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1.
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiencies are key constraints in rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) production systems of Cambodia. Only small amounts of mineral N and P or of organic amendment are annually applied to a single crop of rainfed lowland rice by smallholder farmers. The integration of leguminous crops in the pre‐rice cropping niche can contribute to diversify the production, supply of C and N, and contribute to soil fertility improvement for the subsequent crop of rice. However, the performance of leguminous crops is restricted even more than that of rice by low available soil P. An alternative strategy involves the application of mineral P that is destined to the rice crop already to the legume. This P supply is likely to stimulate legume growth and biological N2 fixation, thus enhancing C and N inputs and recycling N and P upon legume residue incorporation. Rotation experiments were conducted in farmers' fields in 2013–2014 to assess the effects of P management on biomass accumulation and N2 fixation (δ15N) by mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and possible carry‐over effects on rice in two contrasting representative soils (highly infertile and moderately fertile sandy Fluvisol). In the traditional system (no legume), unamended lowland rice (no N, + 10 kg P ha?1) yielded 2.8 and 4.0 t ha?1, which increased to 3.5 and 4.7 t ha?1 with the application of 25 kg ha?1 of urea‐N in the infertile and the moderately fertile soil, respectively. The integration of mungbean as a green manure contributed up to 9 kg of biologically fixed N (17% Nfda), increasing rice yields only moderately to 3.5–4.6 t ha?1. However, applying P to mungbean stimulated legume growth and enhanced the BNF contribution up to 21 kg N ha?1 (36% Nfda). Rice yields resulting from legume residue incorporation (“green manure use”–all residues returned and “grain legume use”–only stover returned) increased to 4.2 and 4.9 t ha?1 in the infertile and moderately fertile soil, respectively. The “forage legume use” (all above‐ground residues removed) provided no yield effect. In general, legume residue incorporation was more beneficial in the infertile than in the moderately fertile soil. We conclude that the inclusion of mungbean into the prevailing low‐input rainfed production systems of Cambodia can increase rice yield, provided that small amounts of P are applied to the legume. Differences in the attributes of the two major soil types in the region require a site‐specific targeting of the suggested legume and P management strategies, with largest benefits likely to accrue on infertile soils.  相似文献   

2.
In the present study, seven fertilizer treatments [T1, 50% NPK; T2, 100% NPK (Recommended dose of fertilizer, 200–65.4–124.5 kg N-P-K ha?1); T3, 150% NPK; T4, 100% PK; T5, 100% NK; T6, 100% NP and T7, control (zero NPK)] with four replications were assessed in the new alluvial soil zone (Entisols) of West Bengal, India. The objectives of the study were to generate information on potato productivity, profitability, indigenous nutrient supply and net gain/loss of NPK in post-harvest soil. Plants grown under higher NPK supply resulted in higher tuber yield and there were significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in total yield with nutrient omissions. Nutrient?limited yields were 19.78, 2.83 and 1.77 t ha?1 for N, P and K, considering total tuber yield (28.24 t ha?1) obtained under 100% NPK as targeted yield. Indigenous nutrient supply of N, P and K were estimated at 24.1, 22.34 and 110.22 kg ha?1, respectively that indicates higher K?supplying capacity of experimental soil as compared to N and P. Net income (US$1349 ha?1 year?1) and B:C ratio (1.91) was highest with 100% NPK, and further addition of NPK (150%) resulted in decrease on net return (US$1193 ha?1 year?1) and B:C ratio (1.73).  相似文献   

3.
This study provides current data on plant nitrogen (N) uptake required for maximum sugar yield (PNUpmax) and the corresponding fertilizer N dose (ND) (optimum N dose [NDopt]) for high-yielding beet crops (sugar yield up to 20 Mg ha?1). In 2010 and 2011, field experiments were conducted with four cultivars from Beta genus differing in dry matter composition, and six mineral NDs (0–200 kg N ha?1) at three sites (The Netherlands, Germany, Denmark). Differences between cultivars in PNUpmax and NDopt were small; however, environments (defined as combination of site and year) substantially differed from each other: highest PNUpmax and lowest NDopt occurred at environments supplying high amounts of N from soil resources, and vice versa. The level of maximum sugar yield (SYmax) was related neither to PNUpmax (200–270 kg N ha?1) nor to NDopt. However, N dose and plant N uptake required for 95% of maximum sugar yield was 50–80 kg N ha?1 lower than for maximum sugar yield. To conclude, accepting a slight reduction in sugar yield might allow for a substantial decrease in the ND. Cultivar choice and yield level need not to be taken into account at present.  相似文献   

4.
A study was conducted to assess fertilizer effect on pearl millet–wheat yield and plant-soil nutrients with the following treatments: T1, control; T2, 100% nitrogen (N); T3, 100% nitrogen and phosphorus (NP); T4, 100% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK); T5, 100% NPK + zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at 25 kg ha?1; T6, 100% NPK + farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t ha?1; T7, 100% NPK+ verimcompost (VC) at 2.5 tha?1; T8, 100% NPK + sulfur (S) at 25 kg ha?1; T9, FYM at 10 t ha?1; T10, VC at 2.5 t ha?1; T11, 100% NPK + FYM at 10 t ha?1 + 25 kg S ha?1 + ZnSO4 at 25 kg ha?1; and T12, 150% NPK treatments. Treatments differed significantly in influencing soil-plant nutrients and grain and straw yields of both crops. Grain yield had significant correlation with soil-plant N, P, K, S, and zinc (Zn) nutrients. The study indicated superiority of T11 for attaining maximum pearl millet grain yield (2885 kg ha?1) and straw yield (7185 kg ha?1); amounts of N (48.9 kg ha?1), P (8.8 kg ha?1), K (26.3 kg ha?1), S (20.6 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.09 kg ha?1) taken up; and amounts of soil N (187.7 kg ha?1), P (13.7 kg ha?1), K (242.5 kg ha?1), S (10.1 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.70 kg ha?1). It was superior for wheat with grain yield (5215 kg ha?1) and straw yield (7220 kg ha?1); amounts of N (120.7 kg ha?1), P (13.8 kg ha?1), K (30 kg ha?1), S (14.6 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.18 kg ha?1) taken up; and maintaining soil N (185.7 kg ha?1), P (14.5 kg ha?1), K (250.5 kg ha?1), S (10.6 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.73 kg ha?1). Based on the study, 100% NPK + FYM at 10 tha?1 + Zn at 25 kg ha?1 + S at 25 kg ha?1 could be recommended for attaining maximum returns of pearl millet–wheat under semi-arid Inceptisols.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of four boron (B) doses (control, 0 kg B ha?1; B1, 1 kg B ha?1; B2, 3 kg B ha?1; and B3, 6 kg B ha?1) in soils deficient in available B (0.19 mg B kg?1) and lime (CaCO3) content (20.7%) on yield and some yield components of five chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes, namely Akçin‐91, Population, Gökçe, ?zmir‐92, and Menemen‐92 in central Anatolian Turkey in the 2002 and 2003 growing seasons. Plant height, pods per plant, grain yield, protein content, protein yield, thousand seed weight, and leaf B concentration were measured. Grain yields in all genotypes (except for Gökçe) were significantly increased by 1 kg ha?1 B application. Application of 1 kg ha?1 B increased the yield by an average of 5%. Genotypes studied showed significant variations with respect to their responses to additional B. Akçin‐91 gave the highest grain yield (1704.8 kg ha?1) at 3 kg B ha?1, whereas Population, ?zmir‐92, and Menemen‐92 yielded best (1468.2 kg ha?1, 1483.0 kg ha?1, and 1484.7 kg ha?1, respectively) at 1 kg B ha?1. Interestingly, Gökçe reached to the highest level of grain yield (1827.1 kg ha?1) at the control. Gökçe was a B deficiency B tolerance genotype. The other genotypes appeared to have high sensitivity to B deficiency. This study showed that B deficiency could result in significant yield losses in chickpea under the experimental conditions tested. Thus, B contents of soils for the cultivation of chickpea should be analyzed in advance to avoid yield losses.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract. Three successive crops of winter wheat were grown on a sandy loam to test the residual effect of long‐term annual incorporation of spring barley straw at rates of 0, 4, 8 and 12 t ha?1, and ryegrass catch crops with or without additions of pig slurry. Soil receiving 4, 8 and 12 t ha?1 of straw annually for 18 years contained 12, 21 and 30% more carbon (C), respectively, than soil with straw removal, and soil C and nitrogen (N) contents increased linearly with straw rate. The soil retained 14% of the straw C and 37% of the straw N. Ryegrass catch‐cropping for 10 years also increased soil C and N concentrations, whereas the effect of pig slurry was insignificant. Grain yield in the first wheat crop showed an average dry matter (DM) increase of 0.7 t ha?1 after treatment with 8 and 12 t straw ha?1. In the two subsequent wheat crops, grain yield increased by 0.2–0.3 t DM ha?1 after 8 and 12 t straw ha?1. No grain yield increases were found after 4 t straw ha?1 in any of the three years. Previous ryegrass catch crops increased yields of wheat grain, but effects in the third wheat crop were significant only where ryegrass had been combined with pig slurry. Straw incorporation increased the N offtake in the first wheat crop. In the second crop, only 8 and 12 t straw ha?1 improved wheat N offtake, while the N offtake in the third wheat crop was unaffected. Ryegrass catch crops increased N offtake in the first and second wheat crop. Again, a positive effect in the third crop was seen only when ryegrass was combined with slurry. Long‐term, annual incorporation of straw and ryegrass catch crops provided a clear and relatively persistent increase in soil organic matter levels, whereas the positive effects on the yield of subsequent wheat crops were modest and transient.  相似文献   

7.
To study the influence of potassium (K) fertilizer rate on soil test K values, crop yield, and K-leaching in sandy soils, four long-term fertilizer experiments (0–60–120–180 kg K ha?1 a?1) were initiated in 1988 in northern Germany on farmers fields. Clay content of the plow layer was about 4%, and organic matter between 2% and 5%. Plant available soil K was estimated with the double lactate (DL) method. Small grain cereals (rye and barley) did not respond to K fertilization in the 7-year period even though the soil test value of the K-0 plots decreased from ca. 90 to ca. 30 mg KDL kg?1 within 3 years. This value remained almost constant thereafter. Crop removal (including straw) of 75 kg K ha?1 a?1 was therefore apparently supplied from nonexchangeable K fractions. Compared to the optimum, no K application reduced the yield of potato by up to 21%, and that of white sugar yield up to 10%. Maximum potato yield was obtained by annually applying 60 kg K ha?1 which resulted in a test value of 60 mg KDL kg?1 soil. Maximum potato yield was also obtained at 40 mg KDL kg?1 soil, however, with a single application of 200 kg K ha?1. Similar results were obtained with sugar beet. This indicates that for maximum yield, even for K demanding crops, it is not necessary to maintain KDL values above 40 mg K kg?1 soil throughout the entire crop rotation. Soil test values increased roughly proportional to the K fertilizer level. About 120 kg fertilizer K ha?1 a?1, markedly more than crop K removal, was required to maintain the initial KDL of 90 mg kg?1. The K concentration of the soil solution in the top soil measured after harvest was increased exponentially by K fertilizer level and so was K leaching from the plow layer into the rooted subsoil. The leached quantity increased from 22 kg K ha?1 a?1 in the plot without K application to 42.79 and 133 kg Kha?1 a?1 in plots supplied with 60, 120 and 180 kg K ha?1 a?1 respectively. Soil test values around 100 mg KDL kg?1 on sandy soils, as often found in the plow layer of farmers fields, lead to K leaching below the root zone that may exceed the critical K concentration of 12 mg K T?1 for drinking water.  相似文献   

8.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and quality of sugar beet genotypes (Beta vulgaris L.). Therefore, a field trial was carried out in Peshawar, Pakistan, during the winters in 2012–2013. The field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with split plots, having three replications. Fertilizer treatments (control, composted manure Higo Organic Plus at 5 t ha?1, Maxicrop Sea Gold seaweed extract at 5 L ha?1, farm yard manure at 10 t ha?1, inorganic nitrogen–phosphorus (NP) at 90:60 kg ha?1, NP at 120:90 kg ha?1 and NP at 150:120 kg ha?1) were allotted to main plots, while genotypes (Sandrina, Serenada and Kawe Terma) were allotted to the sub-plots. Plots treated with the application of NP at 120:90 kg ha?1 produced the highest beet yield (76.4 t ha?1) and sugar yield (11.1 t ha?1), and had the second highest polarizable sugar content (14.52%) and more economic return (Rs. 553,000 per hectare) as compared to control plots. Sugar beet genotype Serenada had significantly higher beet yield (55.5 t ha?1) and sugar yield (7.9 t ha?1) and a higher economic return (Rs. 380,000 per hectare) than the other genotypes. Sugar beet genotype Serenada supplied with NP at 120:90 kg ha?1is recommended for the general cultivation in the agro-climatic conditions of Peshawar valley.  相似文献   

9.
To evaluate the benefits of application of biochar to coastal saline soil for climate change mitigation, the effects on soil organic carbon (SOC), greenhouse gases (GHGs) and crop yields were investigated. Biochar was applied at 16 t ha?1 to study its effects on crop growth (Experiment I). The effects of biochar (0, 3.2, 16 and 32 t ha?1) and corn stalk (7.8 t ha?1) on SOC and GHGs were studied using 13C stable isotope technology and a static chamber method, respectively (Experiment II). Biochar increased grain mass per plant of the wheat by 27.7% and increased SOC without influencing non‐biochar SOC. On average, 92.3% of the biochar carbon and 16.8% of corn‐stalk carbon were sequestered into the soil within 1 year. The cumulative emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O were not affected significantly by biochar but cornstalk application increased N2O emissions by 17.5%. The global warming mitigation potential of the biochar treatments (?3.84 to ?3.17 t CO2‐eq. ha?1 t?1 C) was greater than that of the corn stalk treatment (?0.11 t CO2‐eq ha?1 t?1 C). These results suggest that biochar application improves saline soil productivity and soil carbon sequestration without increasing GHG emissions.  相似文献   

10.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted in the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.), India, during kharif 2013 to find out the effect of biochar and sewage sludge (SS) on growth, yield, and micronutrient uptake in rice crop. Nine treatments were employed using six different doses of biochar (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 10, 15, and 20 t ha?1) amended with a fixed dose of SS (30 t ha?1) and 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (50% RDN), i.e., 60 kg ha?1. Other three treatments were absolute control (no fertilizers), 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (100% RDF) which was 120:60:60 kg ha?1 as nitrogen (N): phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5):dipotassium oxide (K2O), and 30 t ha?1SS + 50% RDN. Experimental results showed a significant increase in yield of rice crop with increasing levels of biochar along with SS. Application of biochar at 20 t ha?1 along with 30 t ha?1SS increased grain yield to the extent of 2.5 times over absolute control (no fertilizers) and 8.5% over control (100% RDF). The uptake of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) (micronutrients) increased significantly with graded doses of biochar application from 2.5 to 20 t ha?1 in the soil. The maximum micronutrient uptake and grain yield of rice were found in T9 where 30 t ha?1SS along with 20 t ha?1 biochar was applied with only 50% RDN. The maximum availability of micronutrients in soil was found with 30 t ha?1 of SS + 50% RDN (T3) followed by conjoint application of 20 t ha?1 of biochar and 30 t ha?1 SS + 50% RDN (T9).  相似文献   

11.
In the present work, the efficiency of different nitrogen doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha?1) on growth, yield, and quality of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bert.) was investigated in 2011–2013. The study was conducted in Antalya located in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Terra rossa type soil (LVx, FAO) characteristics of the experimental field were clay loam, with high amounts of lime (33,9%) and slightly alkaline (pH 7.7). The experiment was carried out in randomized block design with four replications. All the results were summarized as mean of three years. The highest fresh and dry biomass yields (26.75 t ha?1 and 7.5 ha?1, respectively) were obtained from 150 kg ha?1 N dose and followed by 100 kg ha?1 N dose (26.29 t ha?1 and 7.24 ha?1, respectively). Whereas the highest fresh and dry leaf yields (13.27 t ha?1 and 3.82 t ha?1, respectively) were realized in 100 kg ha?1 N dose. Actually, all nitrogen doses gave higher biomass and leaf yields compared to the control. On the hand, major steviol glycosides (stevioside and rebaudioside A) in the leaf were not influenced by nitrogen levels. In conclusion, 100 kg ha?1 N dose was found to be suitable for cultivation of stevia under field conditions.  相似文献   

12.
A field experiment was conducted for 3 years during 2006–2009 in India to study the effects of plant nutrient recycling through crop residue management, green manuring, and fertility levels on yield attributes, crop productivity, nutrient uptake, and biofertility indicators of soil health in a rice–wheat cropping system. The study revealed that soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution were significantly greatest under crop residue incorporation (CRI) + Sesbania green manuring (SGM) treatment and were found at levels of 364 μg g?1 soil and 1.75 μg g?1 soil h?1, respectively; these were increased significantly by recycling of organic residues. Activities of dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzymes increased significantly after 3 years, with maximum activity under CRI + SGM treatment. The CRI with or without SGM significantly influenced the plant height, number of tillers m?2, number of grains panicle?1 or ear?1, and 1000-grain weight. Mean yield data of rice and wheat revealed that CRI or crop residue burning (CRB) resulted in slightly greater yield over crop residue removal (CRR) treatment. The CRI + SGM treatment again observed significantly greatest grain yields of 7.54 and 5.84 t ha?1 and straw yields of 8.42 and 6.36 t ha?1 in rice and wheat, respectively, over other crop residue management treatments. Total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake in rice–wheat system was greatest with amounts of 206.7, 37.2, and 205.6 kg ha?1, respectively, in CRI + SGM treatment. Fertility levels significantly influenced the rice and wheat yield with greatest grain yields of 6.66 and 5.68 t ha?1 and straw yields of 7.94 and 5.89 t ha?1 in rice and wheat, respectively, with the application of 150% of recommended NPK. Total NPK uptake in rice–wheat system also increased significantly with increase in fertility levels with greatest magnitude by supplying 150% of recommended NPK. Overall, nutrient recycling through incorporation of crop residues and Sesbania green manuring along with inorganics greatly improved the crop productivity, nutrient uptake, and biofertility indicators of soil health with substantial influence on SMBC, CO2 evolution, and dehydrogenase and phosphatase enzyme activities. This indicates that crop residue management along with Sesbania green manuring practice could be a better option for nutrient recycling to sustain the crop productivity and soil health in intensive rice–wheat cropping system in India as well as in similar global agroecological situations, especially in China, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.  相似文献   

13.
A two-year field study (2003–2004 and 2004–2005) on the effects of four sulfur (S) levels (0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha?1) in an onion–maize system revealed that S application in onion up to 30 kg ha?1 significantly increased fresh and dry bulb and foliage yield over the previous levels of 0 and 15 kg ha?1 (direct effect). In maize (residual effect) and onion–maize sequence as a whole (direct?+?residual effects), the same trend was visible. Sulfur additions beyond 30 kg ha?1 reduced the yields (economic yields as well as foliage/straw yields) of individual crops of onion, maize, and sequence (onion?+?maize) to the level of either 15 kg ha?1 or even the control. Sulfur-use efficiencies (kg yield kg?1 S) at S doses of 15, 30, and 45 kg ha?1, over no S, were 373, 303, and 109; 43, 63, and 2; and 413, 367, and 111 in onion, maize, and onion?+?maize, respectively. The utilizations of S added at three rates by onion, maize and onion?+?maize were 21.3, 16.7, and 9.1%; 2.0, 10.7, and –0.4%; and 23.3, 27.3 and 8.4%, respectively.  相似文献   

14.
A study was conducted at Hyderabad during 2009–11 to determine phosphorus (P) dose for rice–rice and rice–sunflower. Available P increased when 100% recommended P dose (RDP) was applied. P applied to rice gave at par yield under 100 or 75% RDP. In rice–rice, grain yield of 5668 and 5775 kg ha?1 in kharif (5654 and 5760 kg ha?1 in rabi) were attained with P@75 and 100% RDP. Kharif P residual effect in rabi affected rice yield. P@100/75% RDP in kharif and rabi gave grain of 5916/5973 and straw 6230/6673 kg ha?1. P applied to sunflower revealed that yield was similar with 100 or 75% RDP. Sunflower yield was at par with P@100 or 75% RDP. 25% RDP in rice and sunflower may be reduced to attain similar yield of 100% RDP. In rice–rice, grain yield attained by 100% RDP in both seasons was 11.42t ha?1 yr?1, while 75% RDP gave yield of 11.45t ha?1yr?1.  相似文献   

15.
Response of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris var. altissima ) to potassium fertilization—a 20‐year field experiment A long‐term fertilizer experiment was performed to develop a K fertilization strategy to achieve highest extractable sugar yields (BZE). Sugar beet was grown in a crop rotation with wheat and barley on an alluvial soil (clayic silt) in Lower Saxony with annual recycling of straw and beet tops, respectively. Since 1983, the treatments were as follows: 1) K fertilization with 0, 29, 58, 87,174, and 524 kg K ha–1 a–1 corresponding to 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, and 9 times the average annual K removal by the marketable products of the crop rotation—since 1995, the two highest treatments (3 and 9 times the removal) received only 174 kg ha–1 every third year; 2) K fertilization according to the average K removal, given each year (58 kg K ha–1) or every third year (174 kg ha–1) to sugar beet; 3) annual K fertilization of 87 kg K ha–1 (1.5 times the removal) applied in autumn or spring, respectively; 4) annual K fertilization, applied as mineral fertilizer or as organic material (recycling of grain and straw or root and leaves); 5) application of 29 kg NaCl ha–1 to sugar beet supplemental to a yearly application of 58 kg K ha–1. Both root yield and soil concentration of lactate‐soluble K increased with K fertilization up to the highest K treatment. The extractable sugar content reached a maximum at a yearly application of 174 kg K ha–1. Averaged over years, the extractable sugar yield (BZE) increased up to the highest K application. The time of K application (autumn or spring) and the source of K (mineral fertilizer or organic material) had no effect on BZE. An additional fertilization with NaCl increased BZE only slightly in single years. Low‐grade muriate of potash containing 33% K and 3% Na can thus be used. The economically optimal K‐fertilization rate was 174 kg K ha–1 given once in the crop rotation to sugar beet. A soil K concentration of about 110 mg (kg soil)–1 (lactate‐extractable K) is sufficient in this soil to achieve a high BZE.  相似文献   

16.
A long-term experiment was conducted at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture for 13 years to evaluate the effect of low tillage cum cheaper conjunctive nutrient management practices in terms of productivity, soil fertility, and nitrogen chemical pools of soil under sorghum–mung bean system in Alfisol soils. The results of the study clearly revealed that sorghum and mung bean grain yield as influenced by low tillage and conjunctive nutrient management practices varied from 764 to 1792 and 603 to 1008 kg ha?1 with an average yield of 1458 and 805 kg ha?1 over a period of 13 years, respectively. Of the tillage practices, conventional tillage (CT) maintained 11.0% higher yields (1534 kg ha?1) over the minimum tillage (MT) (1382 kg ha?1) practice. Among the conjunctive nutrient management treatments, the application of 2 t Gliricidia loppings + 20 kg nitrogen (N) through urea to sorghum crop recorded significantly highest grain yield of 1712 kg ha?1 followed by application of 4 t compost + 20 kg N through urea (1650 kg ha?1) as well as 40 kg N through urea alone (1594 kg ha?1). Similar to sorghum, in case of mung bean also, CT exhibited a significant influence on mung bean grain yields (888 kg ha?1) which was 6.7% higher compared to MT (832 kg ha?1). Among all the conjunctive nutrient management treatments, 2 t compost + 10 kg N through urea and 2 t compost + 1 t Gliricidia loppings performed significantly well and recorded similar mung bean grain yields of 960 kg ha?1 followed by 1 t Gliricidia loppings + 10 kg N through urea (930 kg ha?1). The soil nitrogen chemical fractions (SNCFs) were also found to be significantly influenced by tillage and conjunctive nutrient management treatments. Further, a significant correlation of SNCF with total soil nitrogen was observed. In the correlation study, it was also observed that N fraction dynamically played an important role in enhancing the availability pool of N in soil and significantly influenced the yield of sorghum grain and mung bean.  相似文献   

17.
The effect of cattle manure and sulfur fertilizer on seed yield and oil composition of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. Styriaca) under inoculated with Thiobacillus thiooxidans was investigated in a factorial study based on a randomized complete block design. Experimental factors consisted of cattle manure (M) (M0: 0, M1: 10; and M2: 20 t ha?1), sulfur (S) (S0: 0, S1: 250; and S2: 500 kg ha?1) and T. thiooxidans (B): inoculated (B1) and non-inoculated (B0). Results demonstrated that the application of T. thiooxidans, cattle manure, and S fertilizer decreased the soil pH. The largest number of seed per fruit (367), highest fruit yield (70.57 t ha?1), seed iron (Fe) content (16.26 mg 100 g?1), and seed yield (111 kg ha?1) was obtained when 20 t ha?1 manure was applied in combination with 500 kg ha?1 S inoculated with T. thiooxidans. In this condition, the content of S, Fe, phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) in plant shoots was increased by 44.8%, 22.58%, 33.89%, and 10.38%, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, the highest content of seed protein was observed in 10 t ha?1 manure and 500 kg ha?1 S fertilizer inoculated with T. thiooxidans. When 250 kg ha?1 S fertilizer was applied, 20 t ha?1 manure decreased seed P content sharply. At the rate of 500 kg ha?1 S fertilizer, the highest content of seed P was obtained from 20 t ha?1 manure. Totally, 20 t ha?1 cattle manure, along with 500 kg ha?1 S fertilizer as well as T. thiooxidans inoculation, improved oil and seed yield of medicinal pumpkin.  相似文献   

18.
Effect of integrated use of mycorrhiza, lime, inorganic fertilizers, and organic manures on microbial activities and yield performance of yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) was studied for two consecutive kharif (rainy) seasons during 2013–14 and 2014–15 in an acid Alfisol. The experiment was laid out with 16 treatments consisting of graded doses of soil test–based nitrogen, phosphors, and potassium (NPK); lime; mycorrhiza; organic sources, that is, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, and green manure; secondary magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and micronutrients zinc sulfate (ZnSO4 and borax). Significantly highest mean tuber yield (29.61 t ha?1) was recorded due to integrated application of lime + FYM + NPK + ZnSO4. Graded doses of NPK showed a mean yield response of 65%, 134%, and 191% due to addition of 50%, 100%, and 150% of NPK over control, respectively. Inoculation of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) combined with NPK and FYM recorded a mean tuber yield of 25.14 t ha?1. Highest mean dry matter (18.85%) was recorded due to application of 150% NPK, whereas highest starch content on fresh weight basis was recorded due to integrated use of lime + FYM + NPK + MgSO4 (11.11%). Application of 150% NPK has recorded highest dehydrogenase activity (2.018 µg TPF h?1 g?1) and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis assay (2.012 µg g?1 h?1). Fungal inoculation of VAM in combination with lime + FYM + NPK recorded highest acid and alkaline phosphatase activities (82.20 and 67.02 µg PNP g?1 soil h?1, respectively). Soil biological activities and phosphatase activities had highly significant relationship with tuber yield and biochemical constituents of yam bean. The study emphasized the conjunctive use of soil test–based inorganic fertilizers, lime, and organic manures to enhance the enzymatic activities and to realize higher crop yields of yam bean in acid Alfisols.  相似文献   

19.
Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of summer green-manuring crops and zinc (Zn) fertilization on the productivity and economics of Basmati rice. Sesbania aculeata summer green-manuring crop residue incorporation (SGMI) gave highest values of all the growth and yield attributes, grain and straw yield, viz. 3.58, 3.69 t ha?1 and 16.14, 16.25 t ha?1 of Basmati rice in 2008 and 2009. Among the Zn fertilization treatments, application of 2.0% Zn-enriched urea (ZEU) as ZnSO4 · H2O significantly influenced yield attributes and yield of Basmati rice during both years, and the increase in grain yield was 38.5 and 40.0% over absolute control (no N and no Zn) and 11.9 and 13.6% over control (only N) in both years of study. However, 2.0% ZEU (ZnO) was very close in terms of yield attributes and grain, straw yields of Basmati rice. As regards to the economics of Basmati rice, SGMI and 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 · H2O) Zn fertilization treatments gave the highest gross (SGMI, 85,985 and 91,582 INR ha?1; 2.0% ZEU, 89,837 and 59,851 INR ha?1) and net (SGMI, 56,997 and 61,445 INR ha?1; 2.0% ZEU, 59,851 and 64,442 INR ha?1) returns, respectively, compared with incorporation of the remaining summer green manuring residue and Zn fertilization treatments in 2008 and 2009. A significantly higher benefit:cost ratio was recorded with SGMI and 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 · H2O). Overall, Sesbania aculeata green manuring and 2.0% ZEU (ZnSO4 · H2O) are excellent sources of N and Zn for improved productivity of Basmati rice.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

Soil degradation due to salinization and sodication is the paramount threat in Indo-Gangetic plains. The studies on reclamation and management of such soils can provide a pragmatic solution for improving fertility and productivity of these soils. Lack of organic matter and poor availability of nutrients are the major factors for low productivity of sodic soils. Rice-wheat is a major cropping system in Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain region even in reclaimed sodic soils and farmers used inorganic fertilizers only to get higher yields. In this study, we used different organic sources of amendments in conjunction with different nitrogen (N) doses supplied through inorganic fertilizers to investigate the combined effect of organic and inorganic amendments on soil fertility and the productivity of rice- wheat system in sodic soils. Salt tolerant varieties of rice and wheat were grown in sodic soil (pH: 9.30, EC: 1.12 dSm?1 and exchangeable sodium percentage, ESP: 52) during 2014–15 to 2016–17 in a field experiment with 13 treatment combinations of organic and inorganic amendments (T1- (control) 100% of recommended dose of N (RDN), T2-municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) @10 t ha?1 + 50%RDN, T3- MSWC @10 t ha?1 + 75% RDN,T4- MSWC @10 t ha?1 + 100%RDN, T5-Vermicompost (VC) @10 t ha?1 + 50% RDN, T6- VC @10 t ha?1 + 75% RDN, T7-VC@10 t ha?1 + 100% RDN, T8- Farm yard manure (FYM) @ 10 t ha?1 + 50% RDN,T9- FYM@10 t ha?1 + 75%RDN, T10- FYM@10 t ha?1 + 100% RDN, T11-Pressmud (PM) @10 t ha?1 + 50% RDN, T12-PM@10 t ha?1 + 75%RDN, and T13- PM @ 10 t ha?1 + 100% RDN). Use of organic amendments supplemented with reduced dose of N through inorganic fertilizer has significantly improved soil bio-physical and chemical properties. Application of VC@10 t ha?1 + 100% RDN (T7) decreased soil bulk density, pH, EC, ESP and Na content to 2.0, 4.2, 26.5, 42.8, and 56.6% respectively and increased soil organic carbon by 34.6% over control (T1). Soil fertility in terms of available N, P, K, Ca, and Mg increased by 20.5, 33.0, 36.4, and 44%, respectively, over control (T1). Soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus also improved significantly due to combined use of organic amendments and inorganic fertilizers over the only use of inorganic fertilizers. Decreasing in soil sodicity and increasing soil fertility showed significant increase (P < 0.05) in crop growth, growth indices, and grain yields of rice and wheat. The study revealed that combined use of VC or MSW compost @10 t ha?1 in conjunction with 75% RDN through inorganic fertilizers in sodic soils proved sustainable technology for restoration of degraded sodic soils and improving crop productivity.  相似文献   

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