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1.
Azam F Beers JR Campbell L Carlucci AF Holm-Hansen O Reid FM Karl DM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,203(4379):451-453
Seawater samples below the Ross Ice Shelf were collected through an access hole at J9, approximately 400 kilometers from the Ross Sea, Antarctica. The 237-meter water column had sparse populations of bacteria (8.7 x 10(6) to 1.2 x 10(7) per liter), microplankters (10(2) to 10(3) per cubic meter), and zooplankters (10 to 20 per cubic meter) at the depths studied. Microbial biomass estimates from cellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate measurements were very low (10 to 150 nanograms of carbon per liter), comparable with values for the abyssal ocean. Microbial populations assimilated tritiated D-glucose, thymidine, uridine, and adenosine triphosphate at extremely low rates, comparable with deep-sea heterotrophic populations. Sediment samples had 10(7) to 10(8) bacteria per gram (dry weight), which were metabolically active as shown by respiration of uniformly labeled D-[(14)C]glucose. From this study it cannot be determined whether these organisms in the water column and sediments constitute a functioning food web. 相似文献
2.
Roussel EG Bonavita MA Querellou J Cragg BA Webster G Prieur D Parkes RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5879):1046
Sub-sea-floor sediments may contain two-thirds of Earth's total prokaryotic biomass. However, this has its basis in data extrapolation from ~500-meter to 4-kilometer depths, whereas the deepest documented prokaryotes are from only 842 meters. Here, we provide evidence for low concentrations of living prokaryotic cells in the deepest (1626 meters below the sea floor), oldest (111 million years old), and potentially hottest (~100 degrees C) marine sediments investigated. These Newfoundland margin sediments also have DNA sequences related to thermophilic and/or hyperthermophilic Archaea. These form two unique clusters within Pyrococcus and Thermococcus genera, suggesting unknown, uncultured groups are present in deep, hot, marine sediments (~54 degrees to 100 degrees C). Sequences of anaerobic methane-oxidizing Archaea were also present, suggesting a deep biosphere partly supported by methane. These findings demonstrate that the sub-sea-floor biosphere extends to at least 1600 meters below the sea floor and probably deeper, given an upper temperature limit for prokaryotic life of at least 113 degrees C and increasing thermogenic energy supply with depth. 相似文献
3.
Coral islands drown when sea level rise exceeds the maximum potential of coral reefs to grow upward (about 10 millimeters per year). During the Holocene transgression (18,000 years ago to present) sea levels rose at rates of up to 10 to 20 millimeters per year, and most coral island reefs situated deeper than a critical depth of30 to 40 meters below present day sea level drowned. Coral islands that did not drown during the Holocene transgression apparently all developed on antecedent foundations shallower than critical depth. During low stands in sea level during the Pleistocene, these islands were elevated and subject to subaerial erosion. Today, in the Hawaiian Archipelago, the depth of drowned banks is inversely related to summit area; smaller banks are progressively deeper, evidently because of erosional truncation during low sea level stands. Bank summit area may therefore be an important factor determining the failure or success of coral islands. 相似文献
4.
氮沉降对杉木人工林土壤呼吸与土壤纤维素酶活性的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为研究森林土壤呼吸速率和纤维素酶活性对氮沉降增加的响应,以福建三明沙县官庄林场12年生杉木人工林为研究对象,设置了N0、N1、N2和N3四个水平,N沉降量以氮素计依次为0、60、120、240 kg.hm-2.a-1,对其林地土壤表层(0-20 cm)、中层(20-40 cm)和底层(40-60 cm)土壤进行了为期3 a的模拟氮沉降试验。结果表明:氮沉降抑制了林地表层土壤的呼吸作用,但明显促进了中层和底层土壤的呼吸作用。在N1、N2和N3处理下,林地表层土壤呼吸速率分别降低了28.34%、2.04%和15.31%,而中层土壤土壤呼吸速率分别增加了53.44%、62.22%和20.20%,底层土壤呼吸速率分别增加了117.46%、42.72%和72.86%。氮沉降在初始的2 a内使森林土壤纤维素酶活性提高,而在第3年,N1和N2处理对土壤纤维素酶活性的促进作用减弱,N3处理则显著降低了土壤纤维素酶活性。总体上看,经N1、N2处理后,土壤呼吸速率与土壤纤维素酶活性存在正相关性,而N3处理下两者的关系不显著。 相似文献
5.
Peterson MN 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1966,154(3756):1542-1544
Rate of dissoluton of calcium carbonate (calcite) was determined for a vertical profile 5000 mizeters deep in the central Pacific by measuring the loss of weight of optical calcite spheres arrayed on a mooring. Waters of the Pacific are undersaturated in all but the upper several hundred meters. A sharp increase in the rate of dissolution occurs at a depth of about 3700 meters, which corresponds closely to the depth below which calcite hias been dissolved from the sediments. 相似文献
6.
The in situ oxygen uptake of sediments at 1850 meters on the continental slope south of New England is two orders of magnitude less than the uptake of sediments from shallow shelf depths. After treatment of the sediments with Formalin there was no measurable chemical oxygen uptake, which shows that the total uptake is biological (community respiration). 相似文献
7.
In 1984, four climatic sequences combined to produce what may be a major anoxic catastrophe in the northern Chesapeake Bay, sufficient to severely threaten the major benthic species. These sequences are (i) the highest late-winter streamflow on record from the Susquehanna River watershed; (ii) streamflows from the Susquehanna River for the consecutive months of June, July, and August that are higher by 2 standard deviations than the respective monthly mean values measured over the last 34 years; (iii) a stationary high in August off the Atlantic Coast; and (iv) an absence of strong storm events in summer. An empirical equation is proposed for the prediction of the monthly trend of dissolved oxygen decrease in terms of a temperature-dependent subpycnoclinal respiration and a modified estuarine Richardson number. As of 23 August 1984, the summer pycnocline of the northern bay had eroded upward from its historically recorded depth below 10 meters to an abnormally shallow 5 meters, with higher stratification than in earlier years. Dissolved oxygen concentrations directly below the pycnocline decreased to zero during June, 2 months earlier than for previous wet years. At present, oxygen-deficient waters containing significant concentrations of hydrogen sulfide have penetrated into Eastern Bay and the Choptank and Potomac rivers. Because most remaining shellfish-spawning and seed-bed areas in these tributaries are located at depths between 4 and 8 meters, the continued absence of major destratifying events will prolong the present anoxic trend and may result in high benthic mortalities. 相似文献
8.
鼎湖山针阔叶混交林土壤呼吸的研究 总被引：28，自引：3，他引：28
利用静态箱气相色谱法对鼎湖山针阔叶混交林的土壤呼吸速率的季节变化和昼夜变化，进行了为期1年的野外观测研究. 自然状态下土壤呼吸速率的年平均值为(400±29)mg(CO2)/(m2·h), 其中由凋落物分解释放的CO2占土壤总呼吸的年平均比例为42%；土壤呼吸速率与林内气温、地表温度、地下5、10、15和20 cm土壤温度都呈显著指数相关, 用土壤呼吸速率与温度间的指数模型得出对应于以上各温度的Q10值变动在1.92～2.81之间；土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量的关系依观测点土壤水分状况不同而有一定差异；土壤呼吸速率的日变化模式在雨季和旱季有明显区别, 相对于温带陆地生态系统而言, 该林型土壤呼吸速率的日较差较小. 相似文献
9.
Miller SL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1969,165(3892):489-490
Measurements of the dissociation pressure of nitrogen hydrate and oxygen hydrate show that the clathrate hydrate of air with the formula (N(2), O(2)) 6H(2)O should exist below about 800 meters in the Antarctic ice sheet. This accounts for the disappearance of gas bubbles at depths greater than 1200 meters. The hydrate should exist from this depth to prise 0.06 percent of the ice. 相似文献
10.
Previous studies have suggested that hydroxymethanesulfonate ion (HMSA) can be an important species in fog and cloud water. Formation of HMSA explains observed excesses of sulfur in the S(IV) state (+4 oxidation state) and formaldehyde (CH(2)O) in fogs and clouds. HMSA was determined in fog water by a novel ion-pairing chromatographic technique. Concentrations in samples collected in Bakersfield, California, within 5 kilometers of major sources of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), were as high as 300 micromoles per liter. Total CH(2)O and S(IV) concentrations, which were measured independently, ranged from 10 to 200 and 5 to more than 300 micromoles per liter, respectively. Concentrations of CH(2)O, S(IV), and HMSA at Buttonwillow, California, which is 15 kilometers from the nearest source of SO(2), were less than those at Bakersfield but not absent. These data confirm that HMSA forms in atmospheric water droplets and can reach appreciable concentrations. HMSA represents an important source of acidity for water droplets and may also play a role in long-distance transport and transformation of SO(2). 相似文献
11.
Detrick RS Harding AJ Kent GM Orcutt JA Mutter JC Buhl P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,259(5094):499-503
Seismic data from the ultrafast-spreading (150 to 162 millimeters per year) southern East Pacific Rise show that the rise axis is underlain by a thin (less than 200 meters thick) extrusive volcanic layer (seismic layer 2A) that thickens rapidly off axis. Also beneath the rise axis is a narrow (less than 1 kilometer wide) melt sill that is in some places less than 1000 meters below the sea floor. The small dimensions of this molten body indicate that magma chamber size does not depend strongly on spreading rate as predicted by many ridge-crest thermal models. However, the shallow depth of this body is consistent with an inverse correlation between magma chamber depth and spreading rate. These observations indicate that the paradigm of ridge crest magma chambers as small, sill-like, midcrustal bodies is applicable to a wide range of intermediate- and fast-spreading ridges. 相似文献
12.
【目的】分析白榆纯林(BB)、刺槐纯林(CC)及二者不同比例混交林土壤呼吸速率的日变化及月变化特征,探究影响研究区土壤呼吸的主导因子。【方法】利用LI-8100土壤碳通量全自动观测系统,测定陕西杨凌试验田栽植的白榆纯林(BB)、刺槐纯林(CC)及二者不同比例(1∶1(1B1C),1∶2(1B2C)和2∶1(2B1C))混交林5种林型生长季的土壤呼吸速率,并利用观测仪附带的土壤温度探针测定地表及地下5,10和15cm深处的土壤温度,用土壤湿度传感器测定地下10cm深处的土壤含水量。【结果】白榆/刺槐不同林型土壤呼吸速率在6,7,9月的日变化均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在午后12:00-15:00,之后逐渐降低,其中混交林1B2C7,9月土壤呼吸速率峰值高于其他林型,分别为4.193和4.283μmol/(m2.s);白榆/刺槐不同林型土壤呼吸速率均表现出明显的月变化规律,7-9月土壤呼吸速率均较高,在5-9月,5种林型中白榆纯林的土壤呼吸速率一直很低,而混交林1B2C始终较高。土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率的变化基本一致,二者表现出强烈的正相关性,其中地下5cm深处土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率的相关性最好。土壤呼吸与土壤含水量之间的关系表现离散,二者相关性不显著。【结论】在不同林型中,白榆纯林的土壤呼吸速率较低,混交林1B2C一直较高;影响该区白榆、刺槐纯林及不同比例混交林土壤呼吸速率的主要因子是地下5cm深处的土壤温度,而土壤含水量对土壤呼吸速率影响不明显。 相似文献
13.
侵蚀红壤植被恢复过程中土壤呼吸与土壤性质的关系 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
土壤性质是影响土壤呼吸的重要因素。研究了植被恢复对红壤侵蚀裸地土壤呼吸的影响,并探讨了土壤呼吸速率与土壤性质的关系。红壤侵蚀裸地土壤呼吸年平均速率仅0.43μmo.lm-.2s-1,恢复为百喜草地、板栗园和马尾松林后土壤呼吸速率增加了3.3-6.1倍,但仍显著低于次生林的土壤呼吸速率。土壤呼吸速率与土壤表层0-20 cm内有机C、全N、有效性N、C/N均有显著的正相关关系,但除C/N外,其相关性均随取样深度增加而下降。而土壤呼吸速率与土壤全P、有效P、全K、速效K没有显著相关关系,与土壤容重和土壤表层团聚体破坏率则呈显著负相关。因此,在红壤严重侵蚀地恢复过程中,土壤性质的恢复尤其是C、N和表层土壤结构是决定土壤呼吸速率大小的重要因素。 相似文献
14.
用CFX-2开放式呼吸测定系统对上海城区9种植物群落进行了土壤呼吸速率的测定及其影响因子的探讨。结果表明:9种植物群落的土壤呼吸速率均呈明显季节变化,土壤呼吸速率最大值出现在6－9月,最小值出现在12－3月;但土壤呼吸速率日变化有乔灌木较平稳,草坪呈单峰曲线的趋势;9种植物群落平均土壤呼吸速率的总体差异极为显著（P＜0.01）,狗牙根Cynodon dactylon草坪最高,为5.51 molm－2s－1,是呼吸速率最低的紫荆Cercis sp.群落的2.76倍;9种植物群落的土壤呼吸速率与气温、5 cm地温和10 cm地温均呈极显著指数相关（P＜0.01）,但地温Q10(温度系数,温度每变化10 ℃,呼吸速率的相对变化）值高于气温,且5 cm和10 cm地温对土壤呼吸速率的影响较小;土壤易变碳的大小顺序为轻组有机碳＞微生物量碳＞可溶性碳,但土壤呼吸速率受土壤微生物量碳和可溶性碳的影响较大;草坪群落二氧化碳的年释放量最大,达到了33.18 t hm－2a－1,是乔木林的1.95倍,是灌木丛的2.12倍。图3表6参30 相似文献
15.
16.
Profiles of diapycnal eddy diffusivity to a maximum depth of 4000 meters were derived from ocean velocity and temperature microstructure data obtained in conjunction with separate experiments in the Northeast Pacific and Northeast Atlantic oceans. These profiles indicate that in the ocean interior where the internal wave field is at background intensity, the diapycnal eddy diffusivity is small (on the order of 0.1 x 10(-4) meters squared per second) and independent of depth, in apparent contradiction with large-scale budget studies. Enhanced dissipation is observed in regions of elevated internal wave energy, particularly near steeply sloping boundaries (where the eddy diffusivity estimates exceed 1 x 10(-4) meters squared per second). These results suggest that basin-averaged mixing rates may be dominated by processes occurring near the ocean boundaries. 相似文献
17.
Activities of beryllium-10 and aluminum-26 dissolved in 200-year-old Greenland ice were found to be 18.4 (+ 8.4, - 4.8) x 10(-6) and 3.2 +/- 0.9 x 10(-7) disintegration per minute per liter, respectively. From these values and the precipitation rate (30 milliliters of water per square centimeter per year), the production rates of these isotopes are calculated to be 3.6 (+ 1.6, - 0.9) x 10(-2) and 1.7 +/- 0.5 x 10(-4) atom per second * square centimeter. These rates agree with the rates calculated for the production of these isotopes by cosmic rays in the atmosphere. Probably all the Al(26) in the ice is accounted for by such atmospheric production; however, an upper limit for the influx of cosmic dust bearing aluminum-26 is calculated at 3.2 x 10(5) tons per year for Earth. Only upper limits could be found for Al(26) and Be(10) in the undissolved particulate matter in the ice; their addition to the activities in the dissolved material leaves our conclusions unchanged. 相似文献
18.
Codispoti LA Friederich GE Packard TT Glover HE Kelly PJ Spinrad RW Barber RT Elkins JW Ward BB Lipschultz F Lostaunau N 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,233(4769):1200-1202
During February and March 1985, nitrite levels along the northern (approximately 7 degrees to 10 degrees S) Peruvian coast were unusually high. These accumulations occurred in oxygen-deficient waters, suggesting intensified denitrification. In a shallow offshore nitrite maximum, concentrations were as high as 23 micromoles per liter (a record high). Causes for the unusual conditions may include a cold anomaly that followed the 1982-83 El Ni?o. The removal of combined nitrogen (approximately 3 to 10 trillion grams of nitrogen per year) within zones of new or enhanced denitrification observed between 7 degrees to 16 degrees S suggests a significant increase in oceanic denitrification. 相似文献
19.
商洛地区核桃举肢蛾的生活史及防治 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
采用定点与室内观察相结合的方法,研究了核桃举肢蛾在陕西商洛丹凤县的生活史。结果表明,核桃举肢蛾在丹凤县海拔1 000 m以上山区1年发生1代,在海拔600 m以下的川道地区1年发生1~2代,部分个体可发育至第3代成虫期。同时,利用该虫越冬幼虫分布在1~9 cm土层的特征,人工垦复翻深树盘10~12 cm,可使虫果率降至2.04%~8.40%;在该虫羽化、产卵、幼虫蛀果盛期应用32 000 IU.mg-1苏云金杆菌1 000倍液喷雾2次可使虫果率下降到10.31%,用500亿.g-1白僵菌原粉喷粉2次可使虫果率降至17.63%。 相似文献
20.
While the spring phytoplankton bloom in Newfoundland coastal waters is in progress during April and May, at water temperatures between -1 degrees and +2 degrees C, bacterial growth and respiratory rates remain low. Microbial community respiration is not measurable at -0.2 degrees C. Particulate materials that would be utilized by microorganisms in 2 to 3 days at 20 degrees to 25 degrees C require 11 days at 4 degrees C and 18 days at -0.2 degrees C. Thus, photosynthesis is active but microbial utilization of the products is suppressed. High secondary production in cold water may result from the low rate of microbial decomposition, enabling herbivores to utilize much of the primary production. 相似文献