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1.
Serum ionized calcium concentrations (CaF) were determined in 87 Swedish red-and-white cows and 10 Swedish Friesian cows with clinical signs of parturient paresis. All cows were in the week prior to or after parturition. A classification of the severity of hypocalcemia in terms of serum ionized calcium was devised. Eight cows had normal serum ionized calcium concentrations (Cap 1.06–1.26 mmol/1); 15 had slight (CaF 0.80–1.05 mmol/1); 43 a moderate (CaF 0.50–0.79 mmol/1), and 31 asevere (CaF < 0.50 mmol/1) hypocalcemia.All cows were given 8 or 8.3 g of calcium intravenously. Of 8 normocalcemic cows 7 (87.5 %) reached a maximum posttreatment serum ionized calcium concentration > 1.80 mmol/1 (severe hypercalcemia). This was also found in 13 of 15 (86.7 %) slightly hypocalcemic cows and in 31 of 43 (72.1 %) moderately hypocalcemic cows. In the severe hypocalcemia group 14 of 31 (45.2 %) had maximum posttreatment Cap > 1.80 mmol/1).These findings emphazise the need of a rapid pretreatment evaluation of the degree of hypocalcemia. The present study also underlined the difficulty in predicting serum ionized calcium from serum total calcium concentrations.  相似文献   

2.
Feline serum samples (n = 434) were classified as hypercalcemic, normocalcemic, or hypocalcemic based on both total calcium (tCa) and ionized calcium (iCa) concentrations. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive diagnostic likelihood ratio (PDLR), and negative diagnostic likelihood ratio (NDLR) were calculated for prediction of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia in all samples, in hypoalbuminemic cats, and in those with chronic renal failure (CRF) as compared with cats that had other conditions. Diagnostic discordance in prediction of iCa using tCa was 40%. Sensitivity of tCa in prediction of ionized hypercalcemia was low and specificity was high. The PDLR for prediction of ionized hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia was low in all cats, especially in those with CRF. Due to the high level of diagnostic discordance, tCa should not be used to predict iCa concentration. Concentration of iCa should be measured directly when accurate assessment of calcium status is needed.  相似文献   

3.
Mammary carcinoma is rare in cattle with only a handful of cases found in the literature, and none have reported an associated hypercalcemia. An 8‐year‐old Holstein‐Friesian heifer was presented to the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital's Large Animal Hospital with a 3‐month history of lethargy. Laboratory abnormalities included ionized hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia (2.28 mmol/L and 1.8 mg/dL, respectively). Physical examination revealed a mammary mass that was cytologically described as a suspected mammary carcinoma, which was later confirmed by histologic evaluation. On surgical removal of the mass, calcium initially decreased rapidly, and within a few days was within the RI, further supporting a diagnosis of hypercalcemia of malignancy in a heifer. However, attempts to confirm this using hormone profiles (parathyroid hormone [PTH], parathyroid hormone‐related protein [PTHrp], and calcitriol) were inconclusive due to the lack of validated assays and RIs for cattle. Immunohistochemical staining for PTHrP showed scattered cytoplasmic staining among the neoplastic cells, suggesting PTHrP production by these cells.  相似文献   

4.
A 14-year-old Zweibrücker Warmblood gelding was presented for evaluation of lethargy and headshaking. The horse had a history of bouts of lameness in different limbs and back problems. It also had many mild colic episodes in the past. Results of repeat laboratory tests had shown persistent hypercalcemia (4.8 mmol/L; reference interval [RI]: 2.0–3.2 mmol/L) for 1.5 years and later on hypophosphatemia (0.4 mmol/L; RI: 0.5–1.3 mmol/L) and mild hypermagnesemia (1.0 mmol/L; RI: 0.5–0.9 mmol/L). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration was within the RI. Other causes of hypercalcemia, such as renal failure, vitamin D toxicosis, and granulomatous disease, and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism were ruled out. Furthermore, there was no evidence of neoplastic disease. Parathyroid hormone–related protein was measured but inconclusive. A diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism was established on the basis of hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, low fractional excretion of calcium, and high fractional excretion of phosphorus in combination with a PTH secretion refractory to high calcium levels. Because of the bad prognosis, the owner decided to euthanize the horse. Results of postmortem examination were unremarkable. Hypercalcemia should always be considered abnormal, and further examinations need to be performed to proof hypercalcemia and subsequently find the cause. The main differential diagnoses are renal insufficiency and humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy, but also rare diseases, such as hyperparathyroidism, have to be taken into account.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract: An 11‐year‐old male castrated Australian Shepherd was presented with a history of lethargy, panting, and weight loss for 1 month. Physical examination revealed a moderately enlarged spleen. Laboratory abnormalities included thrombocytopenia and marked hypercalcemia, with hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and a monoclonal spike in the β‐globulin region on serum protein electrophoresis. Serum total calcium concentration was markedly increased (16.5 mg/dL, reference interval 8.9–11.4 mg/dL) but ionized calcium concentration (1.39 mmol/L) was within the reference interval (1.25–1.45 mmol/L). Isosthenuria was noted, but the dog was not polyuric or polydipsic. Serum parathyroid hormone concentration was within reference limits and parathyroid hormone‐related peptide concentration was 0 pmol/L. Radiographic findings were largely unremarkable. Results of cytologic evaluation of a fine‐needle aspirate specimen from the spleen indicated plasma cell neoplasia. Based on the results of the electrophoresis, splenic aspirates, radiographs, and hypercalcemia, a diagnosis of splenic multiple myeloma was made. The marked hypercalcemia, normal ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations, and lack of osteolytic lesions indicated a presumptive increase in protein‐bound serum calcium, likely due to binding to molecules of the paraprotein (M protein). Protein binding of calcium in dogs with multiple myeloma should be considered as a potential mechanism of elevated total serum calcium concentration.  相似文献   

6.
Calcium tetany is a poorly defined disease of broiler breeder hens that results from acute hypocalcemia. It is characterized by impaired mobility, increased mortality, and absence of gross lesions that would explain the impaired mobility. To evaluate if hens with impaired mobility had calcium tetany or other abnormalities, blood values from normal and affected hens were determined using the i-STAT handheld clinical analyzer. Three flocks were evaluated weekly prior to peak production (range 25-30 wk of age) comparing normal hens to hens with clinically apparent calcium tetany. Calcium tetany suspect (CaTS) hens from four additional flocks were also evaluated. Significant hypocalcemia (P < 0.001) was observed in CaTS hens (average = 1.14 mmol/L ionized calcium [iCa]) compared to normal hens (average = 1.53 mmol/L iCa) in only one of three flocks sampled weekly. Clinically affected hens from one of the other four flocks also had hypocalcemia. Blood value abnormalities in mobility-impaired hens without hypocalcemia included hypernatremia. Findings in this study indicate calcium tetany is one cause of impaired mobility in breeder hens, but mobility impairment without hypocalcemia can also occur. Calcium tetany should be confirmed by finding significantly decreased levels of iCa in the blood, as diagnosis based on clinical presentation and necropsy results can be inaccurate. The i-STAT handheld clinical analyzer is an efficient, relatively low-cost method to determine iCa and other blood chemistry values that may be associated with impaired mobility in broiler breeder hens.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate calcium balance and parathyroid gland function in healthy horses and horses with enterocolitis and compare results of an immunochemiluminometric assay (ICMA) with those of an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for determination of serum intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations in horses. ANIMALS: 64 horses with enterocolitis and 62 healthy horses. PROCEDURES: Blood and urine samples were collected for determination of serum total calcium, ionized calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), phosphorus, BUN, total protein, creatinine, albumin, and PTH concentrations, venous blood gases, and fractional urinary clearance of calcium (FCa) and phosphorus (FP). Serum concentrations of PTH were measured in 40 horses by use of both the IRMA and ICMA. RESULTS: Most (48/64; 75%) horses with enterocolitis had decreased serum total calcium, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations and increased phosphorus concentrations, compared with healthy horses. Serum PTH concentration was increased in most (36/51; 70.6%) horses with hypocalcemia. In addition, FCa was significantly decreased and FP significantly increased in horses with enterocolitis, compared with healthy horses. Results of ICMA were in agreement with results of IRMA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enterocolitis in horses is often associated with hypocalcemia; 79.7% of affected horses had ionized hypocalcemia. Because FCa was low, it is unlikely that renal calcium loss was the cause of hypocalcemia. Serum PTH concentrations varied in horses with enterocolitis and concomitant hypocalcemia. However, we believe low PTH concentration in some hypocalcemic horses may be the result of impaired parathyroid gland function.  相似文献   

8.
Acute management of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia is an important part of small-animal emergency practice. In addition to hypercalcemia of malignancy and hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D toxicosis is becoming more common in companion animals as new and improved rodenticides and human pharmaceutical preparations (vitamin D analog skin creams) become more available. This article provides complete details regarding the emergency management of life-threatening hypercalcemia with focus on vitamin D intoxication. At the other end of the spectrum, hypocalcemic emergencies, such as periparturient hypocalcemia (eclampsia), may be less common but are often life threatening. This article contains guidelines for the emergency management of hypocalcemia. In summary, the urgent care of calcium disorders in small animals is reviewed.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and prognostic significance of low plasma ionized calcium concentration in cats with clinical signs of acute pancreatitis (AP). DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 46 cats with AP and 92 control cats with nonpancreatic diseases. PROCEDURE: Medical records were reviewed, and results of clinicopathologic testing, including plasma ionized and total calcium concentrations, acid-base values, and electrolyte concentrations, were recorded. Cats with AP were grouped on the basis of outcome (survived vs died or were euthanatized), and plasma ionized calcium concentrations, acid-base values, and electrolyte concentrations were compared between groups. RESULTS: Serum total calcium concentration was low in 19 (41%) cats with AP, and plasma ionized calcium concentration was low in 28 (61%). Cats with AP had a significantly lower median plasma ionized calcium concentration (1.07 mmol/L) than did control cats (1.12 mmol/L). Nineteen (41%) cats with AP died or were euthanatized; these cats had a significantly lower median plasma ionized calcium concentration (1.00 mmol/L) than did cats that survived (1.12 mmol/L). Ten of the 13 cats with AP that had plasma ionized calcium concentrations < or = 1.00 mmol/L died or were euthanatized. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that low plasma ionized calcium concentration is common in cats with AP and is associated with a poorer outcome. A grave prognosis and aggressive medical treatment are warranted for cats with AP that have a plasma ionized calcium concentration < or = 1.00 mmol/L.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether electromyographic abnormalities are evident in skeletal muscles in horses with induced hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. ANIMALS: 7 healthy adult Dutch Warmblood horses. PROCEDURES: Electromyographic examination was performed in the lateral vastus, triceps, and subclavian muscles before and after IV infusion of EDTA. An initial dose (mean +/- SD, 564+/-48 ml) of a 10% solution of sodium EDTA was administered IV during a period of 21+/-73 minutes to establish a blood concentration of ionized calcium of approximately 0.5 mmol/L. Average rate of EDTA infusion to maintain ionized calcium at this concentration was 6.6 ml/min. RESULTS: Mean blood concentrations of ionized calcium and magnesium were 1.39+/-0.06 and 0.84+/-0.09 mM, respectively before EDTA infusion; after EDTA infusion, concentrations were 0.48+/-0.05 and 0.44+/-0.20 mM, respectively. This state induced positive waves; fibrillation potentials; doublets, triplets, and multiplets; complex repetitive discharges; and neuromyotonia. Analysis of motor unit action potentials (MUAP) after EDTA infusion revealed an increase in prevalence of polyphasic and complex MUAP in all muscles. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: None of the horses had classical signs of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. In contrast, all horses had spontaneous activity in the measured muscles indicative of nerve hyperirritability. Calcium and magnesium deficits appear to have consequences, which may be subclinical, affecting functions of the neuromuscular system. This is of interest for equestrian sports in which hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia are expected, such as during endurance rides.  相似文献   

11.
Objective: To present a case of clinical hypocalcemia in a critically ill septic dog. Case summary: A 12‐year old, female spayed English sheepdog presented in septic shock 5 days following hemilaminectomy surgery. Streptococcus canis was cultured from the incision site. Seven days after surgery, muscle tremors were noted and a subsequent low serum ionized calcium level was measured and treated. Intensive monitoring, fluid therapy, and antibiotic treatment were continued because of the sepsis and hypocalcemia, but the dog was euthanized 2 weeks after surgery. New or unique information provided: Low serum ionized calcium levels are a common finding in critically ill human patients, especially in cases of sepsis, pancreatitis, and rhabdomyolysis. In veterinary patients, sepsis or streptococcal infections are not commonly thought of as a contributing factor for hypocalcemia. Potential mechanisms of low serum ionized calcium levels in critically ill patients include intracellular accumulation of calcium ions, altered sensitivity and function of the parathyroid gland, alterations in Vitamin D levels or activity, renal loss of calcium, and severe hypomagnesemia. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines and calcitonin have also been proposed to contribute to low ionized calcium in the critically ill. Many veterinarians rely on total calcium levels instead of serum ionized calcium levels to assess critical patients and may be missing the development of hypocalcemia. Serum ionized calcium levels are recommended over total calcium levels to evaluate critically ill veterinary patients.  相似文献   

12.
A 10-year-old female Dachshund was presented with a history of mammary masses, slight lethargy, polyuria, and polydipsia. Physical examination findings included masses involving the first, second, and fourth mammary glands of the left side. The mandibular, axillary, and right popliteal lymph nodes were mildly enlarged. Serum chemistry results included hypercalcemia (13.9 mg/dL, reference interval 8.0-11.5 mg/dL). Although intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration (1.05 pmol/L) was below the reference interval (2-13 pmol/L), PTH-related protein (PTHrP) concentration was markedly increased (9.40 pmol/L, reference value < 2 pmol/L). The masses were surgically removed, and the histopathologic diagnosis was complex mammary carcinoma. Three weeks after surgery, serum total calcium concentration had decreased to 10.5 mg/dL. Resolution of the hypercalcemia and clinical signs supported a diagnosis of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy associated with mammary gland carcinoma.  相似文献   

13.
The association between blood calcium levels and electrocardiographic variables was compared in 137 normal parturient and 36 peripartum recumbent Holstein cows to determine whether hypocalcemia in peripartum dairy cows can be rapidly diagnosed using electrocardiograph. Inverse of STc (ST peak interval/SS interval0.5) and blood ionized calcium or serum calcium concentrations were strongly correlated, and both correlation coefficients were 0.81 (P<0.001). The 95% prediction interval indicated that cows with STc >0.385 ± 0.001 sec are very likely to be hypocalcemic (blood ionized or serum calcium concentrations of <0.9 mmol/l or <7.5 mg/dl, respectively). These findings indicate that hypocalcemia in parturient cows can be non-invasively estimated using the STc.  相似文献   

14.
A 9.5‐year‐old, male castrated Walker Hound was presented for evaluation of progressive weakness, anorexia, and weight loss. Imaging revealed multiple abdominal and thoracic masses and ascites; fine‐needle aspirates of mesenteric and splenic masses confirmed malignancy, most likely histiocytic sarcoma. Laboratory analyses revealed increased ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone‐related peptide (PTH‐rP) concentrations, and concurrent low–normal parathyroid hormone concentration, consistent with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Necropsy was performed after euthanasia. The dog had disseminated histiocytic sarcoma, including sarcomatosis, as well as bilateral thyroid carcinoma. PTH‐rP immunostaining was positive in the thyroid carcinoma but negative in the histiocytic neoplasm. These results suggest that thyroid carcinoma‐associated hypercalcemia can be caused by tumor secretion of PTH‐rP.  相似文献   

15.
本研究对上海地区9个牧场奶牛产后低钙血症和酮病的发病率进行了调查,结果表明:奶牛产后12 h内的低钙血症发病率平均为86.1%,血钙平均浓度为(1.82±0.02)mmol/L,产后3~7 d低钙血症发病率平均为35.2%,血钙平均浓度为(2.05±0.01)mmol/L,表明随着泌乳天数的增加,低钙血症有缓解趋势。奶牛产后12 h内酮病发病率平均为5.5%,血液β-羟丁酸(BHBA)平均浓度为(0.68±0.04)mmol/L,产后3~7 d酮病发病率平均为16.3%,血液BHBA平均浓度为(0.98±0.07)mmol/L,表明随着泌乳天数增加能量负平衡有加重趋势。奶牛产后12 h内高游离脂肪酸(NEFA)发生率平均为49.4%,血液NEFA平均浓度为(0.76±0.03)Meq/L,产后3~7 d高NEFA发生率平均为41.3%,血液NEFA平均浓度为(0.71±0.03)Meq/L,表明泌乳初期高NEFA发生率远高于酮病发病率,随着泌乳天数增加血液NEFA浓度有下降趋势。奶牛产后血液中钙的浓度与NEFA浓度呈极显著负相关(P0.01),血液中NEFA浓度与BHBA浓度呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of administration of 2 volumes of a calcium solution (calcium oxide and calcium gluconate) on plasma ionized calcium concentration (PICaC) and clinical recovery from naturally occurring hypocalcemia (NOHC; milk fever) in lactating dairy cows. ANIMALS: 123 cows with NOHC (PICaC < 0.95 mmol/L [3.81 mg/dL]) and 20 clinically normal control cows. PROCEDURES: Affected cows were treated IV once or repeatedly with 450 (n = 56) or 750 mL (67) of calcium solution (1.65 g of calcium/100 mL) until clinical recovery was achieved. The PICaC was assessed 48 hours after the first treatment or after the treatment that achieved clinical recovery. Biochemical recovery was defined as PICaC > or = 0.95 mmol/L. Plasma from control cows was used for PICaC reference range determination. Plasma samples from both groups were assessed after storage for 20 days at 20 degrees C. RESULTS: The PICaC reference range derived from blood collected in tubes containing lithium heparin was 1.02 to 1.29 mmol/L (4.09 to 5.17 mg/dL). Following storage, plasma samples were suitable for PICaC assessment. All cows treated with > or = 1 volume of 450 and 750 mL of calcium solution recovered clinically; however, 31 of 83 (37%) evaluated cows were not biochemically recovered at 48 hours following treatment. Only cows with PICaC < 0.48 mmol/L (1.92 mg/dL) before the first treatment had to be treated > or = 3 times. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results did not support the need to increase the administered volume of calcium solution from 450 to 750 mL for treatment of NOHC in dairy cows.  相似文献   

17.
Endocrine diseases that may cause hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia include hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, thyroid disorders, hyperadrenocorticism, hypoadrenocorticism, and less commonly pheochromocytoma and multiple endocrine neoplasias. The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia may include malignancy (lymphoma, anal sac carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma), hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D intoxication, chronic renal disease, hypoadrenocorticism, granulomatous disorders, osteolysis, or spurious causes. Hypocalcemia may be caused by puerperal tetany, pancreatitis, intestinal malabsorption, ethlyene glycol intoxication, acute renal failure, hypopararthyroidism, hypovitaminosis D, hypomagnesemia, and low albumin. This article focuses on the endocrine causes of calcium imbalance and provides diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for identifying the cause of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia in veterinary patients.  相似文献   

18.
Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNSs) are neoplasm-associated alterations in bodily structure or function or both that occur distant to the tumor. They are an extremely diverse group of clinical aberrations that are associated with the noninvasive actions of the tumor. In many situations, the PNS parallels the underlying malignancy, and therefore, successful treatment of the tumor leads to disappearance of the PNS. Alternatively, recurrence of the PNS after successful treatment signals recurrence of the tumor, and the return of the PNS often significantly precedes the detectable recurrence of the tumor. This is often the case with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia, often referred to as hypercalcemia of malignancy (HM). The most common cause of hypercalcemia in dogs is cancer. Neoplasia is diagnosed in approximately two-thirds of dogs with hypercalcemia vs. approximately one-third in cats. A variety of tumors have been associated with HM. Lymphoma is the most common cause of HM, and the most common anatomical site for dogs with lymphoma-associated HM is the cranial mediastinum. Other tumors associated with HM in dogs and cats include anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, multiple myeloma, bone tumors, thymoma, squamous cell carcinoma, mammary gland carcinoma/adenocarcinoma, melanoma, primary lung tumors, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, renal angiomyxoma, and parathyroid gland tumors. As HM is a potential medical emergency, the primary goal in cases of HM is the elucidation of the underlying cause and thereby instituting the appropriate specific therapy.  相似文献   

19.
Background: Serum hypercalcemia in dogs has been reported in association with a variety of diseases. Serum-ionized calcium (iCa) concentration is a more accurate measure of hypercalcemia than total serum calcium or corrected serum calcium concentrations. The severity of hypercalcemia has been utilized to suggest the most likely differential diagnosis for the hypercalcemia.
Hypothesis: Diseases causing ionized hypercalcemia may be different than those that cause increases in total or corrected serum calcium concentrations. The severity of ionized hypercalcemia in specific diseases cannot be used to determine the most likely differential diagnosis for ionized hypercalcemia.
Animals: One-hundred and nine client-owned dogs with a definitive cause for their ionized hypercalcemia evaluated between 1998 and 2003 were included in this study.
Methods: Retrospective, medical records review.
Results: Neoplasia, specifically lymphosarcoma, followed by renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, and hypoadrenocorticism were the most common causes of ionized hypercalcemia. Dogs with lymphoma and anal sac adenocarcinoma have higher serum iCa concentrations than those with renal failure, hypoadrenocorticism, and other types of neoplasia. The magnitude of serum-ionized hypercalcemia did not predict specific disease states.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Serum-ionized hypercalcemia was most commonly associated with neoplasia, specifically lymphosarcoma. Although dogs with lymphosarcoma and anal sac adenocarcinoma had higher serum iCa concentrations than dogs with other diseases, the magnitude of the serum iCa concentration could not be used to predict the cause of hypercalcemia. Total serum calcium and corrected calcium concentrations did not accurately reflect the calcium status of the dogs in this study.  相似文献   

20.
Objective: To characterize the clinical characteristics, electrolyte changes, acid–base changes, and renal parameters in a consecutive population of cats with urethral obstruction. Design: Retrospective clinical study. Setting: University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Animals: Two hundred and twenty‐three male cats that presented consecutively with urethral obstruction between 1997 and 1999. Interventions: None. Measurements and main results: The medical records of 223 cats with urethral obstruction were reviewed for signalment, previous medical history, indoor/outdoor status, body weight, clinical signs, physical examination findings, renal function tests (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine), and blood gas and electrolyte analysis. The majority of cats were relatively stable without serious metabolic derangements. Only 12% (24/199) of cats had severe hyperkalemia (>8.0 mmol/L). Hyperkalemia did not occur in isolation; the majority of these cats had concurrent acidemia and low ionized calcium concentrations. Potassium was significantly inversely correlated with pH, bicarbonate, pCO2, sodium, chloride, and ionized calcium, but positively correlated with blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Ionized calcium was positively correlated with pH and bicarbonate. Of the animals with a potassium concentration greater than 8.0 mmol/L, 75% (18/24) had an ionized calcium concentration of less than 1.0 mmol/L. Seventy‐nine percent (19/24) of cats with a potassium concentration greater than 8.0 mmol/L had a blood pH<7.20. Similarly, 74% (23/31) of cats with a pH<7.20 had an ionized calcium concentration <1.00 mmol/L. Conclusions: The majority of cats with urethral obstruction presented with mild electrolyte and blood gas changes and were relatively stable, although 12% of cats had multiple, life‐threatening metabolic derangements. Of 219 cats in this study, 205 (93.6%), where it could be determined, survived to discharge from the hospital, supporting the fact that most cats with urethral obstruction survive the acute episode with emergency treatment.  相似文献   

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