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1.
For the first time concentrations of trace nitrogenous (N) air pollutants, gaseous nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HNO2), ammonia (NH3), and fine particulate nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4), were measured in the montane forests of southern Poland. Determinations were performed in two forest locations of the Silesian Beskid Mountains in the western range of the Carpathian Mountains, and in an industrial/urban location in Karowice, Poland. The measurements performed in summer 1997 with honeycomb denuder/filter pack systems showed elevated concentrations of the studied pollutants. These findings agree with the low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios and the results of 15N analyses of soil and moss samples. High concentrations of N air pollutants help to explain previously determined high levels of NO3 and NH4 deposition to Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) canopies in these mountains. Ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) were elevated and potentially phytotoxic. Deficiencies of phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in Norway spruce foliage were found while concentrations of other nutrients were normal.  相似文献   

2.
Nitrogenous air pollutants including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrate (NO 3 ? ), ammonia (NH3), ammonium (NH 4 + ), and nitrous acid (HONO) were characterized at an urban forested (UF) site in Hiroshima and at a suburban forested (SF) site in Fukuoka, western Japan, using an annular denuder system for 1?year from May 2006 to May 2007 to compare the concentrations and chemical species of atmospheric nitrogenous pollutants between UF and SF sites. The proximity of the urban area was reflected in higher NO2 concentrations at the UF site than at the SF site. NO2 was more oxidized at the SF site because it is farther from an urban area than the UF site, which was reflected in higher concentrations of HNO3 at the SF site than the UF site. HNO3 and acidic sulfate is neutralized by NH3, existing as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] at the UF site. At the SF site, acidic sulfate is neutralized by NH3, existing as (NH4)2SO4, but NH4NO3, had scarcely formed at the SF site. A much higher HONO concentration was observed at the UF site than at the SF site, especially in winter and spring at night, which could be explained by higher NO2 concentrations at the UF site because of its proximity to an urban area and stagnant meteorological conditions. Atmospheric HONO determination was critical in evaluating the possibility of damage to trees in UF areas.  相似文献   

3.
The investigation of SO2, NO2, soot and benzo(a)pyrene (BP) has been performed at the background station on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea since 1980. A significant decreasing trend has been observed for SO2 and NO2, while soot and BP concentrations were changing insignificantly. The decreasing SO2 and NO2 high concentrations (>10µg·m?3) have been determined in the air masses coming from the Western and Central Europe to Lithuania since 1900. The concentration of SO2 in a range of 0–5µg·m?3 and the concentration of NO2 in a range of 0–10µg·m?3 are characteric of the background atmospheric air.  相似文献   

4.
Fog/cloud and rain water were collected at the mountainside of Hachimantai range in northern Japan and rain water was also collected at Akita City in order to investigate the air pollutant scavenging mechanism. The concentrations of various ions in these samples were analyzed, and the fog drop size and the wind direction were measured at each fog event. The fog at Hachimantai range had a very high total ion concentration, and was considerably acidified by non sea salt (nss-) SO4 2? and NO3 ?, compared with the rain at Akita and all sites in Hachimantai range. Using the oblique rotational factor analysis, three factors were extracted as the air pollutants; A: (NH4)2SO4+H2SO4, B: sea salts+HNO3+H2SO4, C: NH4NO3+OH?. These salts are well-known as the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Combining the factor analysis with the 72h back trajectory at 850hPa level, the contribution of Factor A was closely connected to the long-range transportation of anthropogenic or natural aerosol in air masses of continental origin.  相似文献   

5.
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6.
PM2.5 and PAHs bound to PM2.5 were investigated in downtown Bologna, from January to June 2003, in order to determine the burden of the fine fraction in the aerosol of a typical urban environment of the Po Valley, a critical area in Northern Italy in terms of atmospheric pollution. The sampling campaign was divided into three parts: a winter sub-campaign, an intermediate campaign where PM2.5 and PM10 were simultaneously sampled and which identified PM2.5 as the major component of PM10, and a summer sub-campaign. Critical concentrations of both PM2.5 and PAHs were observed in winter time; for example, in January 2003 the mean value for the 24-h average PM2.5 concentration was 58 μg/m3, much higher than the annual arithmetic mean of 15 μg/m3 established by the US ambient air quality standard (NAAQS). Correspondingly, the mean value for benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) in PM2.5 was 1.79 ng/m3, again higher than the annual mean of 1 ng/m3, required by European regulations for BAP in PM10. In summer time the BAP concentration considerably decreases to 0.10 ng/m3 as the likely effect of photolysis and dilution on a higher boundary layer; PM2.5 decreases too, but the mean concentration (22 μg/m3) is still higher than the NAAQS value. Further analysis included TEM microscopy of collected particles and correlations between PM2.5, PAHs and gases (benzene, O3, CO, NO2, SO2). All these observations identified on-road mobile sources as the main source of emissions and, in general, of the poor air quality level in the city of Bologna.  相似文献   

7.
This paper presents an analysis of cloud water measurements made during the summers of 1986 and 1987 at Whitetop Mountain, Virginia (36.639° N, 81.605° W). Analysis of cloud water chemistry, cloud type, and air mass origin are made for each cloud event occurring during one 3 to 4 week measurement ‘intensive’ per year. Regional source/receptor relationships are also investigated. Cloud water concentrations of major ions (i.e., H+, SO4 2?, NO3 ?, and NH4 +) are consistently higher during orographically formed ‘cap’ cloud events. Differences in cloud liquid water content between cap and frontal cloud events explains most, but not all, of the cloud water ion concentration differences. The remaining difference can be explained by greater rainfall associated with frontal cloud events. Most of the cloud water sulfate measured at Whitetop Mountain is apparently due to nucleation of aerosol sulfate within cloud droplets and not to local in-cloud aqueous phase SO, oxidation. No strong source/ receptor relationships were evident from this analysis. Most 72 hr air trajectories arriving at Whitetop Mountain during the cloud events described in this paper originated in the southeastern United States. Few came from the Ohio River Valley or the northeastern United States.  相似文献   

8.
Long term continuous monitoring measurements of urban atmospheric concentrations of O3, NO2, NO, and SO2 were performed for the first time in Ciudad Real, a city in central-southern Spain. The measurements were carried out using the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique, with a commercial system (OPSIS, Lund-Sweden), covering the summer and winter seasons (from 21st July 2000 to 23rd March 2001). Mean levels of O3, NO2 and SO2 monitored during this period were: 27 μg m?3, 50 μg m?3 and 7 μg m?3 respectively. The highest hourly averaged value of O3 (160 μg m?3) was measured during the summer period, while NO2 was enhanced in wintertime (highest values 90 μg m?3). In the coldest period, when central heating installations were operating, SO2 showed maximum levels of 20 μg m?3. The daily, weekly and seasonal analysis of the data shows that photochemical air pollution dominates in this urban atmosphere and is strongly influenced by levels of motor traffic and domestic heating system emissions. These measurements were compared with other studies in Spain and Europe. Also, the long path averaged DOAS measurements were compared with in situ observations made in Ciudad Real, from 23rd August 2000 to 25th September 2000, using a mobile air pollution control station. All gas concentrations reported in this paper are below the WHO guidelines and the different thresholds introduced by the European Environmental Legislation.  相似文献   

9.
Manure application to managed grassland is a common agricultural practice. There are, however, limited studies looking at the fluxes and interactions of reactive N compounds and aerosols following fertilisation with manure. In this study, state-of-the-art chemical analysers (GRAEGOR, QCLAS, PTRMS) were used to investigate concentrations, fluxes and chemical interactions of reactive nitrogen containing trace gases (NH3, HNO3, HONO) and aerosols (NO3−) above a grassland fertilised with 164 kg N ha−1 of cattle slurry. Emissions of NH3 peaked at >67 μg m−2 s−1, based on a 30 min average. The estimated overall loss of total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) from the applied slurry through NH3 emissions in the first 5 days was 33.5%. The average trimethylamine flux in the first 31 h following the first slurry application was 40 ng m−2 s−1 and amounted to 0.38% of the NH3-N emissions. Apparent nitrate aerosol emissions were observed following the slurry application peaking at 13.0 ng m−2 s−1. This suggests formation of NH4NO3 from reaction of the emitted NH3 with atmospheric HNO3, consistent with the observation of gaseous concentration products exceeding the dissociation constants of ammonium nitrate. Fluxes of total nitrate (HNO3 + NO3−) were bi-directional and positive during the mid-day period after fertilisation, suggesting that the slurry acted as a net source for these compounds. There is evidence of small HONO emission following fertilisation (up to 1 ng m−2 s−1), although the production process is currently not identified. By contrast, all compounds showed deposition to the adjacent unfertilised grassland.  相似文献   

10.
Generally, dry deposition processes are very important for atmospheric chemistry of pollutants providing up to 30–80 % of the removal for certain compounds from the atmosphere. The model for calculating of dry deposition fluxes for a large territory seems unsophisticated in spite of the dependence on surface characteristics, pollutant properties and atmospheric conditions. The approach of combining monthly average concentrations measured at the Integrated Background Monitoring Network (IBMoN) and EMEP stations and linear dry deposition velocity was used to calculate total sulphur and nitrogen fluxes for the whole of the former Soviet Union (FSU) taking into account large-scale geographical variability in climate and lands. Most values of all SO2 and SO4 2? concentrations were below 2.9 and 3.1 mgS/m3, and NO2 concentration were 1.5 mgN/m3 over European part and 0.6 mgN/m3 in Western Siberia. The long-term trends of oxidised sulphur and nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere were examined for 1982–1998 in certain FSU regions. Annual dry deposition of sulphur was estimated as 3.64 Mt S (in sulphate form) and 2.76 Mt S (in SO2 form) for the whole area of FSU. Annual removal of NO2 by dry deposition was calculated at 1.27 Mt N. These values constituted between 44 and 50% of total oxidised sulphur and nitrogen deposition.  相似文献   

11.
Dry and wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen species (NO2 and HNO3) coming from nitrogen oxides emissions in Buenos Aires city to surface waters of de la Plata River were estimated. Atmospheric dispersion models DAUMOD-RD (v.2) and CALPUFF were applied to area and point sources, respectively. These models were run considering 1 year of hourly meteorological data. Emission information included a typical diurnal variation of area source emissions. Annual atmospheric nitrogen (N–NO2?+?N–HNO3) deposition to 1,763 km2 of the river was 35,600 kg-N year?1. Dry deposition processes accounted for 89% of this value. The small contribution of wet deposition was a consequence of the very few cases (5%) of rain events during offshore wind conditions. Monthly dry deposition to 1,763 km2 of the river varied from 1,628 kg-N month?1 in February to 3,799 kg-N month?1 in December, following the monthly occurrence of offshore winds. Monthly wet deposition varied from 1 kg-N month?1 in June to 1,162 kg-N month?1 in February. These results came from the combination of favorable conditions for formation of HNO3 and the occurrence of precipitation during offshore wind situations. Spatial distribution of annual atmospheric N deposition showed a strong coastal gradient. Deposition values reached a maximum of 137.1 kg-N km?2 year?1 near the shoreline, which was reduced to the half at 4 km from the coast.  相似文献   

12.
Atmospheric gases and particulates were collected using four-stage filter-pack in Chunchon from January through December in 1999. Particulate SO4 2? and NO3 ?, and gaseous HNO3, SO2 and NH3 were analyzed. Annual average concentration of SO4 2?(S), NO3 ?(S), HNO3 (g), SO2(g) and NH3(g) were 5.75µg/m3, 4.98µg/m3, 0.33ppb, 1.52ppb and 7.25ppb, respectively. Annual dry deposition fluxes were estimated using the measured concentration and dry deposition velocity published by other research group. Annual dry deposition of S was 287kg · (km)?2·y?1, which accounted for about 30% of total S deposition. For N deposition, dry deposition is predominant; about 70% of total N deposition was through dry process mostly as forms of NH3 and HNO3.  相似文献   

13.
Sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) components are of great concern because acidification and eutrophication still remain an important environmental issue in many regions of the world. Continuous monitoring (1981–1999) of S and N components both in air and precipitation in Lithuania (LT) has allowed us to evaluate the regional and temporal variations in relation to the pollutant emission changes. Despite of inter-site variability in concentration of pollutants within the regional scale, data showed a marked decrease in S concentrations both in air and precipitation over the Lithuania as a whole. Non-seasalt sulphate (nssSO4 2?) concentrations in precipitation and air decreased from 2.06 to 0.52 mgS/l and from 3.97 to 1.07 µgS/m3, respectively. The number of acidic (pH<5) precipitation did not exceed 50 % during 1995–1999. The observed trends for S species are consistent with those for sulphur dioxide (SO2) emission in Europe and Lithuania. Although nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration in air decreased by 17 %, significant changes in nitrate (NO3 ?) concentrations neither in precipitation nor in air have been observed. Three-day backward air isobaric trajectories were used for the identification of the source region of air pollutants  相似文献   

14.
A denuder-based method for sampling and separating gaseous and participate mercury in the air is described. Two different denuder configurations developed in Vilnius, Lithuania (silver) and in Gothenburg, Sweden (gold) are compared. Data were acquired at different sampling locations around the cities of Vilnius and Gothenburg. The concentration of particulate Hg was found to be 0.04 to 0.40 ng m?3 in the Vilnius region, and 0.11 to 0.57 ng m?3 in the Gothenburg region. Intel-calibration results for the silver and gold denuders are presented. The results obtained by the two different denuder configurations and sampling set-ups display satisfactory agreement.  相似文献   

15.
A comprehensive acid-deposition measuring station has been set up at the General Motors Technical Center site in Warren, Michigan. A second station is also being operated at a rural site near Lapeer, Michigan, which is approximately 54 km north of the Warren site. This report presents the results of this study for the June-September 1981 period. The rain composition was similar at both sites with the pH averaging 4.1 and the SO4 =/NO3 ? equivalence ratio averaging 2.1:1. This similarity suggests that local sources, i.e., relatively high emissions near the Warren site, and low emissions near the Lapeer site, have little effect on rain composition. The SO4 =/NO3 ? ratio for individual rain events in Warren reflected the SO2/NOx emission ratio in the area from which the event had come. Thus, the highest SO4 =/NO3 ? ratios were observed for rains that arrived from the southeast and the lowest ratios for rains from the southwest. No rain events arrived from a northwesterly direction during this sampling period. Measurements were carried out at both sites to estimate the relative contribution of dry deposition. The ambient particulate was acidic about half the time and basic half the time. The acidity in the particulate was due to acid SO4 = and the basicity was due to soil-related materials. Gaseous HNO3 averaged 2.0 μg m?3while the basic gas, NH3, averaged 0.83 μg m?3. Based on these measurements, it was estimated that dry deposition of particles and HNO3 contributed less than 10% of the total deposition of acidity during this study period.  相似文献   

16.
This paper presents the simultaneous measurement of atmospheric concentration of gaseous NH3, SO2 and NO2, and particulate NH 4 + released from the mining activities of coal-mine area, Tirap colliery, Margherita (Assam). Gas samples were collected by impinger method and were analyzed colorimetrically. The vapor-phase concentration of NH3, SO2, and NO2 range between 4.7?C40.03, 1.47?C6.14, and 1.92?C2.40???g/m3. The NH 4 + concentration in PM10 and PM2.5 ranges between 0.02?C0.07 and 0.008?C0.03???g/m3, respectively. Moderately high concentrations of NH3 and SO2 on the first day were due to the coal-burning activity near the sampling site, while the low concentration of NO2 is due to less vehicle density near the sampling point. All the observed concentrations are below than those reported for the urban areas and the prescribed limit fixed by National Ambient Air Quality Standard, India. Study indicates that ammonia is the major neutralizing agent for sulfate and nitrate ions present in the particulate matter during mining activities.  相似文献   

17.
Discharge to concentration relationships for eight streams studied by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) Long-Term Monitoring Project (1983–89) indicate acidification of some streams by H2SO4 and HNO3 in atmospheric deposition and by organic acids in soils. Concentrations of major ions in precipitation were similar to those reported at other sites in the northeastern United States. Average concentrations of SO4 2? and NO3 ? were similar among streams, but base cation concentrations differed widely, and these differences paralleled the differences in acid neutralizing capacity (ANC). Baseflow ANC is not a reliable predictor of stream acidity at high flow; some streams with high baseflow ANC (>150 Μeq L?1) declined to near zero ANC at high flow, and one stream with low baseflow ANC (<50 Μeq L?1) did not approach zero ANC as flow increased. Episodic decreases in ANC and pH during peak flows were associated with increased concentrations of NO3 ? and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Aluminum concentrations exceeding 300 Μg L?1 were observed during peak flows in headwater streams of the Neversink River and Rondout Creek. Seasonal Kendall Tau tests for temporal trends indicate that SO4 2? concentrations in streamwater generally decreased and NO3 ? concentrations increased during the period 1983–1989. Combined acid anion concentrations (SO4 2? + NO3 ?) were generally unchanged throughout the period of record, indicating both that the status of these streams with respect to acidic deposition is unchanged, and that NO3 ? is gradually replacing SO4 2? as the dominant acid anion in the Catskill streams.  相似文献   

18.
《Soil biology & biochemistry》2001,33(12-13):1695-1702
Sieved soil and soil core experiments were performed to determine the potential sensitivity of forest soil CH4 oxidation to oxidised N, reduced N and oxidised S atmospheric deposition. Ammonium sulphate was used to simulate reduced N deposition, HNO3 oxidised N deposition and H2SO4 oxidised S deposition. The effects of NH4+, NO3−, SO42− and H+ on soil CH4 flux were shown to be governed by the associated counter-anion or cation of the investigated ions. Ammonium sulphate, at concentrations greater than those that would be experienced in polluted throughfall, showed a low potential to cause inhibition of CH4 oxidation. In contrast, HNO3 strongly inhibited net CH4 oxidation in sieved soils and also in soil cores. In addition, soil CO2 production was inhibited and the organic and mineral soil horizons acidified in HNO3 treated soil cores. This suggested that the HNO3 effect on CH4 flux might be indirectly mediated through aluminium toxicity. Sulphuric acid only inhibited CH4 oxidation when added at pH 1. At concentrations more representative of heavily polluted throughfall, H2SO4 had no effect on soil CH4 flux or CO2 production from soil cores, even after 210 days of repeated addition. In contrast to HNO3 additions, acidification of the soil was not marked and was only significant for the mineral soil. The findings suggest that the response of forest soil CH4 oxidation to atmospheric acid deposition is strongly dependent on the form of acid deposition.  相似文献   

19.
Air pollution represents a significant fraction of the total mortality estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) global burden of disease projec?t (GBD). The present paper discusses the characteristics of trace gases (O3, NO, NO2, and CO) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in two Asian megacities, Delhi (India) and Beijing (China). A continuous measurement of trace gases and particulate matter are considered from 12 measuring sites in Beijing and 8 sites in Delhi. Over Beijing, the annual average of PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, and CO is, respectively, 85.3, 112.8, 58.7, and 53.4 μg/m3 and 1.4 mg/m3, and, respectively, over Delhi 146.5, 264.3, 24.7,and 19.8 μg/m3 and 1.73 mg/m3. From the spatial variations of pollutants, the concentrations of particulate matter and trace gases are observed to be much higher in the urban areas compared to the suburban areas. The higher average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 over Delhi and Beijing are observed during winter season compared with other seasons. The maximum diurnal variation of PM10 concentration is observed during winter season over Beijing and Delhi. The comparison of trace gases shows that the O3 concentrations during daytime are obviously higher compared with nighttime, and the highest diurnal variation of O3 is observed during summer. The concentrations of CO are highest during winter season, and higher concentrations are observed during nighttime compared to daytime. The O3 and CO show negative correlation over Beijing and Delhi. The negative correlation between O3 and NO2 is merely observed over Beijing, while CO and NO2 concentrations, in contrast, show positive correlation over Beijing.  相似文献   

20.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are increasing. In a glasshouse experiment with wheat grown at 5 levels of nitrate (NO3) supply, CO2 enrichment (1500 cm3/m3) substantially decreased critical concentrations of N03‐N and total‐N in stem bases and leaves. For example, critical NO3‐N concentrations in stem bases at Feekes Stages 1.5, 5, and 10.3, were 4.5, 2.0, and 2.0 mg/g dry wt, respectively, for CO2‐enriched plants, compared with 7.5, 6.2 and 6.4 mg/g dry wt, respectively, for control plants grown at the ambient level of CO2. However, concentrations of NO3‐N in the rooting medium required to produce maximum dry matter accumulation by CO2‐enriched plants were similar to those of control plants at the three growth stages. Critical concentrations of NO3‐N and total‐N declined with time in stem bases and leaves of plants grown at both ambient and elevated CO2 levels, but the decline was greater for CO2‐enriched plants. It was concluded that diagnostic criteria based on current critical N concentrations may become invalid as the atmospheric level of CO2 increases.  相似文献   

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