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1.
A variety cross diallel of five populations of maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated in a cool, temperate environment. Two of the parental populations were Corn Belt Dent synthetics (AS3 and BS22), one was developed from selected lines from a CIMMYT population developed for highland regions of the tropics and four Corn Belt Dent inbred lines (NZS3), and the other two had the pedigrees ‘Criollo de Toluca’× AS32 (NZS1) and ‘San Gerónimo’× BS222 (NZS2). ‘Criollo de Toluca’ is from the highlands of Mexico and ‘San Gerönimo’ is from the highlands of Peru. The objective was to study the influence of introgressing highland tropical germplasm into elite Corn Belt Dent synthetics on genetic effects, especially inbreeding depression, and to develop recommendations for the utilization of the introgressed populations. Inbreeding depression explained the greatest proportion of the variation among entries for grain yield, days to silking and plant height, but not for grain moisture at harvest and root lodging. For grain yield, NZS1, NZS2, and NZS3 had high levels of inbreeding depression and the difference between NZS1 and AS3 was statistically significant. High levels of root lodging were associated with NZS1 and high grain moisture at harvest with NZS2. These results indicate that a recurrent selection method, such as S1 selection, which effectively reduces inbreeding depression, should be used in early cycles of selection with introgressed populations containing highland tropical germplasm. 相似文献
2.
Combining ability information is necessary for selection of suitable advanced lines for hybridization and identification of promising hybrids for development of improved varieties. A number of 14 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines and 91 related crosses were evaluated over two years, 2008 and 2009, in a temperate-zone of Iran. The objectives of the study were to identify the best general and specific combiners, heterosis and type of gene actions responsible for agronomic traits. Except for grain yield and growing degree day to milky, significant general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability were observed for all traits. The Baker ratio for plant height (0.15), ear height (0.26), growing degree day to milky stage (0.04), and grain yield (0.002) showed the predominance of non-additive gene effects in the expression of these traits. The heterosis observed for grain yield, grain number, pollination period, ear and plant height was considerably higher than that observed for other traits. The correlations (r) of F1 means and SCA effects were positive and significantly higher than that of r (F1, mid-parents) and r (F1, heterosis) for all the traits except cob percent, growing degree days to silking, and physiological maturity. MO17, K3547/5, and K3615/2 had negative GCA effects for growing degree day to milky stage and maturity. Among hybrids, MO17 × K3653/2, B73 × K3651/2, and K3545/6 × K3493/1 with positive SCAs for pollination period and grain yield had also negative SCA effects for degree day to silking and milky stages. Therefore, the use of these inbred lines and hybrids increases the response to selection for increasing grain yield and early maturity in maize. 相似文献
3.
极早熟玉米品种籽粒脱水特性的初步研究 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
采用裂区设计方式,对5个极早熟玉米品种的籽粒含水率及脱水速率进行了研究,结果表明品种间生理成熟时的籽粒含水率存在显著差异,变化幅度为35.61%～42.17%;收获时的籽粒含水率品种间差异极显著,变化幅度为15.49%～28.50%。抽丝后35d至生理成熟前籽粒平均脱水速率品种间差异显著,变化范围为0.5296%/d～0.9007%/d;生理成熟后至收获期籽粒的平均脱水速率品种间差异显著,变化范围为0.4246%/d～0.5935%/d。出苗至抽丝的天数、株高、灌浆期绿叶数、单穗产量等性状与籽粒含水量存在显著的相关关系,穗长和穗粗等性状对脱水速率有显著影响。另外试验条件下相对湿度对生理成熟后部分品种的脱水速率影响显著。 相似文献
4.
旨在研究玉米自交系单株产量等性状的配合力、遗传力及反交效应,为玉米自交系的选育和杂交种的组配提供依据。以11份玉米自交系为试材,按Griffing Ⅲ完全双列杂交法组配110个组合,观测杂交种的单株产量、株高、穗位高、雄穗分支数、雄穗主轴长、抽丝期和开花期等7个性状的表型数据,并对上述性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力、广义遗传力、狭义遗传力和反交效应进行估算。供试材料除雄穗主轴长的特殊配合力差异不显著外,其余性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力差异均达到极显著水平。JZ3和JZ6两个自交系单株产量的一般配合力为极显著正值,两对组合JZ9×JZ2和JZ2×JZ9、JZ6×JZ3和JZ3×JZ6的单株产量具有最大的正向SCA效应值,分别为40.68 g和35.24 g。单株产量的反交效应差异极显著,部分自交系的反交效应方差较大。7个性状的广义遗传力从大到小依次为,雄穗分支数、株高、开花期、穗位高、抽丝期、单株产量和雄穗主轴长;狭义遗传力从大到小依次为,雄穗分支数、株高、穗位高、开花期、雄穗主轴长、抽丝期和单株产量。试验结果表明单株产量性状的显性遗传方差占比最大,狭义遗传力最小,易受环境条件的影响,对该性状的选择适宜在晚代进行;单株产量性状具有显著的反交效应,故部分自交系需严格控制正反交方式。 相似文献
5.
H. Z. Cross 《Euphytica》1985,34(2):409-418
Summary A selection procedure to change the drying rates of maize (Zea mays L.) ears was developed and tested. Results indicated that drying rates were affected by hybrid genotype, ear maturity at harvest, number of kernels per row, ear diameter, and moisture content at harvest.Mass selection was initiated in an early synthetic, NDSG, in an attempt to produce both fast and slow drying strains. After two cycles resultant substrains were evaluated in the laboratory for direct and in the field for correlated selection responses. Laboratory results indicated that selection effectively changed moisture loss rates in NDSG, and confirmed earlier observations that an ear's moisture content at harvest affects its drying rate.Data from field experiments grown at five locations in 1980 revealed that each of two selection cycles for slow laboratory drying rate significantly reduced ear moisture content at harvest, in the field. This lower harvest moisture content appeared to result from a lower moisture content at physiological maturity rather than a faster drying rate. Other correlated selection responses included lowered yield, plant height, and ear weight due to selection for fast laboratory drying, and lowered plant height and ear weight from selection for slow drying.Data indicated that this selection procedure can be used to change moisture loss rate and ear moisture content at harvest. Results also contributed to understanding of factors involved in ear drying rates which may lead to more effective selection procedures.Journal Article No. 1385 of the North Dakota Agri. Exp. Stn., Fargo. 相似文献
6.
Ga糯玉米自交系的配合力分析与评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
摘要：利用不完全双列杂交NCⅡ设计,以3个经遗传改良的Ga糯玉米自交系为父本,与8个糯玉米自交系进行杂交。对24个杂交组合进行农艺性状鉴定,分析Ga糯玉米自交系主要农艺性状的配合力效应。结果表明,父、母本各性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力效应均达极显著差异。Ga糯玉米自交系具有良好的配合力,其中,CM327的一般配合力效应比较高,其组配的杂交种在产量、穗长、行粒数等性状上具有明显优势,具有很好的杂优利用潜力。Ga糯玉米自交系的选育利用,有助于糯玉米种质的扩增与杂种优势的利用。 相似文献
7.
Leafy reduced-stature maize for short-season environments: Yield and yield components of inbred lines 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A.M. Modarres R.I. Hamilton L.M. Dwyer D.W. Stewart M. Dijak D.L. Smith 《Euphytica》1997,97(2):129-138
Development of maize (Zea mays L.) types that produce leaf area and mature quickly would increase production of maize in mid-
to short-season areas. The leafy (Lfy1) and reduced-stature (rd1) traits both make contributions to this end. However, these
two traits have not previously been combined. Our objective was to evaluate the yield and yield components of non-leafy normal-stature
(NLNS), leafy reduced-stature (LRS), non-leafy reduced-stature (NLRS), and leafy normal-stature (LNS) maize inbred lines.
The two genes, ‘Lfy1’ and ‘rd1’, were incorporated into a series of inbred lines resulting in a range of canopy architectures.
Ten variables were recorded for each of 30 inbred lines over three years. The 10 variables were: corn heat unit requirement
from planting to tasselling, corn heat unit requirement from planting to silking, days between tasselling and silking, grain
moisture content, husk dry weight, cob dry weight, ear length, maximum ear circumference, grain yield and ratio of grain yield
to moisture content. Reduced-stature inbred lines reached anthesis more quickly than normal-stature inbred lines. Grain moisture
content was less in reduced-stature inbred lines than normal stature trait groups. Leafy-reduced stature plants had the highest
ratio of grain to moisture content and the lowest grain moisture content at harvest. Inbred lines containing the rd1 trait
matured more rapidly than other trait groups. The LRS trait group yielded more than the other groups, and showed great potential
for use in mid- to short-season environments.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
以6个玉米自交系及其双列杂交组合进行试验,用3种方法计算的遗传距离来研究距离与杂种优势及配合力的关系。结果为:(1)PD~2(表—主—欧法计算)和GD~2(基—主—欧法计算)与穗粒重平均优势具有显著抛物线关系,PGD~2(表—主—道—欧法计算)与穗粒重平均优势亦有抛物线关系的趋势。(2)亲本的一般遗传距离(GGD~2)和一般表型距离(GPD~2)与亲本吐丝日数的一般配合力呈现高度负相关。(3)GD~2和PD~2与穗粒重、吐丝日数、穗长、千粒重的特殊配合力无确定关系,与穗行数、果穗重、穗位高、株高的特殊配合力略呈抛物线关系。PGD~2与上述8个性状的特殊配合力有抛物线关系的趋势。(4)杂交组配时应考虑:在类间选择亲本;双亲间PGD~2较大;双亲自身产量较高。 相似文献
9.
Introduced maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm can serve as sources of favorable alleles to enhance performance in new maize varieties and hybrids under drought stress conditions. In the present study, the combining abilities of 12 exotic maize inbred lines from CIMMYT and 12 adapted maize inbred lines from IITA were studied for grain yield and other traits under controlled drought stress. The inbred lines from each institution were separated into groups using SSR-based genetic diversity and were intercrossed using a factorial mating scheme to generate 96 hybrids. These hybrids were evaluated under both controlled drought stress and well-watered conditions at Ikenne in Nigeria in 2010 and 2011. Average mean yields of hybrids under drought stress represented 23 % of the average yield of hybrids under full irrigation. General combining ability (GCA) effects accounted for 49–85 % of the observed variation for several traits recorded under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. Specific combining ability effects for grain yield, though positive in most hybrids, were not significant under drought stress conditions. All the twelve exotic and nine adapted lines had positive GCA effects (female, male, or both) for grain yield under either drought stress or full irrigation, or both environments. EXL03 and EXL15 that had positive and significant female and male GCA effects for grain yield under both environments can be used to improve their adapted counterparts for grain yield and drought tolerance. Normalized difference vegetation index had weak but significant correlation with grain yield. 相似文献
10.
Isaac Kamweru Yoseph Beyene Bruce Anani Victor O. Adetimirin Boddupalli M. Prasanna Manje Gowda 《Plant Breeding》2023,142(5):607-620
Fall armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda) emerged as a major lepidopteran pest destroying maize in sub-Saharan Africa. A diallel mating design was used to generate 210 experimental hybrids from 21 lines. Experimental hybrids and four checks were evaluated in two locations. Commercial checks suffered higher foliar and ear damage compared to the top 15 hybrids. Mean squares associated with the genotypic variation were higher than genotype-by-environment interactions for foliar and ear damage traits. Heritabilities were moderate to high. Significant correlations were observed between grain yield (GY) with ear rot (−0.54) and ear damage (−0.45). Positive and significant GCA effects were observed for GY in seven parental lines, which were developed from multiple insect resistance breeding programmes. CKSBL10153 has the highest GCA value for GY and shows significant GCA effects for foliar and ear damage traits. These lines were identified as the ideal combiners for GY and FAW resistance and are therefore recommended for utilization as testers in the development of FAW-resistant three-way cross-hybrid maize with correlated response for increased GY. GCA and marker-based prediction correlations of GY were 0.79 and 0.96, respectively. Both GCA effects and marker-based models were effective in predicting hybrid performance for FAW resistance. 相似文献
11.
Estimates of combining abilities and heterosis of inbred lines are imperative for selection of suitable parents of maize hybrids. This study examined the combining ability of 24 drought-tolerant maize inbred lines, 12 each from International Centre for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMYT) and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). The lines were allotted into six groups each comprising four lines. The four lines in one group were used as females and crossed to the four lines in another group as males in six different sets using a North Carolina Design II mating scheme to generate 96 hybrids. The hybrids were evaluated together with four checks across six environments in the rainforest and savannah agro-ecologies of Nigeria between 2011 and 2012. The parental inbred lines were also evaluated in separate trial in each location. Significant hybrids × environment interaction was observed for grain yield and other measured traits. GCA effects accounted for 83.3% of the variation for grain yield at Bagauda, 78.1% at Saminaka, and 77.7% at Ikenne. GCA also contributed 91.1 and 80.0% to the variation observed for plant height and ear aspect, respectively, across the environments. Significant SCA × environment interaction detected for grain yield suggests that hybrids were not stable across test environments. Prediction of grain yield in hybrids using midparent values resulted in a R 2 value of 0.13. Midparent heterosis for grain yield varied from 80 to 411%, with the top 36 hybrids recording >200%. Four CIMMYT (EXL02, EXL06, EXL04 and EXL16) and three IITA (ADL33, ADL41, and ADL32) inbred lines had positive and significant GCA effects for grain yield across environments. The novel alleles present in the CIMMYT lines will improve the adapted IITA germplasm in a new population for extracting new set of more productive inbred lines for developing adapted high yielding drought-tolerant maize hybrids. 相似文献
12.
不同玉米自交系子粒脱水速率及其与主要影响性状的相关分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了明确不同群体玉米自交系子粒脱水特征差异和影响玉米脱水速率的主要性状与子粒脱水间的关系,以陕A群、陕B群选育的8份玉米自交系和2份骨干自交系（昌7-2和PH4CV）为试验材料,分析了不同玉米自交系的子粒脱水速率、收获期子粒含水率、子粒灌浆速率、苞叶性状、果穗性状、叶面积、叶绿素含量、株高、穗位高及产量构成等变化特征及其与子粒脱水间的相互关系。结果表明：不同玉米自交系子粒脱水速率呈现“快–慢–较快–慢–较快–慢”的变化趋势。子粒脱水速率与收获期子粒含水率、苞叶平均含水率、苞叶层数、苞叶长度、穗粗、粒长、粒宽、叶面积、SPAD值、子粒灌浆天数等性状呈显著负相关关系,与苞叶脱水速率存在显著正相关关系,与株高、穗位高和子粒产量间相关性不显著。不同自交系间的子粒脱水速率、收获期子粒含水率、苞叶含水率、苞叶脱水速率等指标差异明显,KB043、KA105和KB024自交系的子粒脱水速率快、产量较高,可在宜机收品种选育时作为快速脱水材料加以考虑。 相似文献
13.
水稻广亲和品种农艺性状的配合力分析 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
用９个水稻不育系与３个广亲和品种进行不完全双列杂交，对其杂交组合１０个性状的配合力效应分析结果表明，就杂种Ｆ１主要农艺性状而言，亲本的一般配合力效应比组合特殊配合力效应更为重要；株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗实粒数、结实率、单株粒重、千粒重等性状，以一般配合力作用为主，而每穗总粒数、生育期、着粒密度等性状虽以一般配合力作用为主，但特殊配合力的作用也不可忽视；株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗实粒数。结实率、单株粒重等性状以广亲和品种的一般配合力作用为主；生育期、每穗总粒数、千粒重、着粒密度等性状以不育系的一般配合力作用为主。 相似文献
14.
Susan G. Njeri Dan Makumbi Marilyn L. Warburton Alpha Diallo MacDonald B. Jumbo George Chemining’wa 《Euphytica》2017,213(11):261
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important source of carbohydrates and protein in the diet in sub-Saharan Africa. The objectives of this study were to (i) estimate general (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) of 13 new quality protein maize (QPM) lines in a diallel under stress and non-stress conditions, (ii) compare observed and predicted performance of QPM hybrids, (iii) characterize genetic diversity among the 13 QPM lines using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and assess the relationship between genetic distance and hybrid performance, and (iv) assess diversity and population structure in 116 new QPM inbred lines as compared to eight older tropical QPM lines and 15 non-QPM lines. The GCA and SCA effects were significant for most traits under optimal conditions, indicating that both additive and non-additive genetic effects were important for inheritance of the traits. Additive genetic effects appeared to govern inheritance of most traits under optimal conditions and across environments. Non-additive genetic effects were more important for inheritance of grain yield but additive effects controlled most agronomic traits under drought stress conditions. Inbred lines CKL08056, CKL07292, and CKL07001 had desirable GCA effects for grain yield across drought stress and non-stress conditions. Prediction efficiency for grain yield was highest under optimal conditions. The classification of 139 inbred lines with 95 SNPs generated six clusters, four of which contained 10 or fewer lines, and 16 lines of mixed co-ancestry. There was good agreement between Neighbor Joining dendrogram and Structure classification. The QPM lines used in the diallel were nearly uniformly spread throughout the dendrogram. There was no relationship between genetic distance and grain yield in either the optimal or stressed environments in this study. The genetic diversity in mid-altitude maize germplasm is ample, and the addition of the QPM germplasm did not increase it measurably. 相似文献
15.
Bindiganavile S. Vivek Omari Odongo Jackson Njuguna Justus Imanywoha George Bigirwa Alpha Diallo Kevin Pixley 《Euphytica》2010,172(3):329-340
Maize (Zea mays L.) is grown on 15 million ha in eastern and southern Africa. Several diseases are of common occurrence in the region and
regularly result in significant yield losses. A collaborative regional disease nursery (REGNUR) project was initiated in 1998
to identify and increase access to disease resistant germplasm, generate and disseminate information on disease and insect
resistance sources, and facilitate the development of resistant cultivars by project partners. A diallel among 12 elite inbred
lines was formed with the specific objective of evaluating the combining ability of these inbred lines for grain yield and
resistance to seven diseases. The trial was grown at six sites in 2001. Results showed that both general (GCA) and specific
combining ability effects were significant for most diseases. On the average, GCA accounted for 69% of resistance to diseases
and only 37% of variation for grain yield. Correlations between GCA effects for disease scores were generally non-significant,
implying that it is possible to pyramid genes for disease resistance in inbred lines. This underscores the need for screening
for resistance to prevailing diseases using artificial inoculation or reliable hot-spots. Based on GCA effects for grain yield
and across diseases, P12 and P6 were the best inbred lines. The crosses P4 × P9 (6.7 t ha−1) and P4 × P12 (6.9 t ha−1) were the best hybrids in the earlier maturity group, while P3 × P9 (8.3 t ha−1) and P2 × P8 (7.4 t ha−1) were the best hybrids in the late maturity group. 相似文献
16.
选用农家种改良过的6个食葵细胞质雄性不育系和4个优良的分枝型恢复系为亲本,按NCⅡ遗传交配设计,配成24个F1杂种,研究了9个主要经济性状,即株高、茎粗、生育期、盘径、单盘总粒数、单盘实粒数、结实率、百粒重、单株产量的配合力及杂种优势表现。结果显示：（1）不育系中有8个性状,恢复系中有7个性状的一般配合力差异达显著或极显著水平;有4个性状的特殊配合力差异达到显著或极显著水平;（2）株高、茎粗、生育期、盘径、百粒重等5个性状主要受基因的加性效应控制;单盘总粒数、单盘实粒数、结实率、及单株产量等4个性状则受基因的加性效应和非加性效应共同影响;（3）从GCA分析看,参试的不育系以A6最为理想,A2次之;恢复系则以C3最为理想。从SCA分析看,组合A2C1单株产量效应值最高;（4）杂种优势分析表明,大部分经济性状存在杂种优势,甚至相当一部分存在超亲优势,并且这些优势都是可利用的,F1多倾向于早熟、粗壮、高杆、大盘、多粒亲本。 相似文献
17.
为了明确玉米果穗相关性状的配合力及其遗传效应,按NCⅡ遗传交配设计,对参试的20个玉米自交系(9个母本,11个父本)的9个性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力、广义遗传力、狭义遗传力进行分析。结果表明,5个自交系JZF5、JZF2、JZM10、JZM5、JZM3在穗粒重等多个性状上兼具一般配合力(GCA)有益的显著或极显著值。穗粒重特殊配合力(SCA)排名前5的杂交组合JZF5×JZM4、JZF2×JZM1、JZF8×JZM5、JZF6×JZM5、JZF7×JZM5,它们的亲本之一穗粒重GCA为极显著正值,提示在杂交种组配时应兼顾GCA和SCA效应。穗长、秃尖长、行粒数、穗行数、水份含量加性遗传方差占比大于70%,穗粒重的加性遗传方差占比为35.7%,主要由非加性遗传方差构成。广义遗传力上,水份含量>秃尖长>穗行数>穗长>穗粒重>行粒数>穗轴重>穗宽>百粒重,其中秃尖长、穗行数的广义遗传力大于60%,水分含量的广义遗传力大于70%。狭义遗传力上,秃尖长>水份含量>穗行数>穗长>行粒数>穗轴重>穗宽>百粒重>穗粒重,其中秃尖长、水份含量和穗行数的狭义遗传力大于50%,适宜在早代进行选择；百粒重和穗粒重的狭义遗传力最低,分别是22.8%和19.7%,不宜在早代进行选择。本研究的果穗部分性状供试特性偏向父本,建议关注父本对玉米杂交种果穗相关性状的重要影响。 相似文献
18.
以辽宁省推广面积较大的6个玉米杂交种及其12个玉米亲本自交系为供试材料,采用随机区组设计,系统分析了玉米子粒脱水速率和收获时子粒含水量变化规律及脱水速率与主要性状的相关性。结果表明：杂交种和自交系的子粒鲜重在灌浆中前期呈上升趋势,灌浆后期略有降低;杂交种和自交系的子粒脱水速率在整个灌浆期逐渐下降,下降速率逐渐变小,最后趋近于零;杂交种和自交系的子粒脱水速率在不同灌浆时期和品种间差异显著;杂交种和自交系子粒的自然脱水速率和收获时子粒含水量在不同品种间差异显著,不同密度间差异不显著。子粒脱水速率与灌浆日数呈显著负相关,灌浆时间越长,脱水速率越慢;自然脱水速率与收获时子粒含水量、穗行数和百粒鲜重呈显著负相关。 相似文献
19.
春玉米主要穗部性状配合力及遗传参数分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
选育具有高配合力的优良自交系是育种工作的基础,为更好的了解北方早熟春玉米区玉米(Zea mays L.)自交系的配合力表现和性状遗传规律,为杂交种组配和种质改良提供亲本和育种策略,选用在生产及种质改良中常用的12个玉米自交系,按双列杂交模式设计组配杂交组合, 以完全随机区组设计进行试验,对主要穗部性状进行鉴定,按照改良griffingⅣ 双列杂交分析方法对数据进行处理。试验表明一般配合力和特殊配合力效应在亲本间存在显著差异。穗粗、容重、籽粒行数等性状遗传力较高,主要受加性效应控制。而产量、穗重主要受非加性基因控制,易受环境因素影响。K12、丹340和黑选169对提高产量的效应明显,P138在提高后代容重方面优势显著,含有地方种质的早熟材料龙抗118、大粒黄可以显著提高后代穗部长度。 相似文献
20.
玉米自交系花培反应配合力的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用完全双列杂交试验，对６个玉米自交系组配成的１５个单交种的单株粒重配合力和花培出愈率配合力进行了研究。结果表明，在６个自交系中京４３８０的单株粒重一般配合力（ｇｃａ）最高，出愈率的ｇｃａ较高，而Ｂ６７０的单株粒重ｇｃａ最低，但出愈率的ｇｃａ却很高；单株粒重的ｇｃａ与出愈率的ｇｃａ两者不呈正相关；京４３８０×Ｂ６７０这一单交种在１５个杂交组合中出愈率最高，花培反应最强。因此在进行玉米花培育种时，如果选用含有出愈率ｇｃａ较高的亲本自交系的组合作材料，会有较高的出愈率，有可能培育出高配合力的花培系。 相似文献