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1.
不同有机材料覆盖对土壤保水效果的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[目的]研究不同有机材料覆盖对土壤水分蒸发量、土壤含水量的影响,并筛选出保水效果最佳的材料。[方法]以木片、树皮及经过堆腐的园林废弃物为研究对象,进行模拟蒸发及桶装控制试验。[结果]不同粒径的园林废弃物覆盖均能降低土壤水分日蒸发量,日蒸发量从大到小依次为CK,3～5 cm粒径(M_3)、0～1 cm粒径(M_1)、1～3 cm粒径(M_2)。在连续蒸发14 d后,M_2,M_1,M_3和CK的土壤水分累积蒸发量分别为193.0,269.5,304.0和1 037.0 g,与CK相比,分别减少了81.4%,74.0%,70.7%;不同有机材料覆盖均能提高土壤含水量。除了雨季之外,不同土层土壤含水量从高到低依次表现为:木片覆盖(M_4)树皮覆盖(M_5)1～3 cm粒径园林废弃物覆盖(M_2)CK。土壤含水量的年变化整体呈现出双峰趋势,一年中4—5月含水量较低,6—8月含水量较高,不同土层土壤含水量的年变化趋势基本一致。M_4,M_5,M_2和CK的0—40 cm土层土壤年平均含水量分别为32.9%,30.3%,27.4%,26.8%。[结论]木片为保水效果最好的有机材料,其次是树皮和园林废弃物。 相似文献
2.
有机地表覆盖材料对树穴土壤理化性质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过大田试验,研究有机地表覆盖材料对土壤理化性质的影响。以圆明园公园内的桑葚林(Morus alba L.)树穴土壤为研究对象设置6种处理,即水性聚氨酯胶黏剂有机覆盖垫(A)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比9∶1有机覆盖垫(B)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比8∶2有机覆盖垫(C)、水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比7∶3有机覆盖垫(D)、木片覆盖(M)和无覆盖处理(CK),对不同地表覆盖材料的覆盖效果进行评价。结果表明:(1)总体来看,1年后不同有机地表覆盖材料覆盖下树穴土壤的容重、孔隙度、持水量等物理指标以及不同土层土壤pH变化不大。(2)与CK相比,不同有机地表覆盖材料可增加土壤中有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾的含量,覆盖后0-10 cm土层比10-20 cm土层的效果更为明显。综合考虑,不同有机地表覆盖材料能够改善土壤养分含量,水性聚氨酯与淀粉胶黏剂混合比8∶2有机覆盖垫(C)为5种有机地表覆盖材料中最适合裸露树穴的覆盖材料。 相似文献
3.
有机无机改良剂对滨海盐渍化土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
[目的]为解决滨海地区土壤盐分高和生态环境恶劣的问题,研究发酵园林废弃物与膨润土不同比例配合施用对滨海盐渍土的改良效果。[方法]通过滨海地区田间试验,采用单独施用68 kg/m~3发酵园林废弃物(T_1)、单独施用15 kg/m~3膨润土(T_2)和二者混合施用(T_3)的方法,分析不同处理组土壤酶活性、微生物量碳、氮的变化及其与土壤理化性质的相关关系。[结果]有机无机改良剂混施(T_3)在提高土壤酶活性和微生物量碳、氮方面具有更显著的效果。脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶分别为对照的10.1,9.0和4.5倍;土壤微生物量碳、氮分别比对照提高了24.8%和78.1%。此外,混施也可以显著改善土壤理化性质,使土壤盐分降低了62.7%,养分各项指标增幅为57.2%～101.4%。同有机改良剂处理相比,无机改良剂对土壤酶活和土壤微生物量的影响较小。速效钾与速效氮是影响土壤酶活性与微生物量的主要因子,而含盐量、容重则与土壤酶和微生物量呈负相关,具有抑制作用。[结论]发酵园林废弃物的加入对土壤酶活性和微生物量的增加起到了决定性的作用。最佳施用处理组为原土混合掺拌68 kg/m~3发酵园林废弃物和15 kg/m~3膨润土。 相似文献
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5.
梨园秸秆还田腐解特征及对土壤性状的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究梨园秸秆还田腐解特征及对土壤理化性状和生物性状的影响,在梨园布置覆膜对照(CK)、秸秆覆盖(S)、秸秆覆盖+腐解菌肥(S-BM)、双倍秸秆覆盖+腐解菌肥(2S-BM)田间试验。结果表明:秸秆覆盖150天后,S-BM处理的腐解率为62.4%,S和2S-BM处理的腐解率均为50%,氮、钾释放率以S-BM处理最高;秸秆覆盖提高了土壤最低温,降低了土壤最高温,减小了土壤温度振幅;2S-BM处理显著降低了土壤体积质量,提高了土壤水溶性有机碳含量;秸秆覆盖显著增加了0~5 cm土层有机碳含量,2S-BM处理对0~15 cm土层速效养分含量的提升效果显著,S和S-BM处理显著提高了0~5 cm土层速效钾含量;2S-BM处理的土壤细菌、真菌数量以及微生物生物量碳、氮含量在梨树生育后期明显提高;2S-BM、S-BM和S处理分别能增产86.9%、17.8%和28.7%。秸秆覆盖对土壤的改善是由上到下的,当梨园秸秆还田量为45 000 kg/hm2时,土壤的改良效果非常明显。 相似文献
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[目的]探索退化干旱山地不同保水措施对土壤理化特征的影响,为北方干旱退化山区土壤环境改良提供科学依据。[方法]以太行山新垦片麻岩山地新植核桃园为试材,进行保水剂、玉米秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖等保水措施的不同组合处理,研究土壤养分和微生物数量的变化。[结果]秸秆覆盖能显著提高土壤养分含量和微生物数量。细菌、放线菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量较对照分别提高了14.04%,17.42%,25.53%,60.29%,25.90%,15.31%,143.67%和51.44%。保水剂使得土壤养分含量和微生物数量略有下降。地膜覆盖降低了土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、纤维素分解菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷含量,较对照分别降低了27.19%,21.0%,10.11%,31.07%,1.11%,22.06%和6.06%,却提高了土壤全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量,较对照分别提高了12.6%,9.65%,8.09%。多元组合处理对土壤养分含量和微生物数量的影响相互之间差异较大;而保水剂+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖的组合并没有达到最佳效果;在所有处理中,保水剂+秸秆覆盖的组合对土壤的改良效果最好,与对照相比,提高土壤细菌、放线菌数量和有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾含量分别达16.67%,3.37%,6.64%,92.65%,12.67%,1.8%,94.25%和105.76%。[结论]土壤养分、微生物数量与土壤水热气状况密切相关;保水措施在改变土壤水热气状况的同时,也改变了土壤养分和微生物数量。 相似文献
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以旱作燕麦田为试验对象,设置免耕高留茬高覆盖、免耕低留茬高覆盖、免耕高留茬低覆盖、免耕低留茬低覆盖和常规耕作5个处理,研究了免耕留茬覆盖对土壤养分、微生物量及燕麦产量的影响。结果表明,免耕留茬覆盖各处理均能明显提高土壤0—10cm和10—20cm土层中土壤有机质、全量养分及速效养分含量,0—10cm土层各土壤养分含量均高于10—20cm土层;免耕留茬覆盖对土壤微生物碳、氮具有显著的提高作用,整个生育期抽穗期达到最大值,0—10cm土层土壤微生物量碳、氮均大于10—20cm土层,其中免耕高留茬高覆盖处理效果最佳;免耕留茬覆盖对0—10cm和10—20cm土壤微生物商有显著提高作用,免耕留茬覆盖处理间差异不显著;免耕留茬覆盖对燕麦产量影响显著,其中高留茬高覆盖处理产量最高,为2 111.4kg/hm~2,较常规耕作增产18.6%,产量总体表现为免耕高留茬高覆盖免耕低留茬高覆盖免耕高留茬低覆盖免耕低留茬低覆盖常规耕作。 相似文献
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生物有机无机复合肥对土壤性质的影响 总被引：19，自引：1，他引：19
进行了化肥、传统有机肥、生物有机肥、有机无机复合肥和生物有机无机复合肥的田间比较试验。试验结果表明:⑴生物有机无机复合肥可以提高冬小麦产量,比其它处理高11.73%~105.80%,差异极显著。⑵生物有机无机复合肥可降低土壤pH值和土壤容重,提高土壤总孔隙度。⑶生物有机无机复合肥可显著提高土壤微生物活性。与不施肥处理比较,土壤细菌增加了165.38%,真菌增加了189.47%,放线菌增加了48.72%,总量增加了104.07%,其增加量高于其它处理。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性也都有明显提高,促进了土壤有机质的分解转化和速效养分的释放。⑷生物有机无机复合肥可不同程度地提高土壤全量养分和速效养分,提高土壤肥力。 相似文献
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试验研究了不同的树盘覆盖材料对龙眼园的土壤温度、湿度及速效养分和pH值、果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明,覆盖牛粪并养蚯蚓处理和秸秆覆盖处理土壤含水量显著高于其它处理;在温度较高的10月份覆盖生草处理的土壤表层温度较低;在温度较低12月份,秸秆覆盖和覆盖牛粪并养蚯蚓处理的土壤表层温度较高;覆盖牛粪养蚯蚓处理和秸秆覆盖处理显著提高了土壤速效养分含量;覆盖牛粪养蚯蚓处理能显著提高酸性赤红壤的pH值;覆盖牛粪养蚯蚓处理也显著提高了龙眼产量和品质。从综合效应看,龙眼园树盘覆盖牛粪养蚯蚓处理显著好于其他覆盖处理。 相似文献
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秸秆腐解物覆盖对园林土壤理化性质的影响 总被引：18，自引：5，他引：13
为了了解不同类型不同厚度的作物秸秆腐解物的覆盖在园林上的应用效果,采用玉米、小麦、棉花秸秆的腐解物为覆盖材料,覆盖3、6、9 cm,研究了不同秸秆腐解物及不同厚度覆盖对土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明,覆盖可以显著降低表层（0～10 cm）土壤体积质量,提高土壤渗透性,具有显著的保水作用,如覆盖1 a,各材料覆盖6 cm效果理想,如覆盖2 a,玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆覆盖最佳覆盖厚度为9 cm,棉花秸秆最佳覆盖厚度为6 cm;3种秸秆覆盖6 cm时,杂草减少96%以上,覆盖9 cm时,杂草抑制率达100%;覆盖1 a后土壤中有机质和养分含量显著增加;覆盖后地面径流浑浊度减少90%以上;覆盖还能减缓土壤温度变化幅度。农业废弃物园林覆盖省水、省肥、省工,符合节约型园林的要求,生态效益显著,值得推广应用。 相似文献
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长期秸秆覆盖对免耕稻-麦产量、土壤氮组分及微生物群落的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为探究长期秸秆覆盖对免耕区作物产量、土壤氮素组分及微生物群落特征的影响,以稻–麦定位免耕试验为研究对象,选取了其中免耕且秸秆移除和免耕且秸秆覆盖2个处理,于试验开展第12年（2018年）小麦收获后,统计分析近五年产量数据,并采集各处理0～5、5～10、10～20、20～30 cm的土壤样品,测定土壤全氮及活性氮组分,利用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）方法表征土壤微生物群落。结果表明：（1）秸秆覆盖显著提高了小麦产量（增幅为6.49%）,对水稻产量影响不显著。（2）秸秆覆盖对土壤氮组分的影响略有差异：它显著提高了土壤0～5 cm全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮以及0～10 cm颗粒有机氮、0～5 cm和10～20 cm可溶性有机氮含量,对微生物生物量氮无显著影响;它提高了0～5 cm和10～20 cm可溶性有机氮占全氮的比例,对其他组分占全氮比例无显著影响。（3）秸秆覆盖显著提高了土壤微生物总PLFA和细菌PLFA丰度,对真菌PLFA和放线菌PLFA无影响,降低了土壤真菌/细菌比;微生物生物量氮、土壤全氮、颗粒有机碳/颗粒有机氮比是显著影响土壤微生物群落组成的关键土壤环境因子。（4）无论秸秆覆盖与否,土壤全... 相似文献
12.
干旱荒漠区排矸场不同覆盖类型对土壤水分蒸发的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
[目的] 在水分匮乏的干旱荒漠区煤矿废弃地植被恢复过程中,研究不同边坡覆盖模式对土壤水分蒸发的影响,为干旱荒漠区矿区废弃地生态恢复模式优化与完善植被恢复技术提供科学依据。[方法] 以中国西北干旱荒漠区煤炭基地废弃地——排矸场为研究对象,研究不同覆盖类型排矸场边坡土壤水分蒸发和表层土壤水分的变化。试验设置了草帘、生态毯和液态地膜3种覆盖类型,以无覆盖为对照。[结果] 干旱荒漠区煤矿排矸场边坡表层土壤含水量基本呈随着坡位降低而增加的变化规律;蒸发试验进行初期各覆盖处理的土壤日蒸发量较大,随着时间推移日蒸发量逐渐降低,草帘覆盖下的平均土壤日蒸发量最低,与无覆盖处理之间的变化差异达到显著水平（p<0.05）;3种覆盖与无覆盖处理下的土壤水分累积蒸发量在排矸场边坡的不同坡位均表现出逐步上升的规律,无覆盖措施的土壤累积蒸发量增加较明显,草帘覆盖、液膜覆盖和生态毯覆盖措施下的土壤累积蒸发量分别比无覆盖措施减少了38.4%,24.2%和20.6%,坡面覆盖处理的土壤累积蒸发过程符合线性函数关系。[结论] 在草帘、生态毯和液态地膜3种覆盖类型中,草帘覆盖下的土壤含水量较高,草帘是减少边坡表层土壤水分蒸发量最为适合的覆盖措施。 相似文献
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Suman Lata Verma Chris Penfold 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(4):459-468
With diminishing world reserves of phosphorus (P) deposits and rising fertilizer prices, it is important to find alternate sources of P for crops. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of four different composts C1 (animal manure and straw), C2 (garden waste), C3 (wood chips and bark), and C4 (kitchen waste) on soil P pools and P uptake by wheat on 14, 28, and 72 days after compost application. The composts were applied as a 2.5 cm thick layer on the soil surface. During sampling, only the soil underlying compost was sampled. Soil pH and total organic carbon were not affected by the amendments. Soil respiration was significantly higher in compost-amended soils compared with the unamended soil except with C4 on day 72. Addition of composts increased plant growth, and P uptake being highest on day 72 with C1 and C4. With little effect on available P concentration on day 14, there was a conversion of organic P into inorganic P in the compost treatments suggesting net mineralization of organic P on day 28. On day 72, the concentrations of the less labile P forms were higher in the compost treatments compared with the unamended suggesting precipitation and fixation as well as synthesis of organic P. This study showed that mulching with composts having high available and total P concentrations can provide plants with P and also increase soil P concentrations which could reduce the fertilizer requirement for the following crop. 相似文献
14.
生物质炭对旱地红壤理化性状和水力学特性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
[目的]研究生物质炭对旱地红壤基本理化性质及水分特征曲线的影响,为红壤地区土壤改良提供依据。[方法]分层测定不同生物质炭施用量水平下的土样容重、孔隙度和有机碳含量,采用原状土压力膜法分层测定土壤的水分特征曲线。[结果]施用生物质炭能显著降低土壤的容重,提高土壤的孔隙度及有机碳含量,且随着施用量的增加,土壤容重逐渐降低,孔隙度及有机碳含量逐渐提高;随着生物质炭施用量的增加,土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量逐渐增加,凋萎系数逐渐减小,施用生物质炭30t/hm2的土壤处理饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量最高;生物质炭施用量与土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和有效水含量呈极显著正相关关系,与凋萎系数呈极显著负相关关系。[结论]施用生物质炭能显著提高红壤田间持水量和有效水含量。 相似文献
15.
《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2017,28(2):682-690
Soil water erosion is a major agricultural concern in tropical Africa with high precipitation and low soil fertility where Oxisols are generally distributed. A field experiment was conducted in east Cameroon during the rainy season in 2013 to investigate the effects of surface mulching with the residues of Imperata cylindrica on soil losses and surface runoff water generation in a cassava cropland on an Oxisol. Three treatments were established using two small plots for each treatment: bare plot (BA), cassava plot (CA) and cassava with mulch plot (CM). Soil loss and surface runoff water were measured, and water budgets of rainfall, surface runoff and soil moisture within rainfall events were measured in all treatment plots. Runoff coefficients in all treatment plots were suppressed below 8·0% because the large volume of large pores of surface soil of Oxisols contributed to the high drainage capacity over a rainy season even under wet soil moisture conditions. Total soil loss in CM was decreased by 49% compared with that in BA and CA, despite there not being a large difference in runoff water among treatments. These results suggest that surface mulching with the residues of I. cylindrica can substantially suppress soil losses caused by particle detachment by raindrops, while it maintain soil surface with originally high permeability in cassava croplands on Oxisols. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
秸秆覆盖对三峡库区坡面侵蚀的影响 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
[目的]分析农作物秸秆不同覆盖处理对坡面产流、产沙影响,为三峡库区坡耕地水土保持措施优化提供技术支持。[方法]利用人工模拟降雨技术,分析了5种不同雨强下不同秸秆覆盖处理的径流、泥沙过程。[结果]坡面覆盖秸秆能推迟坡面初始产流。在小雨强时,秸秆覆盖推迟初始产流显著,但随着雨强的增加,推迟初始产流的作用降低。在坡面下坡段覆盖秸秆推迟初始产流效果优于在坡面上坡段覆盖秸秆。对于产流产沙而言,在坡面上坡段覆盖秸秆与无覆盖差异不显著,但在坡面下坡段覆盖秸秆时径流模数和侵蚀模数为无覆盖的61.57%~69.1%和14.54%~18.31%,且减少地表径流和泥沙流失效果优于在坡面上坡段覆盖。秸秆覆盖后土壤流失比(SLR)介于0.022~0.611之间,且随着覆盖率的增加而降低,在坡面下坡段覆盖秸秆SLR值在上坡段的1/4。[结论]合理选择农作物秸秆在坡面覆盖的坡位及覆盖度,能有效降低坡面产流与侵蚀产沙,产生较好的水土保持效应。 相似文献
17.
Yong Peng Wang Long Hai Kadambot H. M. Siddique Yantai Gan Feng Min Li 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):486-498
AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11-12):913-925
Abstract Cover cropping and mulching to sustain and improve soil fertility and for weed control are common practices in organic growing systems. In this study, microbial parameters under different kinds of mulches and cover crops were analyzed in a field experiment with organically grown black currant (Ribes nigrum). The experiment comprised a combination of two mulches with bare soil as a control and two cover crops which were compared with bare soil, with and without an extra supply of organic fertilizer. Soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) as well as pH were unaffected by any of the treatments. The basal respiration rate was increased by mulching with wood chips throughout the four years of the experiment. During the last two years of the experiment, substrate induced respiration was also measured but was not found to be affected by any of the mulches. The potential ammonium (NH4 +) oxidation increased significantly after an initial supply of 200 kg N ha‐1 as solid cattle manure. The increase was significantly lower under wood chips than in bare soil, although an extra 200 kg N ha‐1 had been supplied under the wood chips. Furthermore, the black currant bushes suffered from a N deficiency in the wood chip treatment. The results showed that there was no substantial lasting build‐up of microbial biomass or organic matter content with wood chips because of lack of N, despite a large initial input of N and easily‐available C. Possible reasons for this deficiency are either increased denitrification under the wood chips or fungal translocation of N to the wood chip layer. Results from this experiment suggests that the evaluation of a few complementary biological soil parameters can be an important tool when developing sustainable growing systems and for indicating environmental stress. 相似文献