elk (Cervis elaphus), and woody browse conditions during the 20th century for the upper Gallatin elk winter range in southwestern Montana, USA. During this period, wolves were present until about the mid-1920s, absent for seven decades, and then returned to the basin in 1996. A chronosequence of photographs, historical reports, and studies indicated willows (Salix spp.) along streams became heavily browsed and eventually suppressed following the removal of wolves, apparently due to unimpeded browsing by elk. However, after wolf establishment in 1996, browsing intensity on willows lessened in some areas and we hypothesized that, at both a landscape and fine scale, browsing pressure reflects terrain configurations influencing predation risk (nonlethal effects), in conjunction with lower elk densities (lethal effects). We measured browsing intensity and heights of Booth willow (S. boothii) along 3000 m reaches of the Gallatin River and a tributary to examine the potential influence of wolf/elk interactions upon willow growth. Where the Gallatin Valley is relatively narrow (high predation risk), willows began releasing in 1999 and by 2002 were relatively tall (150–250 cm). In contrast, willow heights along a wider portion of the Gallatin Valley, along the open landscape of the tributary, and an upland site (all low predation risk) generally remained low (<80 cm). We identified terrain and other features that may contribute to the perceived risk of wolf predation, by elk for a given site. Although alternative mechanisms are discussed, changes in willow communities over time following wolf removal and their subsequent reintroduction were consistent with a top-down trophic cascade model involving nonlethal and possibly lethal effects. If similar top-down effects upon vegetation hold true in other regions of North America and other parts of the world where wolves have been extirpated, wolf recovery may represent a management option for helping to restore riparian plant communities and conserve biodiversity. 相似文献
20.
We carried out an ethno-medico-biological investigation in the interior of Bhadrak district, Odisha, India to explore the therapeutic use of traditional plants/animals by local inhabitants. The villagers and rural people used plant and animal species as medicine. We recorded therapeutic use of 18 plant species of 13 families and 12 animal species of seven taxonomic categories. Different plant/animal parts like bark, leaf, flower, seed, stem, root, whole plant, oil, blood, milk, urine and flesh were reported as used in raw or cooked form against 17 specific diseases. Prominent diseases treated by plant/animal remedies were asthma, cardiovascular ailments, diabetes, epilepsy, jaundice, malaria, skin disorder and rheumatism. This study provides a better database for future studies. 相似文献