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1.
The population fluctuation of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus was studied, using the aggregation pheromone traps, during 2000 and 2001 in the United Arab Emirates. The insect population increased gradually from January to reach its peak in March, April, or May. The populations in three date palm plantations were much less in 2001 compared to 2000 with reductions of 29.7–51.7%. An evaluation of the performance of the pheromone traps showed that they could capture 4.4 to 20.7% of the resident populations of R. ferrugineus in the three different date palm plantations. No significant differences could be found in rates of capture between males and females. Individuals of marked weevils released in date palm plantations migrated 1–7 km from the plantations in which they were released. The released marked weevils were recaptured, mostly, within 3–5 days post release.  相似文献   

2.
Bud rot disease or “Pudricion del cogollo” (PC) of oil palm is a major constraint on production in Colombia and neighbouring countries such as Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru and Surinam. To date, there are no documented reports of Phytophthora disease of oil palm in South‐East Asia. This research, therefore, was conducted to determine the pathogenic potential of Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora nicotianae on oil palm using both in vitro and nursery inoculation experiments. In vitro inoculation of both P. palmivora and P. nicotianae on immature oil palm leaflets caused discoloration within 2 days of inoculation and incubation at 25 ± 1.5°C, 100% RH. Similarly, in nursery trials, lesions formed on the buds (unopened leaflets) 3 days after inoculation with P. palmivora or P. nicotianae zoospore suspensions. No lesions developed on untreated leaflets in either in vitro or nursery inoculation experiments. Phytophthora spp. were re‐isolated from leaflet lesions and confirmed as the inoculated pathogens.  相似文献   

3.
The effect of different host plants including cabbage, cauliflower, mustard, radish, and broccoli on biological parameters of Pieris brassicae (L.) was studied in the laboratory at 28°C, 65 ± 5% RH and 12L:12D photoperiod. Duration of each life stage, longevity, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m), net reproductive rate (R 0), mean generation time (T), doubling time (DT), and finite rate of increase (λ) of the cabbage white butterfly on the different cole crops were estimated. Differences in fertility life table parameters of the P. brassicae among host plants were analyzed using pseudo-values, which were produced by Jackknife re-sampling. The results indicating that cabbage might be the most suitable food for P. brassicae due to the shorter development time (16 days), longer adult longevity (12 and 9 days for female and male, respectively), higher fecundity (281 eggs/female), higher intrinsic rate of natural increase (0.1156 females/female/day), lower doubling time (6.00), lower larval mortality (70.33%), and higher yield of adult (30%). Therefore, it can be concluded from the present study that P. brassicae prefers cabbage for fast and healthy development with low larval mortality and highest number of adult yield than other cole crops.  相似文献   

4.
The effect of 14 soybean genotypes (Sahar, Sari, Williams, Tellar, Hill, Clark, Tms, Dpx, Zane, 032, 033, L17, Ks3494 and I27) on life history and fecundity of two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, was investigated. All experiments were conducted at 28 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% r.h. and a photoperiod of L16:D8 h. The highest development time was 8.41 and 8.78 days for male and female on I27, and the lowest value of this period was obtained on Sahar and Ks3494 for male and female, respectively (7.11 and 7.60 days, respectively). The TSSM fecundity varied from 33.62 to 153.82 eggs per female, which was minimum on 032 and maximum on L17. The comparison of TSSM biological parameters on different soybean genotypes and cluster analysis of these parameters demonstrated that Ks3494, 032, Dpx and Sahar were the most resistant genotypes to this pest. An antibiosis process could be, at least in part, the cause of this variation. Knowledge of the extent of susceptibility or resistance of genotypes and biology of a pest on a crop are fundamental components of integrated pest management (IPM) programs for any crop. Implication of these observations in the control of TSSM on soybean is discussed.  相似文献   

5.
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a very polyphagous pest with a worldwide distribution. In order to appraise population growth parameters of this pest, samples of two-spotted spider mites were taken from soybean (Glycine max) fields of Moghan region, Iran in June 2007 and are reared on bean plants var. Derakhshan (Phaseolus vulgaris) in a growth chamber. The life table parameters of this pest were calculated on three commercial soybean cultivars (Zane, Hach, and L17) and one hybrid (Hob × Will) at 25 ± 1°C, 60 ± 10%RH, and 16 h photophase. The developmental times of immature stages varied from 9.69 on Hach to 9.82 days on L17, whereas the immature survival was 57–79% on Hach and Hob × Will, respectively. On average, there were 65.5, 40.8, 38.8 and 34 eggs produced per female on L17, Hach, Hob × Will and Zane, respectively. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ) for T. urticae on Hob × Will was the highest, whereas the values for r m ranged from 0.211 (females/female/day) on Zane to 0.292 on Hob × Will. Also, jackknife values of other life table parameters such as net reproductive rate (R 0), generation times (T), doubling time (DT), and finite rate of increase (λ) on these cultivars were estimated. Overall, the two-spotted spider mite indicated a better performance on Hob × Will than on the other soybean cultivars.  相似文献   

6.
Rapid ?ōhi?a Death (ROD) is a fungal disease of ?ōhi?a lehua (Myrtaceae: Metrosideros polymorpha) caused by Ceratocystis lukuohia and C. huliohia. ROD is the aetiological agent of widespread mortality of this important tree on Hawai?i Island, but its epidemiology remains unclear. We investigated the prevalence and viability of C. lukuohia in ambrosia beetle frass in ROD‐affected ?ōhi?a trees. A total of 200 frass traps were placed onto C. lukuohia‐infected ?ōhi?a at four locations on the east side of Hawai?i Island. Frass was collected and screened for the presence of C. lukuohia DNA using a diagnostic qPCR assay. In addition, frass samples were screened for viability by carrot baiting. All trapped beetles were of the genus Xyleborus, with the majority being the non‐native X. ferrugineus. Of the frass samples tested, 62% contained C. lukuohia DNA and 17% of carrot baits were positive for the fungus. These results indicate that ambrosia beetle frass releases C. lukuohia into the environment. We discuss the potential role infested frass could play in the ROD pathosystem.  相似文献   

7.
Stands of the landscape‐dominant tree, Metrosideros polymorpha (‘ōhi‘a) on the Island of Hawai‘i, HI., USA, are dying from a phenomenon known as rapid ‘ōhi‘a death (ROD). Approximately 180,000 acres of forest have already been impacted by the disease, the majority of which is attributed to C. lukuohia, the more aggressive of the two Ceratocystis species responsible for ROD. Three isolates of C. lukuohia were compared for differences in aggressiveness. Mean disease severity and mean number of days to death did not differ among the three isolates of C. lukuohia. A single isolate was selected for use in a resistance screening of 128 plants across four varieties of M. polymorpha occurring on Hawai‘i Island: incana, glaberrima, polymorpha and newellii. Disease severity was lower in early‐successional var. incana (38.84%) and riparian var. newellii (36.11%) compared to late‐successional var. glaberrima (61.27%) and high‐elevation var. polymorpha (70.27%). Var. incana and var. newellii also had the lowest mortality (63% and 77%, respectively) while var. glaberrima (86%) and var. polymorpha (100%) had the highest mortality. Eighty‐five per cent of the plants that died did so within 49 days post‐inoculation and mean number of days to death was significantly higher for var. glaberrima (46) compared to var. polymorpha (31). The results of this preliminary study suggest that some form of resistance might be present in natural populations of at least one variety of M. polymorpha on Hawai‘i Island and should be investigated more intensively.  相似文献   

8.
The potential of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Rioja strain was assessed under laboratory conditions. Last instar larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleptera: Chrysomelidae), Spodoptera littoralis Boisdouval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exposed to infective juveniles (IJs) under laboratory conditions. Larval mortality, days to larval death, infection cycle length, and reproductive potential were recorded. Efficacy was assessed performing dose–response experiments. The results indicate that control of L. decemlineata with S. feltiae Rioja strain is not economically profitable (LC50 = 99.61 IJs/cm2), whereas results obtained for T. ni (LC50 = 0.27 IJs/cm2) are promising. Due to the life cycle of this insect, the efficacy needs to be investigated in foliar application studies. The effects on S. littoralis (LC50 = 0.69 IJs/cm2) was considered the most suitable for development of the Rioja strain as a biocontrol agent for soil application.  相似文献   

9.
Limited nutrient acquisition from soil is a key process limiting productivity in boreal forest. We investigated short-root morphological adaptations and rhizosphere effect in relation to site conditions in interaction with tree mineral nutrition. We studied seven young (8- to 14-year-old) silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) stands on abandoned agricultural land in Estonia. Soil pH varied from 3.8 to 7.0, and soil N % from 0.07 to 0.26%. Tree nutrient (NPK) status was expressed by leaf nutrient concentrations. Leaf N correlated negatively with short-root specific length and area. Summed activity (SA) and metabolic diversity of bacteria (by BIOLOG Ecoplate™), bacterial community diversity (by DGGE) and pHKCl were determined for rhizosphere (R) and bulk soil (S) to reveal the extent of the rhizosphere effect. Bacterial activity in rhizosphere was 1.4–4.7 times higher than in bulk soil. Ratio SAR/SAS indicating root support to the rhizosphere bacterial communities decreased with increasing bulk soil pH; however, when bulk soil pH was ≥5, the decrease in SAR/SAS was insignificant, i.e. the rhizosphere effect stayed at a stable level. Diversity of bacterial community was 6% higher in bulk soil than in rhizosphere. Rhizosphere acidification occurred in studied stands when bulk soil pHKCl ≥ 5. Short-root N % correlated positively with SAR/SAS. We concluded that tree N-nutritional status was related to short-root morphological parameters but not to studied microbiological characteristics in the soil of young silver birch stands.  相似文献   

10.
Pear lace bug, Stephanitis pyri (F.) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) is a pest of apple and pear trees and ornamental Rosaceae plants in Mediterranean countries and palearctic region. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of temperatures on S. pyri in the laboratory. Development and fecundity of S. pyri reared on apple leaves (Pyrus malus L.) were investigated at five constant temperatures (20, 23, 26, 29 and 32 ± 1°C) and a 16L:8D photoperiod. Longevity was determined to be 12.6 days at 32°C and 58.7 days at 20°C for females, and 9.7 and 37.7 days for males. Females laid 186.9 eggs per female with the highest number achieved during 28.5 days of oviposition period at 26°C. Female lifetime fecundity was reduced at 32°C (40.0 eggs per female). While the net reproductive rate (R 0) was highest at 26°C, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ) was highest at both 26 and 32°C. The mean generation time (G) was estimated to be 27.2–78.4 days at 20 and 32°C, respectively. The longest development times for egg and total nymph stages were obtained as 22.0 and 24.9 days, respectively, at 20°C. S. pyri developed fastest from egg to egg in 24.3 days at 32°C. The lower developmental threshold (T 0) was 9.7°C and the thermal constant (K) was 517.3 degree-days for S. pyri. Thus, S. pyri is calculated to have 3.8 theoretical generations in Tekirdag. The optimum developmental temperature for S. pyri was 26°C.  相似文献   

11.
Palm leaves are an important resource for family households. The effect of harvest on leaf production, growth and fecundity of wild individual palm trees has been studied, but little is known about palm harvest in agro-forestry systems. In the Maya area of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, leaves of the xa’an palm (Sabal yapa, and Sabal mexicana) have been used since pre-Hispanic days for thatching the roofs of traditional Maya houses. The Maya have introduced xa’an palms in homegardens and the care they provide them improves their growth. Maya householders agree on what they consider to be the best harvest intensity for xa’an, recommending one or two harvest events per year, and leaving one or two leaves in each event; however, there is not ecological information documenting whether the traditional harvesting practices are the most adequate to maintain or increase leaf production, and their effect on the growth and fecundity of the palm trees. In Maxcanú, Yucatán, we studied eight family homegardens with S. yapa and S. mexicana. The selected individuals from each homegarden (n = 252) underwent six harvest treatments for 2 years C: control, no harvest, Al: annual harvest, leaving three leaves on the palm, Am: annual harvest leaving two leaves, Ah: annual harvest leaving one leaf, Sl: two harvests per year leaving three leaves, Sm: two harvests per year leaving two leaves. Treatments Ah and Sm simulated the traditional harvest method, and the remaining treatments simulated higher or lower harvest intensities and frequencies. Leaf production was higher in individual palms under higher harvest intensities and frequencies (Ah, Sl and Sm), but palm growth and leaf size were not affected by harvest. Number of inflorescences per palm differed between treatments and between homegardens during the first year only, but we could not find a clear pattern of variation. Production of new leaves was affected by initial palm size and initial leaf number. Removing mature leaves while leaving the young ones, as well as the intensity and frequency, with which traditional harvest is practiced, stimulate palms to compensate the defoliation effects by producing new leaves. This practice is based on empirical Maya knowledge that enables the manipulation of micro-environmental conditions and the development of sustainable harvesting strategies for the xa’an palm in traditional agro-forestry systems.  相似文献   

12.
The insecticidal activity of an entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria farinosa on pine bark-weevil (Pissodes punctatus) at different life stages underwent laboratory testing. Larvae, pupae and adults of Pissodes punctatus were exposed to a range of concentrations of fungal conidia in suspension for 5 s; mean mortality and LC50 values were calculated. The results showed I. farinosa can effectively infect larvae, pupae and adult pine bark-weevils, and the highest mean mortalities at each life stage can exceed 88%. The mean mortalities increased with higher concentrations of I. farinosa. Larvae were most susceptible with LC50 1.2 × 106 conidia ml−1 (15 days), pupae (30 days) exhibited the second largest effects, and adults (15 days) with LC50 1.72 × 106 and 1.99 × 106 conidia ml−1, respectively, at end of the experiments. This suggests that I. farinosa could be a potential bio-control agent against the pine bark-weevil.  相似文献   

13.
A total of 28 seeds of Phoenix canariensis, collected on the littoral of Croatia (former Yugoslavia) in August 1998, were brought to the Slovak Republic in order to grow palm trees In artificial conditions. Surprisingly, the seeds yielded 284 specimens of bark beetles which were identified as Dactylotrypes Iongicollis. This is the first evidence for the introduction of D. longicollis to the Slovak Republic.  相似文献   

14.
The epidemic of bud rot disease affecting oil palm in Colombia is primarily caused by Phytophthora palmivora. The pathogen has a cosmopolitan presence that includes Southeast Asia, but to date, bud rot has not been reported in this region. This study provides an overview of the potential risk of Malaysian P. palmivora isolates cross‐infecting other host species, including cocoa, durian, rubber and Malaysian oil palm planting materials (Dura × Pisifera, D × P). On cocoa pods, the durian isolate PP7 caused dark brown necrotic lesions. Detached leaf bioassays showed that P. palmivora isolates PP3 and PP7 infected different hosts, except rubber foliage without wounding. Inoculation tests on cocoa, durian and rubber seedlings caused brown necrotic lesions when stems were wounded, with 10% mortality in cocoa and durian at 17 days post‐inoculation (dpi). However, no further infection was observed, and lesions closed within 14–28 dpi on the non‐wounded seedlings. Pathogenicity tests of oil palm seedlings inoculated with isolates PP3 and PP7 indicated that Malaysian P. palmivora isolates were not pathogenic to oil palms based on localized infection observed only through wounding. Overall, the work demonstrated that Malaysian P. palmivora isolates were able to cross‐infect multiple hosts but did not show severe infections on oil palms.  相似文献   

15.
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an important insect pest of canola, Brassica napus L., in Ardabil, Iran. Host plant resistance is an essential component of integrated management of P. xylostella. We investigated the preferences and performance of P. xylostella on nine commercial cultivars of canola, namely Zarfam, RGS003, Adder, Okapi, Opera, Hyola401, Ebonite Option500 and Elite under greenhouse conditions at 23 ± 1°C, 50 ± 5% RH and 14L:10D. In free-choice situation, oviposition was lowest on Opera (23.5) and highest on Zarfam (44.7). In the life table study, fecundity of new generation female moths was lowest on Opera (95.4) and highest on Adder (145.7). Survival from egg to adult was significantly lower on Opera, Option500 and Hyola401 than on other tested cultivars. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m) and population growth rate (λ) were lowest on Opera and highest on Zarfam. The generation time (T) was shortest on Zarfam (17.2 days) and longest on Hyola401 (19.9 days) whereas doubling time (DT) was longest on Opera (3.9 days) and shortest on Zarfam (3.0 days). Our results clearly suggest that Opera was the most resistant host among the tested cultivars and has the potential to be used in the integrated management of P. xylostella.  相似文献   

16.
The decomposition rate of stem and branch coarse woody debris (CWD, >10 cm in diameter) was assessed in natural forests located in the central North Island of New Zealand. CWD samples had originated from windfalls associated with cyclone Bernie, and had been decaying for approximately 20 years on the forest floor. Species-specific decay rates were estimated from the density of CWD samples relative to the density of live tree samples from the same stands. Decay rates were determined for rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum), matai (Prumnopitys taxifolia), tawa (Beilschmiedia tawa), miro (Prumnopitys ferruginea) and kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) in podocarp forest at Whirinaki, and red (Nothofagus fusca) and silver beech (Nothofagus menziesii) in beech forest at Kaimanawa. The average decay rate for these seven species, expressed as the time taken to lose 50% mass (t1/2), was 30 years. Larger trees (90 cm diameter at breast height, dbh) decayed more slowly (t1/2 = 38 years) than smaller trees (30 cm dbh; t1/2 = 21 years). After adjustment for dbh, P. taxifolia (t1/2 = 39 years), N. fusca (t1/2 = 38 years), N. menziesii (t1/2 = 31 years) and B. tawa (t1/2 = 26 years) decayed significantly more slowly than D. cupressinum (t1/2 = 18 years). D. cupressinum decayed more slowly than P. ferruginea (t1/2 = 16 years) and D. dacrydioides (t1/2 = 14 years), although these differences were not statistically significant because the CWD sample size was small for the latter two species. An attempt to expand the range of species studied using data from in-ground durability tests was not successful as species decay rankings from these tests were inconsistent with natural forest CWD rankings. Stems heavily colonized by the common decay fungus Ganoderma cf. applanatum decayed more rapidly (t1/2 = 20 years) than those which were occupied only by other decay fungi (t1/2 = 40 years). A tree species and dbh-dependent decay constant, λ, was derived for estimating carbon loss from CWD due to fungal decay and insect activity in indigenous forests. Future research will aim to improve these decay equations by investigating the decomposition processes associated with tree species and basidiomycete populations present at other sites in New Zealand.  相似文献   

17.
A study was conducted to explore the traditional utilization pattern and indigenous management practices of wild date palm （Phoenix sylvestris Roxb） in the rural agrarian regions of Bangladesh. A multistage sampling method with 10% intensity and a semi-structured questionnaire were used for the study. The farmers manage the palm mainly for sap production with which sugar based secondary goods are manufactured. The sap is either used fresh as drink or after some sort of processing as molasses and/or alcoholic beverage. Seven diversified sites support the palm as its habitat and most palms （20.40%） occur in orchards. Besides growing naturally, the palm is also established in orchards using the wildings as the staple planting material. Although the medium category farmers own most of the palms （33%）, a considerable portion （28.68%） of it is managed by the landless farmers, who earn a substantial livelihood from the palms. The farmers practice their own indigenous wisdom in every stage of the palm＇s maintenance from planting through tapping for sap collec- tion to the processing of products. If managed more scientifically on a sustainable basis with the collaboration of farmers＇ indigenou~ knowledge, this familiar palm could be able to support the rural economy of the country to a great extent. Side by side, it would also be able to contribute to the richness of biodiversity in the region.  相似文献   

18.
Land management practices that simultaneously improve soil properties are crucial to high crop production and minimize detrimental impact on the environment. We examined the effects of crop residues on crop performance, the fluxes of soil N2O and CO2 under wheat-maize (WM) and/or faba bean-maize (FM) rotations in Amorpha fruticosa (A) and Vetiveria zizanioides (V) intercropping systems on a loamy clay soil, in subtropical China. Crop performance, soil N2O and CO2 as well as some potential factors such as soil water content, soil carbon, soil nitrogen, microbial biomass and N mineralization were recorded during 2006 maize crop cultivation. Soil N2O and CO2 fluxes are determined using a closed-based chamber. Maize yield was greater after faba bean than after wheat may be due to differences in supply of N from residues. The presence of hedgerow significantly improved maize grain yields. N2O emissions from soils with maize were considerably greater after faba bean (345 g N2O–N ha−1) than after wheat (289 g N2O–N ha−1). However, the cumulated N2O emissions did not differ significantly between WM and FM. The difference in N2O emissions between WM and FM was mostly due to the amounts of crop residues. Hedgerow alley cropping tended to emit more N2O than WM and FM, in particular A. fruticosa intercropping systems. Over the entire 118 days of measurement, the N2O fluxes represented 534 g N2O–N ha−1 (AWM) and 512 g N2O–N ha−1 (AFM) under A. fruticosa species, 403 g N2O–N ha−1 (VWM) and 423 g N2O–N ha−1 (VFM) under Vetiver grass. We observed significantly higher CO2 emission in AFM (5,335 kg CO2–C ha−1) from June to October, whereas no significant difference was observed among WM (3,480 kg CO2–C ha−1), FM (3,302 kg CO2–C ha−1), AWM (3,877 kg CO2–C ha−1), VWM (3,124 kg CO2–C ha−1) and VFM (3,309 kg CO2–C ha−1), indicating the importance of A. fruticosa along with faba bean residue on CO2 fluxes. As a result, crop residues and land conversion from agricultural to agroforestry can, in turn, influence microbial biomass, N mineralization, soil C and N content, which can further alter the magnitude of crop growth, soil N2O and CO2 emissions in the present environmental conditions.  相似文献   

19.
Efficacy of the insecticides spinosad and methoprene, applied alone or in combination to wheat, was evaluated against six stored-product insect species, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae, S. granarius, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, and Liposcelis bostrychophila. The concentrations of the insecticides were 0.1 and 0.5 ppm for spinosad and 1 and 5 ppm for methoprene. Parental mortality of R. dominica was 100% on wheat treated with either rate of spinosad, with no progeny production in any combination treatment. Parental mortality of S. oryzae did not exceed 62%, and progeny production was not reduced by any insecticide treatment. All S. granarius adults exposed on wheat treated with spinosad alone at 0.5 ppm were killed, but parental mortality was reduced when methoprene was added. Progeny production was reduced in treatments containing spinosad. Mortality of adult C. ferrugineus was 97% or greater in treatments containing spinosad, but adult mortality of O. surinamensis and L. bostrychophila was not reduced by insecticide treatments. The specific combinations of spinosad and methoprene evaluated in our study would have no benefit over spinosad used alone for control of any of the six species tested.  相似文献   

20.
The methanol (MeOH) extract of Populus ussuriensis Kom. bark was analyzed for antioxidant assessing by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging potential. Among fractions using several solvents, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) soluble fraction, which showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50 2.02 ± 0.01 μg/ml), was further purified by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) guided Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Three known phenolic glucosides, picein (I), salicortin (II), grandidentatin (III), and that of a new, 2-hydroxycyclohexyl-4′-O-p-coumaroyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (isograndidentatin A), were isolated and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physiochemical and spectroscopic methods. This was the first report of the chemical composition of P. ussuriensis bark. Phenolic glucosides III and IV exhibited strong antioxidant activities, with IC50 values 6.73 ± 0.01 and 6.69 ± 0.01 μM, respectively, comparable to the control (α-tocopherol, IC50 6.80 ± 0.01 μM). P. ussuriensis bark EtOAc-soluble fraction and compounds III and IV could be used as biopreservatives in food applications as well as for cosmetic and medicinal preparations, to alleviate oxidative stress.  相似文献   

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