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1.
Invasive bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) are increasingly responsible for damage to forests, plantations and orchards worldwide. They are usually closely associated with fungi, which may be pathogenic causing tree mortality. Stressed or weakened trees are particularly subject to attack, as is recently felled, non‐treated wood. This PRA report concerns the ambrosia beetle Platypus parallelus (Euplatypus parallelus, Fabricus, 1801) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), which was detected in official controls. The PRA area is Turkey. P. parallelus is not on the A1 or A2 list for Turkey but the Regulation on Plant Quarantine (3 December 2011‐OJ no: 28131) Article 13 (5) indicates that pests which are assessed to pose a risk for Turkey following PRA that are not present in the above lists and plants, wood, plant products and other materials contaminated by these organisms are banned from entry into Turkey. This risk assessment follows the EPPO Standard PM 5/3(5) Decision‐support scheme for quarantine pests and uses the terminology defined in ISPM 5 Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms. This paper addresses the possible risk factors caused by Platypus parallelus (Euplatypus parallelus, Fabricus, 1801) in Turkey. 相似文献
2.
J. Moral C. Muñoz‐Díez D. Cabello O. Arquero M. Lovera M. J. Benítez A. Trapero 《Plant pathology》2011,60(6):1128-1139
This study elucidates the aetiology and epidemiology of monilia disease of quince caused by the fungus Monilinia linhartiana in Spain. Disease incidence and the dynamics of apothecial development and ascospore discharge were quantified and the pathogen was characterized using morphological and molecular methods. The pathogen did not produce conidia or apothecia on agar media but produced conidia on leaves showing symptoms and apothecia on mummified young quince fruit. Monilinia linhartiana was not pathogenic on ripe quince fruit but was readily isolated from developing, mummified fruit (pseudosclerotia). Phylogenetic analysis based on 5·8S‐ITS region sequences placed M. linhartiana in the Disjuntoriae section of Monilinia species infecting rosaceous hosts. Studies during 2004–2008 in four commercial orchards in southern Spain determined two major infection periods for the disease. The first coincided with the unfolding of the first leaves and resulted in leaf blotch and shoot blight. The second coincided with flowering and led to mummification of developing young fruit. Foliar infection was apparently initiated by airborne ascospores produced on pseudosclerotia that overwintered on the soil surface, while flower infection was probably initiated by conidia produced on leaf lesions. Incidence of diseased shoots ranged from 1 to 91% and was correlated with calculated inoculum potential, based on the density and maturity of apothecia formed on pseudosclerotia. This epidemiological study has made it possible to characterize the life cycle of monilia disease on quince in southern Spain, which will help the development of new control strategies. 相似文献
3.
J. A. Mouen Bedimo D. Bieysse S. Nyassé J. L. Nottéghem C. Cilas 《Plant pathology》2010,59(2):324-329
The development of coffee berry disease (CBD) epidemics (caused by Colletotrichum kahawae) in Cameroon was monitored over two successive years (2004 and 2005) on coffee trees protected from rainfall by transparent plastic sheets and on unprotected control trees. This work was done to assess how rain affected disease development when it did not fall directly onto the coffee trees and to determine the influence of primary inoculum on the severity of CBD. Weekly observations over the 2 years showed that there were 1·1% diseased berries on coffee trees completely protected from rainfall, compared with 45% diseased berries on unprotected coffee trees. Disease severity on unprotected trees during the 2 years of the experiment was estimated at 53% diseased berries, compared with 27% on trees only protected in the first year. These results confirmed rainfall as one of the key physical factors in the development of Arabica CBD. They also provided evidence of a subsequent effect of protecting coffee trees from rainfall in 2004 on the severity of CBD in 2005. This suggested some practices that might lead to very effective cultural control of CBD in regions where severe epidemics of the disease occur. 相似文献
4.
G.C.M. van Leeuwen A. Stein I. Holb M.J. Jeger 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2000,106(6):519-528
Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey causes considerable yield losses in pome fruit culture. During a field study in the Netherlands in 1997 and 1998, the increase in disease incidence in time was assessed and final pre- and post-harvest losses were recorded in the susceptible apple cultivars James Grieve and Cox's Orange Pippin. Each individual tree was considered as a unique quadrat, and the spatial distribution of diseased fruits among fruit trees at every assessment date was characterised by a dispersion index, Lloyd's index of patchiness (LIP). Spatial autocorrelation was applied to detect potential clustering of trees with diseased fruits within rows. In cv. James Grieve, the rate of increase of disease incidence was constant up to harvest time, whereas in cv. Cox's Orange Pippin disease incidence increased markedly 3 weeks before harvest time, which coincided with the harvest of cv. James Grieve in neighbouring rows. Pre-harvest disease incidence was 4.2–4.3% in cv. James Grieve in both years, in cv. Cox's Orange Pippin this was 4.4% in 1997 and 2.7% in 1998. Post-harvest yield losses amounted on average 1.5–2.0% for both cultivars, no significant differences were found between the cultivars (t-test, P=0.05). Both in 1997 and 1998, clustering of diseased fruits among fruit trees was detected; LIP values were significantly higher than 1 (P=0.05 in 1997, P=0.01 in 1998). Clustering of trees with diseased fruits was detected in 1998, when significant (P=0.05) positive correlation coefficients occurred for 2nd, 3rd and 4th lag-order distances in cv. James Grieve, and a significant (P=0.05) positive first-order correlation in cv. Cox's Orange Pippin. Wounding agents, such as insects and birds, may play an important role in the underlying disease dynamics, and crop losses may be minimised by control of these agents. 相似文献
5.
Parry's disease of pears is similar to pear decline and is associated with mycoplasma-like organisms transmitted by Cacopsylla pyricola 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) were detected by fluorescence microscopy in a number of pear cultivars and pear seedlings growing under a range of different conditions. In the cultivar Conference, MLOs were consistently associated with symptoms of Parry's disease, a decline-like disease of young trees with quince rootstocks. MLO-free pear seedlings rapidly became infected when they were planted outside. Experimental transmission of MLOs to pear seedlings and Conference trees was achieved using pear psyllids, caught outside or raised on infected plants under controlled conditions. Conference trees in an orchard trial remained free from the severe spring symptoms of Parry's disease when they were protected from feeding insects during spring of the previous year. MLOs were graft transmissible, but were not perpetuated by the standard propagation practices of budding or grafting when quince rootstocks were used. Parry's disease appears to be similar to pear decline, an MLO-induced disease well established in several other parts of the world. It is suggested that Parry's disease should be referred to as pear decline. 相似文献
6.
7.
A. D. Orlinski 《EPPO Bulletin》2016,46(2):243-248
EPPO started work on biological control agents (BCAs) in 1996, and the joint EPPO/IOBC Panel was established in 1997. The history of the Panel is provided and EPPO Standards developed by the Panel are described. These Standards are: PM 6/1 ‘First import of exotic biological control agents for research under contained conditions’, PM 6/2 ‘Import and release of non‐indigenous biological control agents’ and PM 6/3 ‘List of biological control agents widely used in the EPPO region’. The last of these has been annually updated as a ‘Positive List’ of BCAs for which EPPO recommends its member countries to use a simplified procedure for import and releases. EPPO activities in biological control have been focused on the safety aspects of the introduction of invertebrate BCAs. However, the scope of EPPO's work in this area is now under review, and a number of issues are being considered by the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations. These include the remit of the Panel and Standards in relation to micro‐organisms, the evaluation of potential environmental benefits as well as potential risks from releases and the potential for use of BCAs against regulated pests and those recommended for regulation. 相似文献
8.
M. Zsolt 《EPPO Bulletin》2004,34(3):391-394
Fireblight (Erwinia amylovora) appeared in Hungary in 1996. Most damage occurred on apple, pear, quince and medlar, and also on the ornamentals Pyracantha, Sorbus, Cotoneaster and Crataegus. In 1996–2006, an official programme for elimination of infected parts of plants started in Békés county. This mainly concerned trees in towns and villages, since there are few pome‐fruit orchards in the county. Work teams under official direction pruned back or cut down trees. In total, some 13 000 trees were pruned back and nearly 11 000 were cut down. In addition, 21 villages were subjected to special phytosanitary measures. Infection decreased considerably between 1996 and 2002, but over 90% of the inhabited areas in the county remained subject to special measures, because of the very dispersed occurrence of fireblight. 相似文献
9.
A severe crown rot of pear trees of cultivar ‘Kondoula’ grafted on quince rootstock was observed in Greece. Isolations from
the affected tissues repeatadly yielded aPhytophthora sp. that was determined by morphological and physiological characteristics to beP. citrophthora. The pathogenicity of two of theP. citrophthora isolates was tested by inoculating trunks of 2-year-old pear trees by mycelial agar disks. Thirty-two days after inoculation
all inoculated trees were infected. Although the pear isolates could not be differentiated from isolates ofP. palmivora orP. nicotianae based on isozyme profiles of α-esterase or lactate dehydrogenase, RAPD profiles with one selected primer differentiated the
pear isolates from the other species and revealed an electrophoretic banding pattern similar to that of aP. citrophthora standard. This is the first report ofP. citrophthora on pear trees in Greece. 相似文献
10.
Koray Ozrenk Fikri Balta Ferit Çelik 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,132(2):229-236
Fire blight resistance of apple, pear and quince genetic resources from Lake Van Basin (eastern Turkey) was tested using Erwinia amylovora strain Ea Van. Shoot tips of 92 native accessions (48 accessions for apple, 38 accessions for pear and 6 accessions for quince)
were wounded for inoculation, and artificially inoculated with pathogenic bacteria under greenhouse conditions. The levels
of resistance of accessions were classified in comparison with control varieties according to the genotype susceptibility
index (GSI%) scores based on the lesion length on shoots of each genotype. Fire blight resistance of accessions consisted
of five classes: resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), moderately susceptible (MS), susceptible (S) and highly susceptible
(HS). GSI% scores differed significantly among accessions from each fruit species (p < 0.01). GSI values ranged from 12.4% to 64.1% for apple genotypes, from 17.2% to 55.1% for pear genotypes, and from 17.8%
to 43.4% for quince genotypes. No resistant genotypes of apple, pear and quince were observed. Seven accessions of apple,
two accessions of pear and one accession of quince were MR. 25 accessions of apple, 14 accessions of pear and one accession
of quince were MS. These findings indicate a considerable variation in fire blight resistance and could contribute to breeding
efforts regarding fire blight resistance in apple, pear and quince. 相似文献
11.
Wood packaging material (WPM) is an important pathway for the spread of non‐native plant pests. To reduce the likelihood of plant pest movement with WPM, the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15: “Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade” (ISPM 15) was developed in the framework of the International Plant Protection Convention. To be compliant with this Standard, WPM shipped internationally must be either heat‐treated or fumigated, regardless of any specific characteristics of the WPM. The objective of this survey was to determine if Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) or insects, especially Monochamus spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), were present in a specific subset of softwood boxes. While not compliant with ISPM 15, these boxes had been treated with wood preservatives, stored indoors for over five years, and, in addition to meeting various quality standards, almost all had a moisture content below 20 percent. United States Department of Agriculture staff inspected a sample of 630 softwood boxes, focusing on those showing signs of possible pest infestation. Based on a binomial distribution with an efficacy of detection equal to 0.95, a sample size of 630 provides a 95 percent confidence of detecting pests if >0.5 % of boxes are infested. No B. xylophilus or insect pests were found in the boxes, though other nematode genera (Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, and Filenchus), which feed on decomposing fungi in wood and do not damage trees, were found in 21 boxes. This study demonstrates that not all types of WPM present a high phytosanitary risk. It may be worthwhile to consider an amendment to ISPM 15 to differentiate between various risk categories of WPM in order to minimize costs and environmental impacts associated with treatments currently prescribed in ISPM 15. 相似文献
12.
Pine Wilt Disease Caused by the Pine Wood Nematode: The Induced Resistance of Pine Trees by the Avirulent Isolates of Nematode 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Hajime Kosaka Takuya Aikawa Nobuo Ogura Katsuhiro Tabata Tomoya Kiyohara 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2001,107(7):667-675
Since the beginning of the 20th century, pine trees in Japan have been seriously damaged by the pine wilt disease. This disease is caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is transmitted by the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus. The control of disease depends to a large extent on chemicals, but the public is now demanding environmentally friendly control methods. The virulence of B. xylophilus varies very widely. Pre-inoculation of young pine trees in a nursery with avirulent B. xylophilus has induced systemic resistance of trees against a subsequent inoculation with virulent B. xylophilus. This induced resistance was considered a hopeful means for developing a biological control for the disease. The induced resistance by the avirulent nematodes was also expressed in mature pine trees in a forest where the disease was naturally epidemic. However, the effects of induced resistance were not satisfactory for practical biological control. Since the inoculation with higher concentrations of the avirulent B. xylophilus induced the resistance more effectively, the pre-inoculation method will need to be improved to develop the biological control. The induced resistance of pine trees by avirulent B. xylophilus should be one of the candidate biological control methods against pine wilt disease. This induced resistance also provides an experimental system to clarify physiological interactions between the nematodes and pine trees. 相似文献
13.
《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):461-469
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Betula is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Betula plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:- EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
- Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
- the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.
Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2017‐09. 相似文献14.
《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):470-478
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Populus is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Populus plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:- EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
- Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
- the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.
Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2017‐09. 相似文献15.
《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):479-486
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Salix is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Salix plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:- EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
- Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
- the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.
Specific approval and amendment
First approved in September 2017‐09. 相似文献16.
Silvio Aparecido Lopes Guilherme Fernando Frare Pedro Takao Yamamoto Antonio Juliano Ayres José Carlos Barbosa 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(4):463-468
The huanglongbing (HLB) disease of citrus trees, caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and Ca. Liberibacter americanus, was first reported in Brazil in March, 2004. The presence of the disease has caused serious concerns
among growers. Pruning experiments were conducted to determine if removal of symptomatic branches or the entire canopy (decapitation)
would eliminate infected tissues and save HLB-affected trees. Pruning was done in five blocks on a total of 592 3- to 16 year-old
‘Valência’, ‘Hamlin’ or ‘Pêra’ sweet orange trees showing no symptoms or with two levels of symptom severity. Ten decapitated
trees per block were caged and all trees were treated with insecticides to control the psyllid vector, Diaphorina citri. Mottled leaves reappeared on most symptomatic (69.2%) as well on some asymptomatic (7.6%) pruned trees, regardless of age,
variety, and pruning procedure. Presence of the pathogen (Ca. Liberibacter americanus) in all symptomatic trees was confirmed by PCR. In general, the greater the symptom severity before
pruning the lower the percentage of trees that remained asymptomatic after pruning. 相似文献
17.
Shulamit Manulis D. Zutra Frida Kleitman Orit Dror I. David Miriam Zilberstaine E. Shabi 《Phytoparasitica》1998,26(3):223-230
Following failure in control of fire blight with streptomycin, the distribution of streptomycin-resistant strains ofErwinia amylovora in Israel was surveyed. During 1994–1997 109 pear, apple, loquat and quince orchards were monitored. Streptomycin-resistant
strains ofE. amylovora were recovered from flowers and from infected branches collected at 18 locations in the Sharon, Galilee and Golan Heights
regions. In the Sharon region all the isolated strains ofE. amylovora were streptomycin-resistant, whereas in the Galilee and Golan Heights, resistant as well as sensitiveE. amylovora strains were recovered at different locations. In the southern coastal plain no resistance could be detected. Streptomycin-resistant
strains ofE. amylovora did not hybridize with the DNA probe SMP3, and resistance could not be transferred by mating to a sensitive strain, suggesting
that streptomycin resistance in Israel is not plasmid-mediated. Fire blight symptoms were observed, for the first time, on
pear blossoms during the autumn of 1994. A high population of 2x 106-6x 107 CFU/flower in the autumn of 1995 and of 1996 was correlated with the appearance of blossom blight symptoms. 相似文献
18.
《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):452-460
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Quercus is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Quercus plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:- EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
- Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
- the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.
Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2010‐09 as PM 8/3 Quercus and Castanea. Revised and approved as a separate Standard PM 8/5 in 2017‐09 相似文献19.
《EPPO Bulletin》2017,47(3):445-451
Specific scope
The purpose of the EPPO Standard on Castanea is to recommend to EPPO Member Governments the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for Castanea plants and plant products moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Some of these recommendations are addressed to all EPPO Member Governments, others are addressed only to countries considered to face a certain level of risk from the introduction and spread of the regulated pests concerned. All these recommendations were derived from:- EPPO Standards PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists) and the former EPPO Standards PM 2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures), or
- Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) carried out or reviewed by EPPO, or
- the Working Party on Phytosanitary Regulations.
Specific approval and amendment
First approved in 2010‐09 as PM 8/3 Quercus and Castanea. Revised and approved as a separate Standard PM 8/4 in 2017‐09 相似文献20.
M. B halov 《EPPO Bulletin》2006,36(3):467-469
The State Phytosanitary Administration of the Czech Republic (SPA) conducted a survey of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in 2004 and 2005. In 2004 97 locations were surveyed and 60 samples were taken. B. xylophilus was not found in any of the samples. In 2005, the SPA performed 120 phytosanitary inspections on solitary conifers, and in forest stands and clumps of trees. Checks were performed on Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra trees and in coniferous woodland mainly in areas at risk of invasion from B. xylophilus. Of 70 phytosanitary inspections performed in at risk areas, 13 samples were taken for laboratory processing and analysis. Fifty phytosanitary inspections were carried out outside risk areas, mainly in forests and parks, and 28 samples were taken. The Czech University of Agriculture in Prague together with the diagnostic laboratory of the SPA carried out a second survey in 2005. Fifty‐eight samples were taken from 58 surveyed locations in forests where coniferous trees with symptoms had been found. Laboratories performed a survey of B. xylophilus vectors to find only one vector species, Monochamus galloprovincialis subsp. pistor. In total in 2005, 178 phytosanitary inspections were carried out in the Czech Republic. B. xylophilus was not detected in either samples or vectors. Thus the results of the surveying were negative in both 2004 and 2005. The status of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in the Czech Republic is: absent, confirmed by survey. 相似文献