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1.
Topical tacrolimus is successfully used in people with atopic dermatitis. Preliminary studies in dogs with atopic dermatitis using tacrolimus in a compounded lotion formulation indicated that tacrolimus significantly decreased erythema and pruritus according to investigator, but no significant improvement was reported by the dog owners. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of the commercially available 0.1% tacrolimus ointment (Protopic) in dogs with atopic dermatitis. The study was designed as a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Selected dogs were allocated to either tacrolimus or placebo for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks there was a wash-out period of 2 weeks and treatments were switched. Twelve dogs completed the study. Clinical signs were scored. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count, chemistry panels and tacrolimus levels at week 0 and 4 of each treatment. Tacrolimus ointment significantly decreased severity of symptoms for both owners and investigators at the end of the trial. When the same dogs received the placebo, there were no differences between week 0 and week 4 scores. Dogs with localized disease responded better than dogs with generalized disease. Tacrolimus was detected in the blood of animals receiving the active ingredient. Levels were below the level of toxicity and no adverse effects were reported in any of the dogs. No changes in complete blood count and chemistry parameters were detected between groups or within groups. In conclusion, tacrolimus appears to be a safe alternative treatment in dogs with atopic dermatitis, especially in those with localized disease.  相似文献   

2.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of P07P, a product derived from a traditional Chinese herbal remedy, was undertaken in 50 dogs with atopic dermatitis. Owners recorded a daily itch score for 4-14 days before treatment and during treatment. Packets of powder containing P07P or placebo were added to the food once daily for 8 weeks. Dogs were assessed for erythema, surface damage, overall coat condition and seborrhoea by the same investigator, as well as for pruritus and general demeanour, at 0 (visit 2), 28 (visit 3) and 56 (visit 4) days of treatment or at withdrawal. Investigator and owner assessments of response were recorded after 28 and 56 days of treatment or at withdrawal. The predefined primary outcome measure was the owners' assessment of response at the end of treatment. Nine of the 24 dogs (37.5%) in the P07P group but only 3 of the 23 dogs (13%) in the placebo group were considered to have improved, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.09). There was a significantly higher withdrawal rate due to worsening of condition in the placebo group (P = 0.04). Mean daily itch score in the second 28-day period of the study was significantly higher than baseline in the placebo group (P = 0.01) but not in the P07P group (P = 0.30). Pruritus scores showed a significant deterioration from baseline at the final visit in the placebo group (P = 0.01) but not in the P07P group (P = 1.00). There was a significant difference between the groups in change from baseline in erythema score at visit 3 (P = 0.05). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in surface damage, seborrhoea, overall coat condition and general demeanour scores within or between the groups throughout the study. The product was well tolerated with no severe or serious adverse events recorded. P07P may be beneficial as a novel nonsteroidal therapy for the management of dogs with atopic dermatitis.  相似文献   

3.
The pathogenesis of canine atopy has not been established completely. Recent studies have shown that tumour necrosis factor alpha and Interleukin‐6 play a role in allergic reactions in humans and mice. Pentoxifylline (PTX) suppresses synthesis of these cytokines and may be a useful therapy for modulating the symptoms of canine atopy. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of PTX (10mg kg?1 twice daily for 4 weeks) on clinical signs (erythema and pruritus) and intradermal skin test reactivity in atopic dogs (n = 10). The study was a double‐blinded, placebo controlled, crossover clinical trial with a washout period of 2 weeks between treatments. Clinical signs were evaluated and scored by the investigator and owners. During PTX treatment, scores of pruritus and erythema decreased significantly. PTX did not affect intradermal skin test reactivity to house dust mite at 15 min (allergen of reference for this study).  相似文献   

4.
Twenty-nine pruritic, atopic dogs were entered into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to evaluate the efficacy of an investigational antiallergenic compound, AHR-13268. Fourteen dogs were evaluated by a veterinary dermatologist (at intervals) and the owner (daily). Fifteen dogs were evaluated only by the owner. The mean (+/- SE) owner scores for pruritus, erythema, and lesions with placebo treatment (higher score = worse signs) were 3.24 (+/- 0.12), 2.73 (+/- 0.12), and 2.61 (+/- 0.09), respectively. With drug treatment, the corresponding scores were 2.89 (+/- 0.12), 2.50 (+/- 0.12), and 2.25 (+/- 0.09). Scores for pruritus and lesions (but not erythema) were significantly better with drug treatment than with placebo treatment. Investigator scores showed similar trends, but the differences were not great enough to be statistically significant. Overall, 11/29 (38%) owners reported their dogs had moderate or better improvement from drug capsules, and 4/29 dogs (14%) improved on placebo capsules. A variety of adverse effects were reported following both drug (9/29 dogs) and placebo (8/29 dogs) capsule administration, but were mild and well tolerated. Results of this study indicate that AHR-13268 has potential for empiric treatment of allergic inhalant dermatitis in some dogs.  相似文献   

5.
The purpose of this prospective, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of a novel gel containing 0.4% stannous fluoride (MedEquine) for the treatment of cutaneous bacterial infections in horses. Twenty privately owned horses diagnosed with bacterial skin infections based on physical findings and cytology results were enrolled and randomly assigned to either a placebo or an active ingredient treatment group. The product was applied on affected areas daily for 4 weeks. Cytology and clinical evaluations were done by the same investigator at the beginning and at the end of the treatment. Owners scored pruritus weekly. Both owners and investigators were blinded to the allocation to the groups. At the end of the study, stannous fluoride gel treatment significantly decreased the investigator's clinical scores and owners' pruritus scores while no significant changes were detected in the vehicle treatment group. At the end of the trial, none of the horses in the stannous fluoride group required additional therapy while four of ten horses in the vehicle group required systemic therapy to resolve the infection. No adverse effects were detected in any of the groups. The gel formulation made compliance easier for owners compared to the traditional bathing regimen and allowed spot treatment, which was particularly helpful in animals with localized infections. These favourable aspects of the treatment were highlighted by the owners of the horses enrolled in the study. In conclusion, 0.4% stannous fluoride gel (MedEquine) was an effective and safe therapy for the topical management of bacterial skin infections in the horses included in the study.  相似文献   

6.
Twenty-one dogs with atopy were entered into a blinded, placebo-controlled study lasting eight weeks. They were randomly divided into three groups and were all given supplementary oils orally once daily. The dogs in groups A and B were given borage seed oil and fish oil in combination (Viacutan; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica) to provide 176 mg/kg or 88 mg/kg borage seed oil respectively. The dogs in group C were given 204 mg/kg olive oil as a placebo. They were all re-examined after four and eight weeks and scored for pruritus, erythema, oedema, alopecia and self-excoriation. After eight weeks the scores for erythema and self-excoriation, and the total score for the dogs in group A, and the total score for the dogs in group B were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The dogs in group C showed no significant improvement.  相似文献   

7.
A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled multicentre clinical trial of 12 weeks' duration was undertaken in 60 dogs with atopic dermatitis to evaluate the steroid sparing effect of essential fatty acid supplementation. The dogs were randomly assigned to receive either a combination of borage seed oil and fish oil or a placebo, in addition to prednisolone tablets. All dogs received a standardized basal diet. Owners of the dogs recorded pruritus daily using a 10 cm visual analog scale and the dosage of prednisolone was established based on the pruritus score, according to written instructions. The dosage of prednisolone and the use of any concurrent treatment (shampoo and/or ear-cleanser) were recorded by the owner on a daily basis. The investigators graded the skin lesions at days 0, 42 and 84. The use of prednisolone during the test period was lower in the active group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.32). The test period was sequentially divided into 43-84, 50-84, 57-84, 64-84, 71-84 and 78-84 days. On day 64, the difference between the active group and the placebo group reached statistical significance (P = 0.04) with an increasing difference towards the end of the study. A statistically significant reduction in the pruritus scores and the total clinical scores from day 0 to day 84 was apparent in both groups (P < 0.0001). At the end of the study, both the pruritus score and the total clinical score were lower in the active group. Our findings indicate a steroid sparing effect of essential fatty acid supplementation in canine atopic dermatitis and, furthermore, that there is a time lag before the effect is attained.  相似文献   

8.
Stannous fluoride (SF) is an antibacterial compound that has been successfully used to treat gingivitis in people and dogs, and cutaneous bacterial infections in horses. The purpose of this prospective, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled clinical trial was to investigate the efficacy of 0.2% SF spray (BacDerm®; Emerald 3 Enterprises Inc., Camdenton, MO, USA) for the treatment of canine superficial pyoderma. Twenty‐six privately owned dogs with bacterial skin infections diagnosed on clinical signs, cytology and aerobic culture were enrolled. Dogs were randomly assigned to vehicle only or active ingredient treatment groups. The product was applied topically to affected areas once daily for 28 days, with assessments at days 0, 14, 28 and 42. Clinical and cytological evaluations were performed by the same investigators at each visit. Owners scored the improvement of hair coat, odour, pruritus and overall improvement at each recheck. Linear mixed models showed significant effects of treatment (P < 0.0001) and time (P = 0.0037) for investigator’s scores, and a significant time effect for owners’ haircoat (P = 0.0077) and odour (P = 0.0170) improvement scores. Dogs in both placebo and SF groups showed some improvement over time, and the investigator’s scores on days 0 and 28 were not significantly different between groups for both (t‐test P > 0.05). Spearman’s rho correlation coefficients revealed a significant negative correlation between investigator’s scores and all categories of owners’ assessment scores in dogs of both groups. Although some dogs improved on SF, this study does not support the use of 0.2% SF as sole therapy for canine superficial pyoderma.  相似文献   

9.
Two antibacterial shampoos for the treatment of canine bacterial overgrowth syndrome (BOGS) were compared in a prospective controlled clinical trial. Forty dogs with clinical signs (pruritus, erythema and excoriations without pustules and/or collarettes) and cytological findings compatible with bacterial overgrowth were treated twice weekly with 3 per cent chlorhexidine shampoo (3 per cent CHX) or 2.5 per cent benzoyl peroxide shampoo (2.5 per cent BPO) and evaluated every two weeks for up to six weeks until cytological cure. Pruritus, erythema, greasy seborrhoea, malodour, excoriations, secondary hair loss, lichenification, hyperpigmentation and lesion extent were each scored on a 0 to 3 severity scale and combined to calculate an aggregate score. Among the 34 dogs with good compliance to treatment, reduction of cocci counts of at least 90 per cent was recorded in 11 of 18 dogs after 3 per cent CHX and nine of 16 dogs after 2.5 per cent BPO, with no significant difference between the two products (P=0.98). Lesion score was significantly reduced in both groups (63.48 (34.45)) per cent with 3 per cent CHX v 54.45 (33.61) per cent with 2.5 per cent BPO, P=0.36) and time to cytological cure was not significantly different between groups (P=0.13), at the end of the treatment. In the present study, 3 per cent CHX and 2.5 per cent BPO were similarly effective in the treatment of canine BOGS.  相似文献   

10.
Thirty dogs with atopic dermatitis were given tepoxalin (Zubrin®, Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Boxmeer, the Netherlands) or placebo once daily for 4 weeks, followed by a wash-out period of 1 week before reversing the treatments. Pruritus was scored by the owners using the Edinburgh Pruritus Scale and one investigator employed a modification of the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index-01 (mCADESI-01) to score the physical lesions. After administration of tepoxalin there was a ≥ 50% reduction in pruritus and mCADESI-01 scores in 36% and 25% of the dogs, respectively, whereas following administration of the placebo there was a ≥ 50% reduction in pruritus and mCADESI-01 scores in only 25% and 16% of the dogs, respectively. Analysis of pooled data indicated that tepoxalin resulted in a significant reduction in pruritus ( P  = 0.012) and mCADESI-01 ( P  = 0.002) scores but there was no significant change after placebo. The median pruritus scores before and after tepoxalin were 2 (range 1–5) and 1 (range 0–5), respectively, and before and after placebo were 2 (range 0–4) and 2 (range 0–4), respectively. The median mCADESI scores before and after tepoxalin were 23 (range 0–68) and 16 (range 0–72), respectively, and before and after placebo were 18 (range 3–79) and 24 (range 0–65), respectively. At the dose used in this study (10.0–19.1 mg kg−1), tepoxalin was well-tolerated and no adverse effects were noted.  相似文献   

11.
This investigator-blinded randomized controlled trial was designed to determine whether tacrolimus ointment (Protopic, Fujisawa Healthcare) decreased the severity of localized lesions of canine atopic dermatitis (AD). Twenty dogs with AD were enrolled if they exhibited lesions on both front metacarpi. Each foot was randomized to be treated with 0.1% tacrolimus or placebo (vaseline) ointment twice daily for 6 weeks. Before, and every 2 weeks during the study, erythema, lichenification, oozing and excoriations each were graded on a 10-point scale (maximal total score: 40). The primary outcome measures were the percentage reduction from baseline of lesional scores and the number of subjects whose scores had decreased by 50% or greater at study end. Intention-to-treat analyses were used. At study onset, lesional scores were not significantly different between sites treated with tacrolimus or placebo. After 6 weeks, the percentage reduction from baseline scores was higher for tacrolimus-treated sites (median: 63%; 95% confidence interval: 39-67) than for placebo-treated feet (median: 3%; confidence interval: -2-13) (Wilcoxon test; P = 0.0003). When tacrolimus was applied, lesions decreased by 50% or greater in 15/20 dogs (75%); these dogs were those that completed the study. In contrast, this benchmark was not reached for any placebo-treated feet (Fisher's test; P < 0.0001). Adverse drug events consisted of minor irritation in some lesional areas treated with tacrolimus. Results of this trial suggest that the application of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment is useful for reducing the severity of localized skin lesions of canine AD.  相似文献   

12.
The severity of pruritus and the extent and severity of erythema were quantified in 107 dogs presenting with various dermatoses. Pruritus was assessed using a previously validated scale, and erythema was quantified by assessing severity at 72 different body sites. Pruritus scores were either 0, or followed a normal type of distribution, with most dogs having a score in the middle of the range and a few dogs having low or high scores. The median pruritus score was 6.3/10. Erythema scores were heavily skewed towards lower values, with only a few dogs having high scores. The median diffuse erythema score was 6.0/216 and the median score for maculo‐papular/pustular erythema was 0/1080. Pruritus and erythema scores were significantly correlated with a Spearman rank correlation coefficient of 0.4062 (P < 0.001). However, visual assessment of the data representing the two variables revealed that this was not a consistent biological or clinically relevant correlation. Individual dogs could have a high pruritus score with low erythema score or vice versa. This study raises questions about the use of erythema scoring systems as a primary outcome measure in clinical trials, and also about the role of various inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of canine pruritus.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
Objective   To evaluate the treatment efficacy of a topical spray containing hydrocortisone aceponate (HCA) on dogs with flea-allergy dermatitis (FAD).
Design   A controlled clinical study was conducted on dogs with experimentally induced FAD. Sixteen laboratory beagles with mild to moderate clinical signs were divided into two groups. The test group received HCA by topical spray once daily for 7 days, while the control group did not. Pruritic events (time and frequency) were videotaped and then scored. Clinical signs (erythema, papules, excoriation and alopecia) present on four anatomical regions were monitored and their severity directly assessed.
Results   After 2 days, pruritus was reduced by 94% in the treatment group and by 24% in the control group (P = 0.014) in cumulative time, and by 86% versus 34% (P = 0.034) in frequency. The HCA spray also resulted in significant improvements in overall clinical signs: 23% versus 0% in the control group (P = 0.0006) on day 3 and 43% versus 15% in the control group (P = 0.0006) on day 7. During the 7-day trial, no drug-related adverse effects were observed.
Conclusions   Topical treatment with HCA showed a rapid and potent antipruritic effect on dogs with FAD. HCA also demonstrated significant overall therapeutic effects on FAD-associated skin lesions.  相似文献   

15.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether tacrolimus ointment (Protopic) decreased the severity of localized lesions of canine atopic dermatitis (AD). Twenty dogs with AD were enrolled if they exhibited skin lesions localized to both front metacarpi. Each foot was randomized to be treated either with 0.1% tacrolimus or placebo (vaseline) ointment twice daily for 6 weeks. The nature of treatment for each foot lesion was concealed from the clinician. Before, and every 2 weeks during the study, erythema, lichenification, oozing and excoriations each were graded on a 10-point scale (maximal total score: 40). The primary outcome measures consisted of the percentage reduction from baseline of lesional scores, and the number of subjects whose scores had decreased by 50% or greater by the end of the study. Intent-to-treat analyses were used. At the beginning of the study, lesional scores were not significantly different between treatment groups. After 6 weeks, the percentage reduction from baseline scores was higher for tacrolimus-treated sites [median: 63% (95% CI: 39–67)] than for placebo-treated feet [3% (-2-13)] (paired t -test; P  < 0.0001). When tacrolimus was applied, lesions decreased by 50% or greater in 15 dogs (75%), while this benchmark was not reached for any placebo-treated feet (Fisher's exact test; P  < 0.0001). Adverse drug events consisted of minor irritation in some dogs treated with tacrolimus. Results of this randomized, controlled trial suggest that the daily application of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment is useful for reducing the severity of localized skin lesions of canine AD.
Funding: Self-funded.  相似文献   

16.
Ultrapure soft water (UPSW) is water in which calcium and magnesium ions have been replaced with sodium ions using a cation‐exchange resin. We recently demonstrated that washing with soap and UPSW reduced the clinical severity of dermatitis and improved the skin barrier function in NC/NgaTnd mice, a murine model for human atopic dermatitis. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of shampoo treatment with UPSW for dogs with pruritus. Eleven dogs with pruritus were randomly assigned to two groups depending on whether they received weekly shampoo treatment with UPSW or tap water for 4 weeks. After a washout period, the treatment protocol was switched such that each dog received both treatments. The pre‐treatment and post‐treatment values of the following were compared: pruritus scores assessed by the owners; dermatitis scores recorded by an investigator; and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Shampoo treatment with UPSW significantly decreased pruritus and dermatitis scores in the dogs, whereas shampoo treatment with tap water did not. In addition, shampoo treatment with UPSW, but not with tap water, significantly reduced TEWL in the dogs. Adverse events due to the treatment were not observed in the dogs. Furthermore, we found that topical application of UPSW for barrier‐disrupted skin caused by tape stripping in healthy dogs decreased TEWL more rapidly than topical application of tap water. Our findings suggest that shampoo treatment with UPSW promotes skin barrier recovery and thus could be considered as a possible therapeutic option in the management of pruritus and dermatitis in dogs.  相似文献   

17.
The clinical and antibacterial efficacy of two shampoos used as a sole antibacterial treatment in dogs with superficial pyoderma were investigated and compared. In a randomised, partially blinded study, a 3 per cent chlorhexidine gluconate shampoo (Chlorhex 3; Leo Animal Health) was compared against a 2.5 per cent benzoyl peroxide shampoo (Paxcutol; Virbac) in 22 dogs with superficial pyoderma. Dogs were washed two to three times weekly with a 10-minute contact time over 21 days. Clinical scores and bacterial counts were assessed on days 1, 8 and 22 and compared within and between treatment groups; overall response was assessed at the end of the study. Twenty dogs completed the study; 15 (68.2 per cent) showed an overall clinical improvement and the clinical signs resolved in three chlorhexidine-treated dogs. In the chlorhexidine-treated group, scores for papules/pustules (P<0.001), investigator-assessed pruritus (P=0.003), total bacterial counts (P=0.003) and counts for coagulase-positive staphylococci (P=0.003) were reduced after three weeks. Scores and bacterial counts did not vary significantly in the benzoyl peroxide-treated group.  相似文献   

18.
Tacrolimus is a nonsteroidal alternative to treat noninfectious otitis externa (OE) in people. This 21‐day study investigated whether twice daily application (0.2 mL/dose) of sterile olive oil based 0.1% tacrolimus suspension in ears of atopic beagle dogs without OE was associated with adverse local reactions, development of OE, change in otic cytology, vestibular dysfunction, or hearing loss detected by brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER). The study was randomized, double‐blinded, and placebo‐controlled. Twenty‐two dogs matched for age and sex were randomized to tacrolimus or vehicle control treatment groups. Two investigators independently evaluated dogs for signs of adverse effects including OE the first 4 days of treatment, then every 3 days. A logistic regression model was fit for each investigator’s clinical scores (SAS, 9.2, 2008). Time (P = 0.0032) and group (P = 0.0167) were always significant for OE. Inter‐observer reliability of clinical scores was strong, measured using Kappa coefficients and proportion of agreement. All nine exclusions (7/10 control‐ and 2/12 tacrolimus‐treated dogs) were excluded for yeast OE. Inter‐observer agreement to exclude was 100%. All dogs not excluded had normal BAER assessments before treatment, weekly during treatment, and after 21 days of treatment. None showed vestibular abnormalities at these times. Tacrolimus blood concentrations (Abbott IMx Tacrolimus II) were below detection limits (3 ng/mL) at baseline and after 21 days of treatment. Results suggest otic application of olive oil based tacrolimus suspension to canine ears with intact tympanic membranes is unlikely to result in hearing loss or vestibular dysfunction but yeast OE is a possible risk.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporin in controlling the clinical signs associated with atopic dermatitis in dogs under Australian field conditions. DESIGN: A multicentre prospective clinical investigation of the use of cyclosporin in 41 dogs with atopic dermatitis. PROCEDURE: Dogs were treated with cyclosporin (5 mg/kg orally once daily with food) for 6 weeks. Four clinical parameters of severity of atopic dermatitis were measured on Day 0 and on Day 42 using a 0 to 4 scoring system. Individual variables were then combined to form a Global Score. Both client and clinician observed pruritus scores were combined to form a Pruritus Score. Pre- and post-treatment scores were statistically analysed. The difference in results between the two investigators was also recorded and analysed. RESULTS: All dogs showed a marked reduction in pruritus and erythema during the 6-week treatment period. All dogs showed a significant (P < 0.001) improvement in clinical lesion scores and Global Score (P < 0.001). The mean percentage improvement in Global Score from Day 0 to Day 42 was 83.9%. The mean percentage improvement in Pruritus Score from Day 0 to Day 42 was 83%. The medication was well tolerated. Side effects such as vomiting, diarrhoea and soft stools were observed in four dogs. Another four dogs developed bacterial pyoderma during the trial period. There was no significant difference in results between the two centres. CONCLUSION: Cyclosporin was well tolerated and efficacious in the symptomatic treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs attending two veterinary dermatology referral centres in Australia, under Australian field conditions, when administered at 5 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks.  相似文献   

20.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the minimum effective dose of recombinant canine interferon-γ (rCaIFN-γ) for the treatment of dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). Thirty-four dogs with AD from 17 animal hospitals in Japan were administered half or one-fifth of the approved rCaIFN-γ dose of 10 000 units/kg, three times a week for 4 weeks, followed by once weekly for an additional 4 weeks. Pruritus, excoriation, erythema and alopecia were evaluated and scored by the investigators on weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12. The efficacy rate (number of excellent cases + number of good cases/total number of cases) at week 8 in the 2000 units/kg group was 36.4% for pruritus, 36.4% for excoriation, 45.5% for erythema and 36.4% for alopecia. In contrast, in the 5000 units/kg group, the efficacy rate was 64.3% for pruritus, 57.1% for excoriation, 78.6% for erythema and 78.6% for alopecia. The efficacy rate of the 5000 units/kg group was high for all signs evaluated and comparable to that of the 10 000 units/kg group reported in a previous study. The results of this study showed that 2000 units/kg of rCaIFN-γ is less effective than 5000 units/kg to treat dogs with AD, and the efficacy of the 5000 units/kg dose is comparable to that of 10 000 units/kg at week 8.  相似文献   

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