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1.
桑沟湾养殖海域沉积物中磷的溶出动力学特性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2003年8～11月对桑沟湾进行了两次生态环境的调查研究,通过沉积物水界面交换室内培养实验得到了PO4P和TDP在沉积物水界面的交换量与时间的动力学关系,并利用非线性拟合技术和连续函数计算法计算了该湾沉积物水界面PO4P和TDP的交换速率。其变化范围PO4P为0.09～3.26mg/m2·d,TDP为1.22～7.66mg/m2·d。总体趋势是相同站位的交换速率为8月高于11月,不同站位的交换速率为扇贝和牡蛎养殖区高于海带养殖区。与我国其他近岸海域相比,桑沟湾沉积物水界面磷的交换速率相对较高。 相似文献
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2015年4—11月对莱州湾4个扇贝养殖区进行了表层沉积物pH、氧化还原电位、硫化物、总磷、总氮、有机碳以及细菌(弧菌和异养细菌)等8个指标检测,并采用有机污染指数法和内梅罗环境质量综合评价法对其进行了评价。通过分析各指标月际变化及来源,试验结果表明,4个养殖区表层沉积物pH和氧化还原电位变化分别为7.33~8.30和-368.30~-170.30mV,属于中性—弱碱性的高度还原态环境;总氮、总磷、总有机碳和硫化物的含量分别为0.038~0.897mg/g、0.131~0.554mg/g、0.029%~0.560%和1.66~184.11mg/kg,除总氮在7—10月出现不同程度的超标之外,其他指标均处于安全范围内;异养细菌和弧菌数量的变化分别为3.0×102~8.2×104 cfu/g和0.5×103~7.9×103 cfu/g(湿质量),各养殖区之间差异较小。综合评价结果表明,莱州湾扇贝养殖区表层沉积物环境整体处于良好状态,但应控制氮元素的输入。 相似文献
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从2001年9月到2002年7月底分5个阶段,使用沉积物捕获器在桑沟湾养殖海区的扇贝区、牡蛎区和海带区进行自然沉积作用的研究。通过对收集的沉积物进行分析,估算该养殖海区的总氮和总磷由海水到海底的通量。估算结果显示,该海区颗粒物质的年平均沉积速率为278.8g/(m2·d),而每克颗粒物质则携带了190.4μg总氮、472.5μg总磷和0.103g有机物质沉入海底。沉积物的总氮和总磷含量显示了较明显的季节性变化。总氮的峰值出现在5月(春季),最低值出现在12月(冬季)。而总磷含量在12月显著高于5月和7月时段。分析表明,下沉的颗粒物质的氮磷摩尔比为0.67～2,而底泥的氮磷摩尔比为0.025～2。研究结果为桑沟湾沿岸海域氮磷营养盐的通量建模提供了重要参数,并为养殖水域环境容量的研究提供了依据。 相似文献
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2012年5月至2013年1月,每季度在流沙湾内湾养殖区、外湾养殖区和外湾非养殖区采集沉积物和水质样品,测定沉积物的总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）质量分数,以及底层水溶解氧（DO）和水温（T）,结合水动力分析,研究其表层沉积物中富营养物质碳（ C）、氮（N）、磷（P）的分布特征和受污染程度。结果表明,流沙湾的物理地形决定了湾内流场水流缓慢、内外湾之间水交换过程缓慢的固有特征。底层水 DO 自春季开始逐步升高,冬季达到最大值。内湾养殖区的底层水 DO 均值低于外湾。表层沉积物 TOC 和 TP 质量分数没有明显的季节差异,但 TN 质量分数在春、夏季明显高于秋、冬季。养殖区的 TOC、TN 质量分数均显著高于非养殖区,且以内湾养殖区最高,其 TP 空间差异不显著。流沙湾表层沉积物 TOC 年平均有机碳污染指数为1.29,TN污染指数达2.98,而 TP 磷污染指数仅为0.92,表明该海域已受到中等水平的氮污染和低水平的有机碳污染,且现有养殖格局加速了养殖区的富营养物质沉积。 相似文献
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以桑沟湾扇贝和海带两个养殖海区的柱状沉积物为研究对象,采用连续提取法将沉积物中磷的赋存形态分为交换态磷（Ex-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、自生磷（Au-P）、碎屑磷（De-P）和有机磷（Or-P）,并分析了各形态磷的垂直分布特征;利用沉积物年代序列测定的结果,结合桑沟湾水产养殖历史,探讨了近200年来桑沟湾养殖海域沉积物中磷形态的含量变化情况,并进一步分析了该区域的生物有效磷。结果表明,柱状沉积物中上层各形态磷的含量高于底层,表明养殖活动使桑沟湾表层沉积物中的磷含量增大。各形态磷的含量在贝壳沉积区内变化幅度均较大,Or-P是沉积物中磷的主要形态;扇贝养殖区沉积物中的总磷（TP）、Or-P和海带养殖区沉积物中的TP、Or-P在沉积时间序列上分布基本一致,其含量变化与各时期工业生产和海水养殖活动密切相关;两个区域柱状沉积物中潜在生物有效性磷占总磷的百分比为61.2%和71.0%。沉积物中Ex-P的含量对该海域的初级生产力的影响较大。 相似文献
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为评价深远海大型围栏养殖大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)海域的沉积物质量状况，通过对大黄鱼不同养殖期围栏养殖区、围栏外围区、网箱外围区和对照区的4次调查，分析评价了调查海域沉积物中的Cu、Zn、有机碳、硫化物等指标的区域分布、含量变化及污染水平，并采用内梅罗指数对调查海域沉积物进行了质量综合评价。结果显示，4次调查大黄鱼围栏养殖区沉积物Cu的含量范围为15~33 mg/kg，Zn的含量范围为80~137 mg/kg，有机碳的含量范围为0.14%~1.90%，硫化物的含量范围为0.3~128.0 mg/kg。围栏中心区沉积物有机碳、硫化物的含量比其他区域高，但均符合《海洋沉积物质量》(GB18668-2002)中的一类标准。不同调查区域沉积物Cu、Zn和有机碳的含量差异不显著(P>0.05)，围栏中心养殖区沉积物硫化物含量显著高于对照区(P<0.05)。内梅罗综合评价结果表明，调查区域沉积物质量均为清洁或较清洁状态，沉积物质量符合海水养殖标准。沉积物Cu、Zn和硫化物未表现出明显的累积趋势，沉积物有机碳在本调查时间内有轻微累积的趋势，建议通过加强大黄鱼配合饲料的研发与应用，以缓解目前冰鲜鱼饵料大规模投入的状况，降低饵料系数，从而在一定水平上减轻有机质累积对沉积环境的污染。 相似文献
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乳山宫家岛以东牡蛎养殖水域秋季海—气界面CO2交换通量研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探讨规模化贝类养殖对海—气界面CO2交换通量的影响,选择山东乳山市宫家岛以东太平洋牡蛎养殖水域作为研究区域,根据2011年10月大面调查获得的pH、总碱度(TA)、叶绿素a等基础数据,分析了该区域表层海水溶解无机碳(DIC)体系各分量的浓度、组成比例及平面分布特征,估算了海—气界面CO2的交换通量,定量了浮游植物的固碳贡献。结果表明,秋季乳山宫家岛以东牡蛎养殖水域表层海水DIC浓度范围1 953.20～2 130.74μmol/L,平均值(2 048.73±57.19)μmol/L;HCO3-是DIC的主要成分,占88.25%;表层海水pCO2范围为220.08～262.29μatm,平均值(246.46±23.00)μatm;该区域秋季海—气界面CO2交换通量在-53.78～-21.93 mmol/(m2.d),平均值为-42.09 mmol/(m2.d),表现为强的CO2汇;该区域浮游植物的固碳强度变化范围为460.27～725.64 mg/(m2.d),平均为(593.27±91.98)mg/(m2.d),海—气界面较强烈的CO2交换通量主要由浮游植物的光合作用贡献;养殖区与对照区海—气界面CO2交换通量差异不显著,表明太平洋牡蛎呼吸、钙化生理活动释放的CO2对海—气界面CO2的交换影响不大。 相似文献
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海州湾海洋牧场表层沉积物中磷形态及释放通量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解海州湾海洋牧场建设对沉积物-水界面磷酸盐交换的影响,于2017年5月采集了海州湾海洋牧场区表层沉积物及对应站点上覆水、间隙水等样品。采用SMT法(standard measurement test)分级提取磷的不同形态,包括可交换态磷(Ex-P)、铁铝态结合磷(Fe/Al-P)、钙结合态磷(Ca-P)并测定其浓度,结合室内磷通量模拟实验,尝试探索沉积物-水界面磷交换通量。结果显示,海州湾海洋牧场区表层沉积物中总磷(TP)浓度为392.44～463.46μg/g,IP浓度为219.21～282μg/g,Ca-P浓度为117.73～130.07μg/g。无机磷(IP)是磷的主要赋存形态;分级提取的磷形态浓度顺序为Ca-P Ex-P Fe/Al-P,对照区各种磷形态浓度大于鱼礁区,上覆水中的各种形态磷浓度均高于间隙水。室内模拟实验显示,沉积物中各种形态磷的浓度增加,IP仍为磷的主要赋存形态;沉积物-水界面TP、TDP(可溶性总磷酸盐)、PO_4~(3-)(可溶性正磷酸盐)的交换通量分别为-0.53～-0.05、-0.15～-0.01、-0.03～-0.29 mmol/(m~2·d)。实验初期交换速率较快,然后趋于平缓,与对照区相比,海洋牧场区磷的交换通量稍大,但都表现为从上覆水体向沉积物中迁移,即沉积物中的磷表现为上覆水的汇。 相似文献
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根据2012年8月对桑沟湾养殖海域18个站位取得的溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)数据,基于不同区域的养殖特点,分析了DOC和POC的平面分布特征,并对POC的来源进行了初步探讨。结果表明,整个调查海域表层DOC的浓度范围为1.70～2.82mg/L,平均值为2.03mg/L,大致呈自西向东递减的趋势。表层POC的浓度范围为0.04～1.33mg/L,平均值为0.55mg/L,大致呈自南向北逐渐递增的趋势。网箱养殖区表层DOC和POC含量最高,其次为桑沟湾近岸海域,而海带养殖区最低,这表明有机碳的含量与养殖品种和模式有直接的关系。根据POC/Chl-a比值对POC来源进行初步分析,表明贝类养殖区、海带养殖区、贝藻混养区、桑沟湾近岸海域以及外海对照点的POC主要来自活的浮游植物,而网箱养殖区存在降解的有机物质。 相似文献
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河北省扇贝养殖区河口区域石油类污染分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在河北省扇贝养殖区7条主要人海河流河口区域设立监测站位,于2007年5月枯水期和8月丰水期对水样和沉积物样品中石油类含量进行监测.河口水样平均石油类含量丰水期为0.94 mg/L,超标18.8倍;枯水期为0.51 mg/L,超标10.2倍;丰水期明显高于枯水期.河口沉积物中石油类含量丰水期为473μg/g,为标准值的0.95倍;枯水期为777μg/g,为标准值的1.55倍;部分河口沉积物中石油类含量超标严重.河口区域水体石油类污染的主要原因是大陆径流. 相似文献
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Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L50 of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L50 of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species. 相似文献
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Nuhman Usman Bambang Irawan Agoes Soegianto 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2013,44(4):547-556
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC50 values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration. 相似文献
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Argopecten irradians is one of the most important commercial species of Pectinidae family in China. The internal defense system of mollusks consists of circulating haemocytes. In order to characterize the haemocytes of the scallop A. irradians, light and electron microscopical studies were carried out. Four types of haemocytes were recognized: type I small hyalinocytes (2.38 ± 0.08 μm, 30-35%), type II large hyalinocytes (4.41 ± 0.33 μm, 15-20%), type III small granulocytes (4.15 ± 0.26 μm, 20-25%), and type IV large granulocytes (8.26 ± 0.52 μm, 25-30%). Granulocyte types showed smaller N/C ratios than hyalinocytes. The mean haemocyte concentration was about (3.75 ± 0.65) × 107 cells ml− 1 of haemolymph. Among haemocytes, 44.7% are granular and 55.3% are agranular. These gave a relatively systematic classification scheme for haemocytes of A. irradians. Three types of granules were identified: type I, with high electron-density; type II, with low electron-density; and type III, with a middle level of electron-density, based on TEM studies. Different haemocyte types were not separated with DDGC of Percoll in this study. Both granulocytes and hyalinocytes showed a phagocytic response to the two strains of bacteria, Escherichia coli and RLOs. The phagocytic ability of granulocyte was significantly higher (41-48%) than that of hyalinocyte (9.2-11.2%). 相似文献
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D. K. Rowe 《Fisheries Management and Ecology》1999,6(5):377-386
Adult common bullies, Gobiomorphus cotidianus McDowall, are small (total length = 30–120 mm), benthic fish commonly found in the littoral zones of New Zealand lakes where they are a major prey species for trout and eels. Differences in their relative abundance (CPUE) were determined between 21 shallow North Island lakes. Mean CPUE ranged from 2 to > 1000 fish net− 1 night− 1 and was inversely related to water transparency. The abundance of bullies was not reduced in lakes containing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), but was reduced in all lakes containing self-recruiting populations of eels, Anguilla spp. Mean densities of planktonic larval bullies in the limnetic zone were also inversely related to water transparency. Since low water transparency is related to increased trophic status for these lakes, the abundance of bullies is likely to be related to lake productivity, rather than turbidity. 相似文献
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Larval transport and retention of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, in the coastal zone of the Florida Keys, USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The spiny lobster Panulirus argus is of ecological and commercial importance in the South Florida coast of the continental USA and throughout the Intra‐Americas Sea. Essential spiny lobster habitat in South Florida is primarily located in the Florida Keys coastal zone (including the Dry Tortugas), where the dynamic regional circulation coupled with the long planktonic larval duration (6–12 months) of P. argus raises questions of larval retention and recruitment. Locally spawned phyllosomata entrained in the Florida Current are likely to be expatriated out of the Straits of Florida, which implies that the local spiny lobster population is sustained by the transport of larval recruits from upstream locations. We examined the physical processes that may influence recruitment. Transport processes in the Keys coastal zone are spatially variable. Observed and modelled data suggest that the upper Keys is a point of onshore larval transport via the inshore meandering of the Florida Current, and the lower Keys to Dry Tortugas region apoint of retention through wind‐driven onshore/countercurrents and eddy recirculation. Eddies that propagate between the Dry Tortugas and the lower Keys facilitate the exchange of larvae between the Florida Current and the coastal zone. Northerly wind events associated with cold fronts can enhance recirculation of larvae in the upper Keys. The association of older larvae with the Florida Current front supports the hypothesis that spiny lobster larval recruits come from upstream sources in the Caribbean. 相似文献
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The dietary requirements of Penaeus monodon for eicosapentaenoic (20:5n‐3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n‐3; DHA) acids were examined. These requirements were examined when dietary levels of linoleic (18:2n‐6; LOA) and linolenic acids (18:3n‐3; LNA) were also provided at previously established optimal levels of 14 and 21% respectively of the total lipid fatty acids. A 5 × 5 factorial design was used with incremental amounts (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% of total fatty acids) of EPA and/or DHA. An additional diet containing cod‐liver oil was provided as a reference diet. The total lipid content of all of the 25 treatments and reference diets was maintained at the same level of 75 g kg?1. Growth of prawns fed with the reference diet after 50 days was 244 ± 21%. The greatest response to singular additions of EPA or DHA was with a 12% inclusion of either fatty acid, resulting in 287 ± 21 and 293 ± 18% weight gain, respectively. Growth was generally better when combinations of EPA and DHA were used, the optimal combination being EPA 4% and DHA 4%, resulting in 335 ± 25% weight gain. Addition of high levels of either of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in the diet had a negative effect on growth. Digestibilities of the total neutral lipid and specific fatty acids were examined during the growth trials. The digestibility of total neutral lipid was usually higher when either or both HUFA were present, however there were few significant differences between treatments that contained either or both HUFA. Following the growth trials, digestive glands (DG) of prawns fed with the various diets were analysed to determine the total lipid content and fatty acid composition. Total lipid in the digestive gland increased with the inclusion of DHA, but was not significantly affected by the addition of EPA. The fatty acid composition of the digestive gland lipid generally reflected that of the diet. However, the maximum retention of EPA (11.1% of total DG fatty acids) and DHA (10.7% of total DG fatty acids), was not directly proportional to the amount of either fatty acid present in the diet. These results demonstrate that both EPA and DHA have considerable growth promoting capacity. This growth promoting capacity is enhanced when an optimal balance of both fatty acids are incorporated into the diet. 相似文献