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1.
We compared small mammal community composition among undisturbed habitats and habitats disturbed by military operations on Warren Grove Gunnery Range (WGR) in the New Jersey Pinelands. WGR is one of the largest tracts of protected land within this globally rare ecosystem. Disturbance in the form of fire, mowing, soil disruption and logging has had a large effect on small mammal occurrence and distribution. Of the 14 small mammal species that occur in the Pinelands, 9 live on WGR, including large populations of the southern bog lemming (Synaptomys cooperi Baird, 1858) and meadow jumping mouse [Zapus hudsonius (Zimmermann, 1780)]. Simpson's Index of Diversity was 0 for most disturbed sites and was generally greater in wetlands than in uplands. White-footed mouse [Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque, 1818)] was the most common species on WGR and had a dominant effect on species diversity and community similarity indices. It dominated upland habitats and was the only species to occur in several disturbed habitats, whereas all 9 species occurred in wetlands. Principal components analysis indicated that most variation in species diversity was explained by disturbance and differences between upland and wetland habitats, due to presence of white-footed mice in disturbed and upland sites. Meadow jumping mice, southern bog lemmings and red-back voles [Myodes gapperi (Vigors, 1830)] were positively correlated with wetland habitats, and pine voles [Microtus pinetorum (Le Conte, 1830)], short-tail shrews [Blarina brevicauda (Say, 1823)] and eastern chipmunks [Tamias striatus (Linnaeus, 1758)] were associated with uplands. Habitat heterogeneity at WGR, including extensive undisturbed wetlands and uplands supported a rich diversity of small mammal species. 相似文献
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Joong-Sun Kim Juhwan Kim Yujin Kim Miyoung Yang Hyosun Jang Sungwoon Kang Jong-Choon Kim Sung-Ho Kim Taekyun Shin Changjong Moon 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2011,12(1):1-6
Intermediate filaments, including nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), are important for the brain to accommodate neural activities and changes during development. The present study examined the temporal changes of nestin and GFAP protein levels in the postnatal development of the mouse hippocampus. Mouse hippocampi were sampled on postnatal day (PND) 1, 3, 6, 18, and 48. Western blot analysis showed that nestin expression was high at PND 1 and markedly decreased until PND 18. Conversely, GFAP expression was acutely increased in the early phase of postnatal development. Nestin immunoreactivity was localized mainly in the processes of ramified cells at PND 1, but expression subsequently decreased. In contrast, GFAP was evident mainly in the marginal cells of the hippocampus at PND 1, but immunoreactivity revealed satellite, radial, or ramified shapes of the cells from PND 6-48. This study demonstrates that the opposing pattern of nestin and GFAP expressions in mouse hippocampus during postnatal development occur in the early development stage (PND 1-18), suggesting that the opposing change of nestin and GFAP in early postnatal development is important for neural differentiation and positioning in the mouse hippocampus. 相似文献
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Embryonic Signals and Survival 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
AK Goff 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2002,37(3):133-139
The objective of this review is to give an overview of the signaling mechanisms between the conceptus and the mother before implantation. The interactions between the embryo and uterus are complex and essential for normal embryo development and implantation. Problems in the signaling mechanisms are thought to play a significant role in early embryonic mortality since a high rate of embryonic morality occurs during this period. This review will focus on the mechanisms involved in the development of the conceptus and the prevention of luteolysis. It is based primarily on what is known in ruminants but also refers to work in other species such as the mouse and primates. 相似文献
5.
A M Manning 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》2001,31(6):1289-321, vii-viii
Abnormal electrolyte concentrations occur commonly in hospitalized patients and may produce a variety of clinical symptoms, cause lack of response to therapeutics for primary clinical conditions, and affect clinical outcome. Recognition of electrolyte disturbances requires a high index of suspicion by the clinician for such a disturbance and prompt therapy to ensure a positive and timely outcome for the patient. This article discusses electrolyte abnormalities that occur in critically ill patients, with a review of diseases commonly associated with each electrolyte disturbance, and their recommended management. 相似文献
6.
动物体内的黑色素细胞合成了黑色素从而决定其肤色和毛色。全身各处的黑色素细胞有2种来源:①由神经管上皮细胞分化而来的视网膜色素上皮细胞;②由神经嵴细胞在胚胎发育早期分化为成黑色素细胞进而发育成熟为黑色素细胞从而行使其功能。通过对小鼠和人类的发育遗传学研究,结果表明神经嵴细胞衍生的黑色素细胞的发育分化是一个非常复杂的过程,受到多重信号因子的调控。其中影响黑色素细胞发育过程的转录因子有SOX10、MITF和PAX3,信号通路有KIT及其配体KITL信号通路、WNT/β-catenin信号通路、EDN3及其受体EDNRB信号通路。MITF被认为是黑色素细胞发育过程中非常关键的调控因子,而3条通路也被认为与神经嵴细胞来源的黑色素细胞的发育有极为密切的关系且能调节MITF功能及其活性。作者总结了这个领域的研究进展并指出早期神经嵴细胞的发育调控可能是乌骨鸡和乌骨绵羊乌质性状形成的根本原因。 相似文献
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为阐明不同干扰方式对呼伦贝尔温性草甸草原土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征及储量分布的影响,本研究于2021年8月末在多年围封、刈割和放牧草地进行样品采集与分析测试。结果表明：地上生物量和凋落物生物量均以围封草地最高,放牧草地最低;3种干扰方式下,土壤容重均随土层深度的增加而增大,土壤含水率均随土层深度的增加而减小,在相同土层,放牧干扰下土壤容重最大,土壤含水率最低;3种干扰方式下,土壤碳氮磷含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,放牧干扰草地中三者含量最低;围封和刈割干扰草地土壤C/N高于放牧干扰草地,而C/P和N/P均以放牧干扰草地最高;放牧干扰草地碳氮磷储量在0~30cm土层的分布占比最高,呈现表层聚集;干扰方式和土层深度及其交互作用均能显著影响土壤理化性质及计量特征。综上,适度干扰更有利于温性草甸草原的可持续发展。 相似文献
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Prolactin: does it exert an up-modulation of the immune response in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected rats?
Filipin Mdel V Brazão V Santello FH Caetano LC Toldo MP do Prado JC 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,181(2-4):139-145
During the course of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the host immune system is involved in distinct, complex interactions with the endocrine system, and prolactin (PRL) is one of several hormones involved in immunoregulation. Although intensive studies attempting to understand the mechanisms that underlie Chagas' disease have been undertaken, there are still some pieces missing from this complex puzzle. Because data are scarce concerning the role of PRL involvement in Chagas' disease and taking into account the existence of crosstalk between neuroendocrine hormones and the immune system, the current study evaluates a possible up-regulation of the cellular immune response triggered by PRL in T. cruzi-infected rats and the role of PRL in reversing immunosuppression caused by the parasitic infection. The data shown herein demonstrate that PRL induces the proliferation of T lymphocytes, coupled with an activation of macrophages and the production of nitric oxide (NO), leading to a reduction in the number of blood trypomastigotes during the peak of parasitemia. During the acute phase of T. cruzi infection, an enhancement of both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cell populations were observed in infected groups, with the highest numbers of these T cell subsets found in the infected group treated with PRL. Because NO is a signaling molecule involved in a number of cellular interactions with components of the immune system and the neuroendocrine system, PRL can be considered an alternative hormone able to up-regulate the host's immune system, consequently lowering the pathological effects of a T. cruzi infection. 相似文献
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In Su Cheon Sung-Moo Park Hye Jin Lee Ji Eun Hong Sang Yun Ji Byoung-Shik Shim Kwang Ho Kim Pil Seung Heo Yoo Yong Kim Hyun Jung Jung Hakhyun Ka Seung Hyun Han Manki Song Cheol-Heui Yun 《Research in veterinary science》2014
In human or mouse, mature T cells express either CD4 or CD8, resulting in different functions in the periphery. Interestingly, porcine CD4 and CD8 double positive (DP) T cells are present in the blood, and their proportions change from youth to adulthood. However, the features of these cells in swine are poorly understood. We investigated the fate of porcine peripheral T cells based on their functional characteristics, including proliferation and the expression of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors. The results showed that all the populations changed their CD8 expression in a time-dependent manner and porcine T cells had different proliferative pattern from human T cells. The results further revealed that Th2 cytokines were increased later in porcine T cells compared to human T cells upon stimulation with IL-2 + PMA. Collectively, we found that the fate of porcine peripheral T cells is different from that of human T cells, and the changes occur in a time- and stimulation-dependent manner. 相似文献
11.
Jesse P Goff 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2004,20(3):471-94, v
Four macrominerals have the distinction of being involved in the "downer cow" syndrome, which is, unfortunately, often associated with parturition in cows. Inadequate blood calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), or potassium (K) concentrations can cause a cow to lose the ability to rise to her feet because these minerals are necessary for nerve and muscle function. Less severe disturbances in blood concentrations of these minerals can cause reduced feed intake, poor rumen and intestine motility, poor productivity, and increased susceptibility to other metabolic and infectious disease. Mechanisms for maintaining blood Ca, P, Mg, and K concentrations perform efficiently most of the time, but occasionally these homeostatic mechanisms fail and metabolic diseases such as milk fever occur. Understanding how and why these mechanisms fail may allow the practitioner to develop strategies to avoid these disorders. 相似文献
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The immune response of 'Yugoslav meat breed' pigs inoculated with low doses of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae was followed over two to nine weeks of primary infection, by analysing changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets, the development of a humoral antibody response and muscle larvae burden. During the course of the infection, infected animals showed a persistent elevation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets from days 15 to 60 after the parasite exposure. During this time, the number of peripheral blood mononuclear cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II antigens was also increased, while no significant differences were found in the number of circulating monocytes/macrophages and B cells over time. Humoral antibody responses to muscle larvae excretory-secretory products were evident as early as 41 days after infection, while the muscle larvae were recovered as early as 27 days after infection. The increased levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, as well as cells expressing major histocompatibility complex class II antigens in pigs exposed to T spiralis, may be indicative of some considerable alterations in cell subsets that are involved in the regulation of the swine immune response to this parasite. 相似文献
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Because regulatory mechanisms are not fully developed in neonates, they are particularly susceptible to environmental influences on behavior. Events early in life have the potential for multiplicative effects. Perinatal stress appears to alter the function of the HHA axis in an adaptive manner. Optimal levels of stress might therefore be used in the rearing of domestic animals. Further research, including an assessment of animals' welfare, is needed. The early social environment is of critical importance in behavioral ontogeny. Social conditions other than those with which a species has evolved, such as isolation, rearing without conspecifics, or rearing in single-sex groups, can alter later behavior. Effects on agonistic and sexual behavior, in particular, have been well researched. The types of learning involved in primary socialization are not directly known for most farm species, although other features of socialization are well documented. Nutrition plays an obvious role in physical development. Less obviously, it appears that a low plane of nutrition or protein deficiency can permanently impair learning ability through a decrease in the number of brain neurons. 相似文献
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Isotani M Katsuma K Tamura K Yamada M Yagihara H Azakami D Ono K Washizu T Bonkobara M 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2006,68(8):809-814
Because of their unsurpassed potency in presenting antigens to naive T cells, dendritic cells are considered to be an important candidate in the development of immunotherapeutic strategies. Despite the high potential of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, as a so-called dendritic cell vaccination, few clinical approaches using dendritic cell vaccination have been performed in the dog because of very limited information regarding the generation of canine dendritic cells and their functional properties. We therefore established a protocol for the efficient generation of dendritic cells from canine bone marrow cells using recombinant feline granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and canine interleukin-4. Dendritic cells were generated efficiently: a yield of 1-9 x 10(6) cells per approximately 0.5 ml of canine bone marrow aspiration was achieved. These dendritic cells showed features shared with mouse and human dendritic cells: dendrite morphology, expression of surface markers MHC class II and CD11c, and up-regulation of molecules related to antigen presentation (MHC class II, B7-1, and B7-2) by activation with lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, the dendritic cells demonstrated phagocytic activity, processing activity of pinocytosed proteins, and activation of allogeneic T cells far more potent than that by macrophages. Our findings suggest that the bone marrow-derived dendritic cells are functional for the capturing and processing of antigens and the initiation of T cell responses. 相似文献
15.
Michael C. Duniway Jeffrey E. Herrick David A. Pyke Toledo P. David 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2010,63(5):524-536
Linear disturbances associated with on- and off-road vehicle use on rangelands has increased dramatically throughout the world in recent decades. This increase is due to a variety of factors including increased availability of all-terrain vehicles, infrastructure development (oil, gas, renewable energy, and ex-urban), and recreational activities. In addition to the direct impacts of road development, the presence and use of roads may alter resilience of adjoining areas through indirect effects such as altered site hydrologic and eolian processes, invasive seed dispersal, and sediment transport. There are few standardized methods for assessing impacts of transportation-related land-use activities on soils and vegetation in arid and semi-arid rangelands. Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health (IIRH) is an internationally accepted qualitative assessment that is applied widely to rangelands. We tested the sensitivity of IIRH to impacts of roads, trails, and pipelines on adjacent lands by surveying plots at three distances from these linear disturbances. We performed tests at 16 randomly selected sites in each of three ecosystems (Northern High Plains, Colorado Plateau, and Chihuahuan Desert) for a total of 208 evaluation plots. We also evaluated the repeatability of IIRH when applied to road-related disturbance gradients. Finally, we tested extent of correlations between IIRH plot attribute departure classes and trends in a suite of quantitative indicators. Results indicated that the IIRH technique is sensitive to direct and indirect impacts of transportation activities with greater departure from reference condition near disturbances than far from disturbances. Trends in degradation of ecological processes detected with qualitative assessments were highly correlated with quantitative data. Qualitative and quantitative assessments employed in this study can be used to assess impacts of transportation features at the plot scale. Through integration with remote sensing technologies, these methods could also potentially be used to assess cumulative impacts of transportation networks at the landscape scale. 相似文献
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J E Ellington 《The Cornell veterinarian》1991,81(3):313-328
The bovine oviduct provides the environment for sperm transport and capacitation, oocyte transport and maturation, fertilization and early embryonic cleavage. Gamete interactions in the tube occur in contact with both the tubal epithelium and the oviduct fluid secreted by these cells. Current research continues to reveal the active role of the oviduct and its products play in normal fertilization and embryo development. This paper reviews the anatomy and physiology of the oviduct of the cow, including the specific events of reproduction which occur in this organ. 相似文献
17.
A. Costa R. K. Sellon M. Court N. S. Burke K. L. Mealey 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2016,39(1):16-21
Corticosteroids are one of the most extensively used class of therapeutic agents in dogs. In human patients, response to corticosteroid therapy has been correlated with the presence of certain polymorphisms of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1). Depending on the polymorphism present, patients may show either increased sensitivity to glucocorticoid‐induced adverse effects or resistance to their therapeutic effects. Because response to corticosteroid therapy in dogs can also be variable and unpredictable, we hypothesized that genetic variability exists in the canine NR3C1 gene. The aim of this study was to sequence the coding regions of the canine NR3C1 gene in a representative sample of dogs. Samples from 97 dogs from four previously identified genetic groupings of domestic breeds (Asian/Ancient, Herding, Hunting, and Mastiff) were sequenced and evaluated. Four exons contained polymorphisms and four exons showed no variation from the reference sequence. A total of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified including four synonymous SNPs and two nonsynonymous SNPs (c.811A>T and c.2111T>C). No dogs were homozygous for either variant allele, while 23 dogs were heterozygous for the c.811A>T allele and 2 were heterozygous for c.2111T>C allele. The amino acid changes caused by c.811A>T (serine to cysteine) and c.2111T>C (isoleucine to threonine) were both predicted by in silico analysis to be ‘probably damaging’ to structure and function of the resulting protein. We conclude that NR3C1 polymorphisms occur in dogs and may cause individual variation in response to corticosteroid therapy. 相似文献
18.
通过血液生化检测、病理组织学、临床表现等综合分析4只大熊猫的资料,认为消化吸收障碍是引起大熊猫营养不良综合征的原因;1.5岁之前是大熊猫饲养管理的关键时期;频繁排黏液、生长发育与食物转换不协调、致病菌的作用、过敏物质的刺激等均可引起消化道疾病,严重的消化道疾病引起消化吸收障碍,导致营养吸收和消耗负平衡;为适应营养不足,机体减少甲状腺素分泌,表现出低甲状腺素（低T3）综合征;营养不良严重时可导致动物衰竭死亡;通过早期预防,改善发育过程中的精饲料和粗饲料的饲喂方式,可以减少疾病发生。及时治疗,防止出现慢性过程,必要时使用甲状腺素、强的松调整等综合措施,患病动物有望好转。 相似文献
19.
C C Willhite N L Rossi R A Frakes R P Sharma 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》1985,49(2):195-201
The results of gross and histopathological study of a near-term male hamster exencephalic lateral cephalothoracopagus are presented. There was minimal duplication of the internal organs to the point of division at the abdomen. The appendicular skeleton was relatively unaffected by the severe malformations of the axial skeleton. The studies suggested that the lateral relationship of the skull to the spinal columns was a consequence of the presence of two embryonic neural tubes; the chordomesodermal systems of the right and left twins apparently contributed the tissues for the right and left cephalic neural folds, respectively. Anomalies of the vertebral bodies and neural arches were not related to failure of closure of the neural tube as there was no evidence for rachischisis in either body half. Rather, the anomalous axial skeletal elements were apparently the result of competing fields of development by two chordomesodermal systems. The twins were recovered from a dam maintained on a diet consisting of 80% cassava, a cyanide-containing staple consumed by humans in tropical countries. Because the numbers of resorbed implantation sites and malformed litermates were low and the failure to produce conjoined twins in other litters recovered from dams given cassava diets, it appears unlikely that the malformation was related to the composition of the diet. 相似文献
20.
Yang Liu Zhuying Wei Yafei Huang Chunling Bai Linsen Zan Guangpeng Li 《Animal Science Journal》2014,85(9):840-847
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway has been studied in various animal body life procedures and is suggested to be important for the development of multiple organs. The genes involved in the Hh signaling pathway were expressed in the ovary of mice, pigs and cattle. However, the function of Hh signaling pathway on oocyte maturation and early embryonic development is still controversial. We detected the effect of sonic hedgehog (Shh) and cyclopamine on the in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes and embryo development. The results showed that the presence of Shh or cyclopamine resulted in similar oocyte maturation to control groups. Shh did not improve early embryonic development. However, the supplement of cyclopamine depressed early embryo development. The mRNA of shh, ptch1, smo and gli1 were less detected in the denuded oocytes. The expression levels of ptch1 ascended from the uncleaved zygote to blastocyst stage. Smo or gli1 were expressed on a higher level at the two‐cell or four‐cell stage in early embryonic development separately. Therefore, Shh did not affect mouse oocyte maturation and early embryo development, but cyclopamine led to inhibited development of mouse early embryo. The effects of Hh signaling on the oocyte maturation and early embryo development might be species‐specific. 相似文献