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1.
以经过连续多代抗寒选育获得的尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)耐寒品系为实验材料, 克隆了尼罗罗非鱼水通道蛋白基因(AQP1)的cDNA序列, 并采用实时荧光定量PCR分析方法探讨了低温胁迫对罗非鱼AQP1基因表达水平的影响。序列分析结果显示, 尼罗罗非鱼AQP1 cDNA长度为1 098 bp, 包含36 bp的5′端非翻译区序列、783 bp开放阅读框(ORF)和279 bp的3′非翻译区序列, 编码261个氨基酸。氨基酸序列比对表明, 各物种间AQP1序列的同源性较高(96%~59%)。聚类分析表明, 尼罗罗非鱼首先与同属鲈形目丽鱼科的斑马拟丽鱼(Maylandia zebra)聚在一起, 再与其他硬骨鱼类聚为一类。实时荧光定量PCR 结果表明: 在水温从30℃逐渐降到10℃过程中, 肌肉和肝组织AQP1基因的表达量从20℃开始均逐渐下调。其中肌肉组织中, 与30℃时的表达量相比, 耐寒品系在20℃时表达量大幅度下调, 当水温为15℃时, 其表达量下调幅度为22.16倍。当水温降到10℃时, 其表达量下调了107.73倍。而对照组AQP1基因的表达量在15℃时, 下调幅度为5.38倍。当水温达到10℃时, 其表达量下调幅度为11.30倍。结果分析显示, 耐寒品系与对照组AQP1基因在低温条件下的表达量存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。而在肝组织中, 当水温降到15℃时, 耐寒品系和对照组的表达量下调幅度分别为3.38倍、1.42倍。水温降到10℃时, 其表达量上调幅度分别为18.85倍、9.01倍。结果分析表明, 低温条件下耐寒品系与对照组AQP1基因在肝组织中的表达差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明, AQP1表达对温度敏感, 耐寒品系较高的耐寒能力与其在低温条件下的肌肉组织大幅上调表达有关。由此可见, AQP1基因在罗非鱼低温适应过程中发挥重要作用, 是潜在的研究罗非鱼耐寒机制的候选基因之一, 本研究为进一步研究罗非鱼的耐寒分子机制和开展鱼类抗逆育种提供参考。 相似文献
2.
研究了菲律宾蛤仔(Venerupis philippinarum)两种谷氧还蛋白VpGrx1和VpGrx2 mRNA在鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)和重金属镉(Cd)作用下的表达调控规律。结果表明, 正常菲律宾蛤仔VpGrx1和VpGrx2在所检测组织中均有表达, 其中VpGrx1在鳃中的表达量最高, 而VpGrx2在蛤仔血淋巴细胞、鳃和肝胰腺中的表达量均较高。鳗弧菌和藤黄微球菌侵染在某些时段可显著诱导VpGrx1和VpGrx2基因的表达水平(P<0.05)。另外, 0.8 μg/L、8 μg/L和80 μg/L Cd处理30 d后, 菲律宾蛤仔肝胰腺中VpGrx1和VpGrx2基因转录水平显著升高(P<0.05), 血淋巴细胞中VpGrx1基因表达被显著抑制(P<0.05)而VpGrx2基因表达被显著诱导(P<0.05)。以上结果表明, VpGrx1和VpGrx2在菲律宾蛤仔的固有免疫反应和抗氧化胁迫中发挥着重要作用。 相似文献
3.
选用初始体质量(15.30?.03) g的星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼, 在其基础饲料中添加不同梯度的小肽(鱼水解肽), 添加水平分别为0 (对照组)、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.0%和1.5%, 每组设3个重复, 每个重复30尾鱼, 实验周期为56 d。结果表明: 1) 除肝胰脏淀粉酶外, 星斑川鲽幼鱼胃、肠和肝胰脏中消化酶活性在各组间均存在显著性差异(P<0.05), 且随着小肽添加水平的上升而呈现先上升后下降的趋势。2) 饲料中添加小肽显著降低了肝胰脏和血清中的丙二醛含量(P<0.05), 并显著提高了1.0%和1.5%小肽添加组血清的总抗氧化能力, 而对肝胰脏超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽还原酶均无显著影响(P>0.05), 同时, 1.0%和1.5%小肽添加组血清超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽氧化物酶活性以及0.75%和1.0%小肽添加组血清谷胱甘肽还原酶活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)小肽添加组苯丙氨酸含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 0.50%~1.5%小肽添加组亮氨酸含量也显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而其他氨基酸在不同小肽添加组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05); 0.75%和1.0%小肽添加组多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 0.5%~1.0 %小肽添加组DHA和EPA含量均显著高于对照组(P <0.05), 而ARA在不同添加组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上可知, 饲料中添加适量小肽可有效提高消化酶活性和抗氧化能力, 促进机体生长, 并在一定程度上提高鱼肉品质。 相似文献
4.
为掌握拖网网袖对大网目底拖网网具性能的影响, 本研究针对东海区典型的大网目底拖网(72 目×18 m), 设计试验6种纵向拉直长度不同的网袖, 分析比较了不同袖长比Lw/L(Lw–网袖纵向拉直长度, L–网具纵向拉直长度)对网具阻力、网口高度和水动力性能的影响。结果表明, (1) 随着Lw/L的增大, 网具阻力增加, 但增加到36.45%之后, 阻力几乎不再变化; (2) Lw/L对阻力的影响与拖速有关, 速度越大, 阻力随Lw/L的变化越大; (3) 网口高度随Lw/L的增大而提高, 在Lw/L为36.45%~38.69%时达到最佳, 随后降低; (4) Lw/L对网口高度的影响与拖速有一定关系, 低速下网口高度变化小, 高速下网口高度随Lw/L有明显的变化; (5) Lw/L在大于36.45%之后水动力性能相对较高, 增大Lw/L, 水动力性能会有小幅度降低, 反之会有较大幅度的下降; (6) 此规格拖网网袖长度不宜过短, Lw/L以36.45%为宜, 根据作业条件, 在设计网具时可适当增加网袖长度。试验结果可对大网目底拖网网袖部位的设计和改进提供技术参考。 相似文献
5.
采用RT-PCR 和RACE技术, 克隆了小体鲟(Acipenser ruthenus)雄激素受体(AR)基因cDNA全长序列, 应用real-time qPCR法对雌、雄个体不同组织中AR mRNA 的表达进行检测。序列分析表明, AR基因cDNA全长为2 953 bp, 包括5′端68 bp的非编码区(untranslation region, UTR), 2 528 bp的开放阅读框ORF(open reading frame)和3′端327 bp的非编码区(不包括ploy A 的尾巴)。AR前体蛋白由843个氨基酸组成, 理论分子质量为94.24 kD。同源比较结果表明, 小体鲟AR氨基酸序列与其他鱼类的AR氨基酸序列同源性较高, 与杂交鲟(A. ruthenus × Huso huso)、西伯利亚鲟(A. baerii)、虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)和日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)的雄激素受体同源性分别为99%、98%、83%和83%。real-time qPCR分析小体鲟雌雄个体不同组织中的表达结果显示, AR基因在雌雄个体中相对表达基本相同, 都是在性腺、肌肉和肾中高量表达, 而在其他组织中少量表达。AR基因在小体鲟体内广泛表达, 表明该基因可能对其生长和繁殖有重要作用。 相似文献
6.
以鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)肌肉cDNA为模板, 利用小清蛋白特异性引物进行PCR扩增, 克隆得到β小清蛋白两种不同亚型, 即Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型编码区基因。将目的基因片段连接到pET28a (+)表达载体, 并在大肠杆菌[E.coli BL21 (DE3)]中诱导表达。结果表明, 经诱导的小清蛋白重组质粒菌株有特异的蛋白表达。SDS-PAGE分析显示, 目的蛋白的分子量约为13 kD, 与预期大小一致。菌体超声破碎后发现2种亚型的小清蛋白均为可溶表达。利用Ni2+亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行纯化, 得到高纯度的重组小清蛋白PVⅠ和PVⅡ。经Western Blot 鉴定, 重组小清蛋白PVⅠ和PVⅡ均能与抗鲢小清蛋白单克隆抗体反应。本研究为进一步分析小清蛋白的结构与致敏性的关系提供了重要的基础。 相似文献
7.
根据2011年5月在胶州湾进行的底拖网调查, 应用碳、氮稳定同位素技术对胶州湾方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi) 的食物组成、营养级和摄食习性的体长变化等方面进行研究。结果表明, 胶州湾方氏云鳚的δ15N值范围是10.14‰~15.50‰, 跨度为5.36‰, 平均值为(12.83±1.10)‰; δ13C值范围是–21.52‰ ~–18.14‰, 跨度为3.38‰, 平均值为(–20.42±0.73)‰。方氏云鳚的饵料生物主要包括鲜明鼓虾(Alpheus distinguendus)、鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)、海蜇虾(Latreutes anoplonyx)、疣背宽额虾(Latreutes planirostris)、沙蚕、粒径大于900 μm的浮游动物, 其中以海蜇虾和粒径大于900 μm的浮游动物为主, 贡献率分别为47%~66%和35%~40%; 其他饵料生物的重要性由高到低依次为沙蚕、疣背宽额虾、鹰爪虾和鲜明鼓虾, 其贡献率分别为0%~15%、0%~5%、0%~5%、0%~2%。经Pearson相关性检验发现, δ15N与方氏云鳚的体长无显著相关(P>0.05), 而δ13C与方氏云鳚体长呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。以δ15N计算方氏云鳚各体长组的营养级范围为3.33~3.79, 平均营养级为3.65±0.14, 并不随着鱼体长的增加而升高。与以往的研究相比,方氏云鳚的食物组成和营养级均发生了一定程度的变化,基础饵料生物的波动和分析方法的不同可能是导致变化的主要原因。另外,基线生物、富集度以及样品数量和体长范围的不同也是导致方氏云鳚营养级存在差异的原因之一。本研究旨在深入了解方氏云鳚在胶州湾生态系统中所处的地位和作用,为今后深入研究胶州湾生物群落的营养结构以及食物网的物质循环和能量流动提供基础资料。 相似文献
8.
采用2009年11、2010年4月和8月台湾海峡中部近海海域3个航次的渔业资源调查资料, 结合该海域水文情况, 研究台湾海峡中部近海虾类在春、夏和秋季的资源密度、平面分布和优势种。结果表明: 虾类资源重量密度表现为秋季(135.45 kg/km2)>春季(96.77 kg/km2)>夏季(88.02 kg/km2), 尾数密度表现为夏季(34.55×103 ind/km2)>秋季(33.65×103 ind/km2)>春季(18.95×103 ind/km2)。依据相对重要性指数(IRI), 该海域虾类春秋季的优势种均为哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)和周氏新对虾(Metapenaeus joyneri), 哈氏仿对虾的IRI值分别为6 733.05和10 552.82, 周氏新对虾IRI值分别为10 536.11和5 981.94, 夏季优势种为须赤虾(Metapenaeopsis barbata) (IRI= 6 242.29)、哈氏仿对虾(IRI=4 236.10)和细巧仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis tenella) (IRI =1 999.67)。通过贡献率β值, 调查海域虾类总密度变化与主要优势种虾类密度变化密切相关, 春季优势种周氏新对虾对总重量和尾数的贡献率β值分别为1.11和0.84, 秋季哈氏仿对虾的贡献率β值分别为0.74和0.78, 各季节虾类总密度主要与优势种密度的平面分布规律一致。这是因为该海域虾类以广温广盐性种类为主, 水团对总密度分布的影响不明显。调查海域夏秋季资源密度高于附近瓯江口海域资源密度。主要的经济种类为哈氏仿对虾、鹰爪虾和中华管鞭虾, 因此台湾海峡中部虾类渔场具有一定的开发利用价值。 相似文献
9.
利用三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)、草鱼(Ctenoparyngodon idellus)、银鲫(Carassius gibelio)、鲢(Hypopthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)构建鱼蚌综合养殖系统, 通过155 d围隔(面积32 m2)实验检验两种鱼类组合(草鱼+鲫+鲢+鳙或鲢+鳙)和两种饲喂方式(投喂或不投喂配合饲料)对浮游植物群落结构的影响。采用2 × 2设计, 设4个处理: GISB-F(草鱼+鲫+鲢+鳙+投喂配合饲料)、GISB-NF(草鱼+鲫+鲢+鳙+不投喂配合饲料)、SB-F(鲢+鳙+投喂配合饲料)和SB-NF(鲢+鳙+不投喂配合饲料)。每个围隔内三角帆蚌、草鱼、鲫、鲢和鳙的放养量分别为20、15、5、5和5 ind。结果表明, 各处理围隔内浮游植物生物量平均值为3.7 × 108~6.0 × 108 cell·L–1。改变鱼类组合和饲喂方式对浮游植物种类组成、优势种优势度、群落多样性、生物量以及浮游植物生物量中蓝藻的比例无显著影响, 但投喂配合饲料导致叶绿素a增加。浮游植物实验前期主要优势种为十字藻属(Crucigenia)和栅藻属(Scenedesmus)种类, 后期为平裂藻属(Merismopedia)和微囊藻属(Microcyslis)种类, 表明浮游植物群落演变具有明显的季节性特点以及优势种逐渐演化为蓝藻的规律。水温、氨态氮、总氮和高锰酸钾指数对浮游植物群落结构具有显著影响。各处理围隔内氨态氮、总氮和高锰酸钾指数均随时间延长而增加, 说明改变鱼类组合和饲喂方式不会影响围隔内蓝藻水华发生的趋势。 相似文献
10.
为了探讨肌醇对哲罗鲑(Hucho taimen)生长性能、体成分及消化酶活性的影响, 以鱼粉、明胶和酪蛋白为蛋白源配制肌醇含量为99.8(不添加肌醇)、199.8、299.8、499.8、699.8、899.8和5 099.8 mg/kg的7种饲料, 分别投喂7个处理组, 每组3个重复, 每重复30尾鱼, 进行为期56 d的饲养实验。结果表明, 投喂肌醇含量为499.8 mg/kg饲料组的增重率最大, 且与添加量低于299.8 mg/kg的3个饲料组差异显著(P<0.05)。饲料系数在499.8 mg/kg饲料组最低, 在5 099.8 mg/kg饲料组最高, 两组间差异显著(P<0.05)。肌醇含量为499.8~899.8 mg/kg饲料组的特定生长率显著高于99.8~299.8 mg/kg及5 099.8 mg/kg饲料组(P<0.05)。肌肉中水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白各组间差异不显著(P>0.05), 肝淀粉酶、幽门盲囊脂肪酶活性各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。肠道蛋白酶活性在肌醇含量为199.8~499.8 mg/kg饲料组较高, 显著高于其他组(P<0.05), 脂肪酶活性在299.8~899.8 mg/kg饲料组高于99.8 mg/kg饲料组(P<0.05)。由此得出, 饲料中适量添加肌醇可提高哲罗鲑的生长性能及消化酶活性; 肌醇含量过低时哲罗鲑增重率、消化酶活性均较低; 肌醇含量过高时哲罗鲑特定增长率、消化酶活性较低, 饲料系数较高; 以增重率为指标由折线回归模型分析得出, 肌醇的最适含量为536.6 mg/kg饲料。 相似文献
11.
Selenium is essential for the normal life processes, and all animals, including fish, need this inorganic element. In order to research the pathology of selenium deficiency in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., 360 juvenile carp were allocated to three treatments. Each treatment containing 120 fish was randomly divided into four groups, fed with purified diets containing selenium at 0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 mg kg ?1. The results indicated that the morbidity and mortality rates of the test groups were negatively correlated with the level of selenium in the diets. The morbidity and mortality rates were, respectively, 46.7%, 33.3%, 13.3%, 0 and 26.7% 16.7%, 6.7%, 0. The affected fish exhibited pathological changes, such as ‘thin back disease’ and lordosis. Histologically, there was no abnormality observed in muscles, liver and pancreas. Ultrastructurally, there was swelling of the mitochondria of the cardiac muscle cells, the liver cells and renal tubular epithelial cells, with disintegration and lysis of the cristae of the mitochondria which vesiculated. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels were increased and the activity of the serum glutathione peroxidase and the serum superoxide dismutase was decreased; in contrast, the serum malonaldehyde concentration was increased. 相似文献
12.
Three diets in which the lipid component was supplied either as fish oil (FO), linseed oil (LO) or olive oil (OO) were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 1.2 g for a period of up to 12 weeks. The latter two diets resulted in a significant reduction in specific growth rate and an increased mortality compared to the FO (control) fed fish. A liver histopathology was evident in around half of the fish fed the LO and OO diets but was absent in fish fed FO. The lesion showed indications of cellular alterations consisting of foci of densely basophilic cells but without evidence of inflammatory activity. The total lipid fatty acid composition of the carcass from fish fed LO had increased percentages of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3, but decreased percentages of all other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) including the physiologically important 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, compared to fish fed FO. Almost 2/3 of the total fatty acids in the carcass of OO-fed fish were monounsaturated while the percentages of total saturated fatty acids and all other PUFA, except 18:2n-6, were significantly reduced compared to fish fed FO. Broadly similar effects on total lipid fatty acid composition were observed in liver. In the liver glycerophospholipid classes of fish fed LO, percentages of 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3 and 20:3n-3 were significantly increased whereas all C20 and C22 PUFA, with the exception of 20:5n-3 in PI, were significantly reduced compared to fish fed FO. The liver glycerophospholipids of fish fed OO all showed significantly increased total monounsaturates, 18:2n-6, 20:2n-6, 18:2n-9 and 20:2n-9 as well as reduced percentages of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3, compared to fish fed FO. The brain glycerophospholipids showed broadly similar changes in response to dietary treatment although the magnitude of fatty acid alterations was less than those observed in liver. The greater mortalities in the OO-fed fish compared to the LO-fed fish suggests that incorporation of 18:3n-3 into tissue phospholipids can offset losses of long-chain PUFA more effectively than incorporation of 18:1n-9. However, levels of dietary long-chain PUFA must be optimised to allow normal growth and development. We conclude that the very low flux through the fatty acid desaturase/elongase pathways in turbot is not up-regulated by diets deficient in 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. 相似文献
13.
We previously reported that juvenile Atlantic salmon with mean initial BW 11.5 g offed a methionine deficient diet had lower weight gain due to a reduced protein accretion, while lipid gain was unaffected. Muscle of the fish fed the methionine deficient diet was depleted for sulphur amino acids, while in liver, the concentration of these metabolites was maintained within narrow limits. We speculated whether this could be due to an increased muscle proteolysis to support a prioritized liver metabolism in fish fed the low methionine diets. In this study, we assessed whether genes associated with muscle proteolysis increased under methionine deficiency. The composition of the diets was similar to those used previously containing 1.6 or 2.1 g Met/16 g N. We confirmed that the fish fed the low methionine diet gained less protein compared to fish fed the DL‐methionine enriched diet ( P = 0.014), but growth did not reduce significantly. Also the deficient fish maintained the concentrations of liver sulphur amino acids and reduced muscle free methionine. Several of the other free amino acids within muscle increased. Further, methylation capacity was maintained in liver but reduced in the muscle ( P = 0.78 and 0.04, respectively). Gene expression of muscle IGF‐1 was lower ( P = 0.008) and myosin light chain 2 tended (MLC2, P = 0.06) to be reduced in fish fed low methionine diet, concurrently the activity of cathepsins B+L increased ( P = 0.047) in muscle of fish fed the low methionine diet. Gene expression of the muscle‐specific E3 ubiquitine ligases (Murf and MaFbx) was not affected by treatment. Thus, the lower protein gain observed in fish fed the low methionine diet may be caused by reduced protein synthesis in line with the reduced IGF‐1 gene expression in the white trunk muscle. Thus, to support metabolism, the dietary protein needs to be balanced in amino acids to support metabolism in all compartments of the body and secure maximal protein gain. 相似文献
14.
通过对四川省德阳、威远、达州等地广大农户常用养猪饲料及日粮结构的实地调查,并采集当地常用养猪饲料样品和土壤样品92个,对其中的铁、铜、锰、锌、硒、碘、钴元素含量进行分析测定。根据测定值对农户常用养猪日粮进行概算,并与“中国瘦肉型生长肥育猪饲养标准”进行比较,结果表明:三个地区的两种日粮类型普遍缺乏锌元素,部分地区硒元素缺乏;而铁、铜、锰、碘元素含量均超过标准几倍至数十倍。饲料和土壤样品的微量元素含量具有区域性差异的特点。 相似文献
15.
Phosphorus (P) is an essential component of fish diets. Its deficiency affects not only hard tissues, where it is responsible for rickets, leading to skeletal malformation, but also influences various aspects of intermediary metabolism, and thus growth and feed conversion. Therefore, optimizing the dietary inclusion level is critical at all times. As the aquaculture industry has expanded, so the effects of P in farm effluents, derived from metabolic and uneaten food sources, have also become recognized. Diets are increasingly formulated on a basis that will not only provide adequate P for fish needs, but also endeavour to ensure minimal acceptable P levels in effluents at the same time. Many variables influence P requirements and P availability in fish diets, so it is inadvisable to feed diets formulated to an assumed minimum dietary requirement level, irrespective of the advantages that such a formulation may provide to environmental impact. 相似文献
16.
Four growth studies were conducted to determine the signs, biochemical indices and histopathology of a thiamin deficiency and the thiamin requirement of young rainbow trout reared at 15°C on a semi-purified test diet. The major overt signs of a thiamin deficiency in rainbow trout are predominantly neurological: irritability and instability. Other signs include convulsions, feed refusal, dark pigmentation and finally mortalities. Growth reduction in the thiamin deficient trout appear to result from anorexia or feed refusal and not specifically to a thiamin deficiency. Although there were prominant neurological signs in the thiamin deficient trout, there were no histopathological signs in any tissues of the trout, including the brain and central nervous system, examined by light microscopic techniques. The tissue transketolase activity would appear to be a sensitive and specific indicator of the thiamin status in the trout. In addition, the levels of plasma lactate and serum pyruvate are also elevated in thiamin deficient trout. On the basis of the growth parameters, absence of deficiency signs and kidney and liver transketolase activity, the thiamin requirement of rainbow trout reared at 15°C on a semi-purified test diet is 1 mg/kg feed. 相似文献
17.
Atlantic salmon fry (4 g) were fed a semi-synthetic diet devoid of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for 4 months. External signs of nutritional imbalance during the period were slow growth rate and increased mortality. Some symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency appeared in the fatty acid composition of the blood and liver during the fourth month. At that time, the percentages of n-3 and n-6 PUFA of triacylglycerols (TAG) were nearly exhausted, and the percentages of 22:6 n-3 and of 20:5 n-3 in phospholipids (PL) showed a marked decrease. This decrease in the PUFA level of the PL was paralleled by the appearance of 20:3 n-9, whereas in the TAG an increase in the percentage of 18:1 n-9 was observed. After 4 months the monounsaturated fatty acid 18:1 n-9 constituted nearly 50% of the fatty acids in the TAG fraction of the liver. The time course of the changes in fatty acid composition of liver and blood lipids was quite similar, whereas the carcass lipid composition appeared to respond slowly to a diet devoid of essential fatty acids. 相似文献
18.
A pathological condition was induced in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by feeding a diet severely deficient in phosphorus. Parallel results were obtained in two consecutive experiments, one in fresh water and one in sea water. The deficiency condition was first manifest as a reduction in whole-body calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels and the development of abnormally soft and malformed bones. In later stages, growth was severely impaired and there was elevated mortality compared with fish fed a diet with sufficient phosphorus. Two semipurified casein-based test diets were used in the experiments. The low-P diet contained only the P from casein, 3.5 g kg −1 or 0.35%, whereas the reference diet was supplemented with P and contained 9.0 g kg −1 or 0.9%, The diets were fed to salmon parr in fresh water (initial weight 4.7 g) and to post-smolts in sea water (initial weight 113 g) for 12 and 15 weeks, respectively. In both experiments, the fish grew adequately for a prolonged period, whereas the whole-body Ca and P levels declined almost immediately. Within a few weeks, the whole-body P content was reduced to ≊ 65% of the initial value, and Ca to 40%. The reductions in mineral content were most severe in the mineral-rich tissues, bones and scales. On gross examination, all bony structures were abnormally soft. The ribs were wrinkly, and the spine displayed scoliotic changes. These changes were correlated to the reduction in bone mineralization, and were manifest at the time when reductions in growth rate could be noted. After the deficient fish were fed adequate levels of P for 9 weeks, their whole-body mineral levels returned to normal. The bone lesions did not heal completely during the same period of time. 相似文献
19.
Groups of Atlantic salmon fry (0.19 g initial weight) were fed a fish-meal based starter diet with different supplements of biotin (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg biotin kg –1) in triplicate tanks for 18 weeks. The basal diet contained 0.3 mg total biotin kg –1. The experimental design included a negative control diet made by replacing 10% of the fish-meal with spray-dried raw hen's egg white. Throughout the experimental period the fish grew to about 5 g and there were no significant differences in growth and mortality among the groups of fish fed the fish-meal diets. At the end of the experiment there were no significant differences in biotin level in the liver, while whole-body biotin concentrations correlated significantly with the dietary biotin concentrations. No significant increase in pyruvate carboxylase (PC) activity was found in livers from fish given different dietary levels of biotin. The control diet with egg white resulted in severe growth reduction and increased mortality compared with the other dietary groups. The concentrations of biotin in liver and whole body were decreased in fish fed egg white. Increased levels of glycogen and reduced PC activity in the liver were observed in this group after 18 weeks. Histology of the gills showed no differences in appearance when fish were fed fish-meal based diets while the addition of egg white resulted in hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the gill tissue and extensive fusions of the secondary gill lamellae. The results show that there is no need for supplemental biotin in practical fish-meal based diets for Atlantic salmon fry to achieve optimal growth, survival and maximal liver PC activity. 相似文献
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