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1.
免耕对土壤团聚体特征以及有机碳储量的影响   总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12  
以实施7年的中国科学院禹城综合试验站冬小麦夏玉米轮作免耕长期定位试验场为对象,研究免耕条件下土壤水稳性团聚体和有机碳储量的变化,为进一步评价免耕措施对黄淮海平原土壤结构和质量的影响提供科学依据。设置免耕(NT)、免耕秸秆不还田(NTRR)、常规耕作(CT)3种处理,分析土壤表层(0~20 cm)及深层(20~60 cm)水稳性团聚体分布特征、土壤有机碳以及团聚体有机碳的变化和相互关系。研究结果表明:由于减少了对土壤的破坏以及增加了秸秆还田和有机肥的施用,与常规耕作相比,NT和NTRR可提高表层土壤有机碳含量和储量、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),以及大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量。其中,秸秆覆盖比施用有机肥对表层土壤有机碳储量和0.25~2 mm团聚体有机碳储量的提高具有更显著的作用。与表层不同,深层土壤有机碳和大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量表现为NT相似文献   

2.
为研究不同轮作模式对渭北旱作冬小麦?春玉米一年1熟轮作田土壤物理性状和产量的影响,于2007—2014年在陕西省合阳县冬小麦?春玉米轮作田连续7年实施了保护性耕作定位试验,测定和分析了免耕/深松、深松/翻耕、翻耕/免耕、连续免耕、连续深松和连续翻耕6种轮耕模式下麦田0~60 cm土层物理性状、0~200 cm土层土壤湿度和小麦产量的变化。结果表明:1)不同轮耕模式0~40 cm土层土壤容重、孔隙度和田间持水量差异显著,其中以免耕/深松效果最显著;0~60 cm土层免耕/深松轮耕处理平均田间持水量较连续翻耕处理提高12.9%;2)轮耕对土壤团聚体特性影响明显,免耕/深松0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(R0.25)最高,结构体破碎率和不稳定团粒指数(ELT)最低,水稳性均重直径(WMWD)最高,水稳性和力稳性团聚体分形维数(D)均最低;3)小麦生育期间免耕/深松处理0~200 cm土层土壤蓄水量和小麦产量较连续翻耕分别增加17.7 mm和9.5%。综合可知,轮耕有利于耕层土壤物理结构改善,免耕/深松更有利于耕层土壤大团聚体形成和土壤结构稳定,利于土壤蓄水保墒和作物增产,为渭北旱塬区麦玉轮作田较适宜的轮耕模式。  相似文献   

3.
A field study was performed for two consecutive seasons to evaluate the effect of polyacrylamide (PAM), tillage systems and particle size on soil physical properties and wheat grain yield. The PAM rates were 0, 10 and 20 kg ha?1 while the tillage treatments included no-tillage (NT), moldboard plowing (CT1), and chisel plowing (CT2). Soil fine particles size of two locations were A (25.2 silt + clay) and B (38.5 silt + clay). Location B reported higher organic matter and total porosity while lower in bulk density. The CT1 and NT treatments denoted better soil organic matter percentage. The CT1 presented maximum infiltration rate compared to other tillage systems. No tillage showed better soil water contents while the minimum was in CT1 of location A and CT2 of location B. Increasing the PAM rate increased total porosity, infiltration rate and soil water content while decreased soil bulk density. Possibly, the presence of compacted layer in location A hindered the effect of PAM. At location B, the CT2 with PAM of 20 kg ha?1 had the highest grain yield compared to other tillage systems. The PAM is beneficial for soil and water conservation and can be used in agriculture.  相似文献   

4.
黄土区坡耕地土壤结皮对入渗的影响   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8  
黄土高原地区,坡面土壤水分是生态建设的关键问题。以黄土高原坡耕地人为管理方式为背景,在室内人工模拟降雨条件下采用等高耕作和人工掏挖两种措施,并且设计直线坡作为对照,研究不同耕作措施下土壤结皮的形成特征,同时从降雨-入渗的角度研究两种类型结皮(结构结皮和沉积结皮)对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响。研究结果表明:土壤结皮阻碍坡面土壤水分入渗,结皮坡面产流时间早,且土壤累积入渗量明显低于无结皮坡面;采用Kostiakov模型、Horton模型、蒋定生模型对坡面土壤水分入渗过程进行优化模拟的结果表明蒋定生模型适用于描述本研究坡面土壤水分入渗的特征;耕作措施造成的微地形对土壤结皮的类型有很大影响,在洼地径流携带泥沙堆积形成沉积结皮,地势较高处降雨雨滴直接打击形成结构结皮。研究两种类型结皮发现,沉积结皮相对于结构结皮密度高且孔隙度低,并且两种类型结皮对坡面土壤水分入渗的影响存在差异,沉积结皮平均减渗效应为37.13%,结构结皮平均减渗效应为19.79%,因此,沉积结皮更大程度影响坡面土壤水分入渗。  相似文献   

5.
轮耕对双季稻田土壤结构及水贮量的影响   总被引：17，自引：8，他引：9  
该文针对南方稻田长期免耕存在的耕层变浅、下层土壤紧实等问题,进行了土壤轮耕效应的研究。试验选择双季稻区连续7 a免耕稻田,2006年4月设置免耕、翻耕和旋耕3种耕作处理。2007年4月将翻耕、旋耕稻田一半免耕,剩下一半继续翻耕、旋耕。每年早稻和晚稻采用同一耕作措施。研究结果表明,长期免耕表层0～5 cm土壤体积质量呈降低趋势,而下层10～20 cm呈增加趋势。翻耕、旋耕相对于长期免耕能够有效降低下层土壤体积质量,同时,提高下层毛管孔隙度。翻耕、旋耕后免耕下层土壤体积质量呈增加趋势,而毛管孔隙度呈降低趋势。长期免耕后,翻耕、旋耕能够有效增加耕层（0～20 cm）土壤水贮量,特别是在土壤含水率偏低时尤为显著,2007年翻耕、旋耕较长期免耕分别高了12.9%和20.7%,而翻耕、旋耕后免耕呈降低趋势。研究还显示,各轮耕耕层土壤质量含水率与体积质量呈显著线性负相关,与毛管孔隙度呈显著线性正相关。总之,长期免耕后,翻耕、旋耕措施通过改变耕层土壤结构,进而提高稻田土壤水贮量。  相似文献   

6.
The effects of five tillage treatments: no tillage (NT), disc harrowing (DH), mouldboard ploughing followed by disc harrowing (MPH), disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing (DPH), and disc ploughing followed by two passes of disc harrowing (DPHH) on crop residue cover, soil properties and some yield parameters of cowpea were investigated for a derived savannah ectone soil. The residue left on the soil surface for NT, DH, and MPH is not significantly different. The NT left 32.1 and 44.3% more residue on the soil surface than the DPH and DPHH treatments, respectively. The NT treatment had least average value of soil bulk density of 1.01 g/cm3. The mean soil bulk densities for the DH, MPH, DPH and DPHH vary between 1.20 and 1.35 g/cm3. The soil moisture content decreased with increasing soil depth. At the soil depth of 10–30 cm, the cone penetration resistance at NT was 1.18 MPa compared with 0.92 MPa for the DH treatment, although these were not significant (p≤0.05). The tillage treatments had a significant effect on grain yield, mass of leaves and stems, root length density, and number of pods per plant of cowpea except on the germination count. DH and NT treatments gave different grain yield and number of pods per plant but these values were not statistically different and represent the highest grain yield and number of pods per plant among the other treatments were considered. The root zone exploration revealed highest root density at shallow depths with the DH and MPH treatments.  相似文献   

7.
耕作方式对土壤水分入渗、有机碳含量及土壤结构的影响   总被引：14，自引：6，他引：14  
为探明不同耕作方式对土壤剖面结构、水分入渗过程等的作用机理,采集田间长期定位耕作措施(常规耕作、免耕、深松)试验中的原状土柱(0~100 cm)及0~10 cm、10~20 cm、…、90~100 cm环刀样、原状土及混合土样,通过室内模拟试验进行了0~100 cm土层土壤入渗过程和饱和导水率的测定,分析了不同土层的土壤有机碳含量、土壤结构特征及相互关系。结果表明:从土柱顶部开始供水(恒定水头)到水分全部入渗到土柱底部的时间为:常规耕作免耕深松;土柱土壤入渗速率和累积入渗量为:深松免耕常规耕作;土柱累积蒸发量为:常规耕作免耕深松。土壤的饱和导水率表现为:0~10 cm和50~60 cm土层,免耕深松常规耕作;20~50 cm和60~100 cm土层,深松免耕常规耕作。随土层的加深,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和土壤有机碳含量均表现为先增加(10~20 cm)再降低的趋势。在0~40 cm土层和80~100 cm土层,均以深松处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量最高。在60 cm以上土层,土壤有机碳含量表现为:免耕深松常规耕作,而60 cm土层以下土壤有机碳显著降低,均低于4 g·kg?1,且在70 cm以下土层,常规耕作免耕深松。综上,耕作措施能够改变土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤结构,促进土壤蓄水保墒;深松更利于水分就地入渗,而免耕则更利于有机碳的提升和水分的储存,其作用深度在0~60 cm土层。  相似文献   

8.
Abstract. A two year field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of straw management and tillage on the soil profile (1.5m) water storage, nature of the moisture profile, infiltration and sorptivity as influenced by rainfall, evaporativity (E0) and soil texture. The straw mulch treatment stored more moisture under low E0 rainy conditions in three coarse to medium textured soils. Straw incorporation treatment was better under low E0 rain free conditions, as well as under high E0 rainy conditions in the two coarser textured soils. In the coarsest textured soil, tillage and straw mulching were not effective in maintaining greater soil water storage under high E0 because of the very open nature of the soil. The soil moisture profiles showed a sharper increase in water content below the tilled layer in the tillage and straw- incorporation treatments than the untreated and straw mulch treatments. Tillage and straw incorporation treatments increased the sorptivity of the soil compared with untreated and straw mulch treatments respectively. The results of this study suggest that when selecting a suitable soil water conservation practice to increase water storage in the soil profile, information on soil texture and weather (rain and evaporativity) must be considered.  相似文献   

9.
Soil management practices are needed in the subarctic that stabilize the soil against the forces of wind and water as well as conserve soil water for crop production. There is a paucity of information, however, regarding the long-term effects of conservation tillage on soil hydraulic properties in subarctic Alaska. The objective of this study was therefore to characterize infiltration, water retention, and saturated hydraulic conductivity of a soil 20 years after establishing tillage and straw management treatments in interior Alaska. The strip plot experimental design, established on a silt loam and maintained in continuous barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), included tillage as the main treatment and straw management as the secondary treatment. Tillage treatments included no tillage, autumn chisel plow, spring disk, and intensive tillage (autumn and spring disk) while straw treatments included retaining or removing stubble and loose straw from the soil surface after harvest. Soil properties were measured after sowing in spring 2004; saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured by the falling-head method, infiltration was measured using a double-ring infiltrometer, and water retention was assessed by measuring the temporal variation in in-situ soil water content. No tillage resulted in greater saturated hydraulic conductivity and generally retained more water against gravitational and matric forces than other tillage treatments. Infiltration was greater in autumn chisel plow than other tillage treatments and was presumably suppressed in no tillage by an organic layer overlying mineral soil. Infiltration was also enhanced by retaining straw on rather than removing straw from the soil surface after harvest. No tillage is not yet a sustainable management practice in this region due to lack of weed control strategies. In addition, the formation of an organic layer in no tillage has important ramifications for the soil hydrological and thermal environment. Therefore, minimum tillage (i.e., autumn chisel plow or spring disk) appears to be a viable management option for maximizing infiltration in interior Alaska.  相似文献   

10.
The objective was to evaluate the effect of different agricultural managements on soil organic C (SOC) storage and crop yields in the North China Plain (NCP). The study was conducted at five experimental stations. Different agricultural managements were designed, including optimal (OPT) and conventional (CON) irrigation and fertilization treatments, different amounts of fertilization application and residue‐return treatments, and different tillage practices. Compared to the CON treatment, SOC storage in the 1 m soil profile under the OPT treatment increased by 2 t ha–1, 8 t ha–1, and 4 t ha–1 at Quzhou, Wuqiao, and Dongbeiwang sites, respectively. The annual increasing rate of SOC storages in the topsoil (0–30 cm) under the OPT treatments at Wuqiao (0.88 t ha–1 y–1), Quzhou (0.93 t ha–1 y–1), and Dongbeiwang (1.86 t ha–1 y–1) were higher than those in the CON treatments at Wuqiao (0.15 t ha–1 y–1), Quzhou (0.54 t ha–1 y–1), and Dongbeiwang (0.28 t ha–1 y–1), but the difference of grain yields between the two treatments was not significant. The SOC storage in 1 m soil profile in the no‐tillage treatment with standing residue return (NT1) at Luancheng increased by 5 t ha–1 and 7 t ha–1 compared with rotary‐tillage (RT) and conventional‐tillage (CT) treatments, respectively, but the crop yield under no‐tillage treatment was the lowest. While at Quzhou site, it increased by 3 t ha–1 in the top 40 cm soil under the NT treatment compared to the CT treatment. The annual increasing rate of SOC storage in the top 30 cm under NT treatment was also the highest (1.08 t ha–1 y–1 at Luancheng, 1.86 t ha–1 y–1 at Quzhou), compared to the other tillage treatments. At Henghsui site, the combination of the highest fertilization application and highest residue‐return treatments got the highest SOC storage and the highest crop yields. We concluded that the agricultural management practices, such as optimal irrigation and fertilization treatment, the higher fertilization, residue return and RT, has significant impact on the SOC storage and agricultural sustainability in the NCP.  相似文献   

11.
为探明不同耕作保墒措施下冬小麦生育期间光合生理特征及其增产机理,采用田间试验,以常规耕作为对照,采用深松、秸秆覆盖、免耕、施用有机肥及保水剂等措施,研究了不同耕作和保墒措施对冬小麦生育期间光合作用、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:冬小麦光合速率和叶片水分利用效率均以孕穗期最高,而灌浆期最低。蒸腾速率和气孔导度均以扬花期最高。对不同处理而言,在各生育时期均以深松处理的光合速率和叶片水分利用效率最高,其次为秸秆覆盖处理。在拔节期、孕穗期和扬花期以有机肥处理的蒸腾速率最高,而灌浆期以秸秆覆盖的蒸腾速率较高,在全生育期对照的蒸腾速率均较低。气孔导度与蒸腾速率表现规律基本一致。不同耕作、保墒措施均提高了小麦的穗数、穗粒数及千粒重,以及小麦籽粒产量和水分生产效率,降低了小麦总耗水量;各处理中以深松处理的效果最佳,其产量和水分生产效率分别较对照提高19.6%和38.3%。相关分析表明:各时期的小麦光合速率及叶片水分利用效率均与小麦产量和水分生产效率呈正相关,且随生育期的推进,其相关性增强,特别在扬花期,光合速率对于小麦产量和水分生产效率的影响更显著。  相似文献   

12.
Micropores are important to soil moisture retention and plant growth. Microporosity and pore size distribution were evaluated using mercury intrusion porosimetery on aggregates from 35-year-old experiments started in 1962 at Wooster (40.5 °N, 82 °W) and South Charleston (39.8 °N, 84 °W) in Ohio, USA and from three land use practices on Kolombangara (8 °S, 157 °E) in Solomon Islands. Tillage treatments in Ohio included: moldboard plowing (MP), chisel plowing (CP), and no-till (NT) with continuous corn. The land use treatments in Kolombangara included: natural forest (NF), traditional farming (TF) and topsoil removal (TR). Pore size measured in aggregates ranged from 0.2 to 100 μm in diameter. Median pore radius was significantly (P < 0.05) larger for NT than for MP and CP treatments at Wooster, but not at South Charleston. Tillage treatments had significant effect on the volume of both storage and residual pores for both sites in Ohio. Volume of storage and residual pores were higher for Wooster than South Charleston soil. At Kolombangara, the NF treatment had significantly larger median and peak pore radii, and microporosity than TF and TR treatments. There was, however, no significant difference among treatments in the volume of pore size distribution. These data support a recommendation for adoption of no-till or conservation tillage in soils of the temperate region, and of minimal disturbance and effective erosion control in soils of the tropics.  相似文献   

13.
坡耕地地表糙度对降水分配的实验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
地表糙度指地表微小的高低起伏变化,是人为土地管理与土壤侵蚀共同作用的结果,可以影响降雨过程中水分转化与土壤侵蚀过程。该文以直线坡为对照,借助3种常见耕作管理措施（人工锄耕、人工掏挖与等高耕作）产生不同水平的地表糙度,结合人工模拟降雨试验研究地表糙度水分转化效应。结果表明:长历时人工降雨条件下,地表糙度可以强化降雨向土壤水分转化。其强化入渗作用表现为:增加地表填洼量,增大入渗水头与入渗深度,滞后产流时间,削减径流量,进而提高入渗率及水分转化率。坡耕地地表糙度与填洼量成指数关系,与平均入渗率及水分转化率成对数关系。  相似文献   

14.
In arid and semiarid regions, water infiltration is often affected by the soil surface conditions, such as the soil crusts and soil roughness. The objective of this laboratory study was to assess the effects of soil crusts and tillage treatments on soil infiltration in the Loess Plateau of China. A simulated rainfall storm at 80 mm h?1 rate was applied to soil boxes set to slopes of 5°, 10°, 15° and 20° with two soil surface conditions (crusted and uncrusted) and three tillage treatments (contour tillage [CT], artificial digging [AD] and straight slope [SS]) to investigate the infiltration rates. The results show that the infiltration rate was always lower under the SS treatment than under the CT and AD treatments. The time interval to the steady state was shorter under the SS (10 min) than under the CT and AD treatments (15–20 min). The final infiltration rate was nearly the same under the CT treatment and AD treatment; whereas, the SS treatment resulted in the lowest final infiltration rate. The infiltration rates were always greater in soils without crusts than in soils with crusts. The slopes, soil crusts and tillage treatments had significant (p < 0.001) effects on the cumulative infiltration rates. The combined effects of the slopes and tillage treatments on the cumulative infiltration rates were much more significant (p < 0.01) than the other combined effects (p < 0.05).  相似文献   

15.
少免耕土壤结构与导水能力的季节变化及其水保效果   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  
通过对黑土坡耕地免耕、少耕与传统耕作土壤物理性状全生育期观测,比较研究土壤结构和导水性状季节变化差异及其与水土流失的关系。结果表明,表层0~20 cm土壤,免耕土壤容重全生育期维持在1.20~1.30 g cm-3,变化小,大于0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体含量(WR0.25)和平均重量直径(MWD)高于传统耕作,初始和稳定入渗速率均高于少耕和传统耕作,土壤含水量分别较少耕和传统耕作高4.7和4.4个百分点,较传统耕作分别减少地表径流和土壤流失量86%和100%;少耕除夏季各项性状均介于免耕和传统耕作之间,夏季垄沟深松后,垄沟土壤容重显著降低,较免耕和传统耕作降低0.15 g cm-3以上,提高土壤初始入渗速率30%以上,较传统耕作减少水和土壤流失量20%和40%。传统耕作土壤容重,垄台由播种时的0.91 g cm-3增加至收获时的1.23 g cm-3,垄沟一直维持在1.30 g cm-3左右,WR0.25、MWD、土壤稳定入渗速率、含水量均较低,全生育期10%的雨水流失,土壤流失量615 t km-2a-1。免耕土壤结构稳定,蓄水保水最佳,为效果显著的水土保持耕作措施,少耕也有一定的保水保土作用;免耕和少耕均能够改善土壤物理性状。  相似文献   

16.
【目的】通过研究保护性耕作对旱地春玉米土壤有机碳(SOC)、产量及水分利用的影响,分析保护性耕作的增产机制,为旱作农田耕作技术应用提供理论和技术支持。【方法】采用2003~2013年连续11年的田间定位试验,设传统耕作(CT)、少耕(RT)和免耕(NT)3种耕作措施,分析土壤0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层有机碳含量、土壤0-20 cm含水量、作物耗水量、玉米产量和水分利用效率的年际变化和耕作处理间的差异,并对玉米产量与影响因素的相关性进行分析。【结果】1)保护性耕作能有效提高土壤有机碳含量,少耕、免耕处理0-20 cm土层有机碳含量11年平均值较传统耕作分别提高了11.2%和3.4%;至2013年少耕、免耕20-40 cm土层有机碳含量分别较传统耕作增加了5.53和3.29 g/kg;土壤0-20 cm有机碳储量净增加速率分别为C 0.365和0.754t/(hm2·a)。2)保护性耕作具有明显的增产效果,少耕产量最高,增产效果最好2003~2013年均产量为5.83t/hm~2,较传统耕作提高了14.7%;免耕次之,年均产量为5.39 t/hm~2,较传统耕作增产6.1%。3)各耕作处理玉米产量与土壤0-20 cm土层含水量之间存在显著的二次方程关系,与作物耗水量之间具有显著的乘幂方程关系。4)保护性耕作可以增加土壤水分减少玉米生育期内的耗水量,提高水分利用效率,其中免耕土壤0-20 cm土层水分含量最高2003-2013年平均含水量为15.2%,较传统耕作和少耕提高了1.90和1.66个百分点,且生育期耗水量最少2003~2013年均耗水量为403.5 mm,较传统耕作和少耕减少了16.1 mm和7.6 mm;少耕、免耕的水分利用效率较传统耕作分别提高了16.1%和10.2%,降水利用效率较传统耕作提高13.9%和5.8%。【结论】长期保护性耕作可以有效地提高土壤有机碳含量、增加土壤水分、减少作物耗水量,从而显著提高了玉米产量和水分利用效率,3种耕作措施中以少耕效果最好,免耕次之在旱作农田推广少、免耕保护性耕作措施是一种增产、节水的有效途径。  相似文献   

17.
免耕覆盖对宁南山区土壤物理性状及马铃薯产量的影响   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：6  
侯贤清  李荣 《农业工程学报》2015,31(19):112-119
宁南山区干旱频发、春旱突出,马铃薯播期土壤墒情不足、苗期干旱等问题,严重影响马铃薯的生长发育。该研究通过设置免耕条件下不同覆盖方式,以翻耕不覆盖为对照,研究不同覆盖耕作措施下土壤物理性状及马铃薯生长的影响。结果表明,与翻耕不覆盖相比,免耕覆盖可有效降低耕层土壤容重,改善土壤空隙状况,以免耕覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳。与翻耕不覆盖相比,免耕覆盖地膜和免耕覆盖秸秆处理可使0~20 cm土层5 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量显著增加,使20~40 cm土层2~5 mm机械稳定性团聚体的含量显著增加。免耕条件下不同覆盖方式能有效改善马铃薯生育期0~200 cm土层土壤水分状况,免耕覆盖地膜对作物生长前期土壤水分保蓄效果较好,免耕覆盖秸秆对作物生长中后期土壤水分状况的改善作用最佳。免耕条件下不同覆盖方式马铃薯植株株高、茎粗及地上部生物量均显著高于翻耕不覆盖,作物生育前期以免耕覆地膜处理效果最佳,中后期以免耕覆秸秆处理效果最明显。免耕覆秸秆处理的马铃薯产量和商品薯率最高,较翻耕不覆盖增产24.14%,商品薯率较翻耕不覆盖提高15.93%。可见,免耕覆盖秸秆措施具有良好的蓄水保墒效果,对马铃薯生长有利,其增产效果显著。该研究可为马铃薯高产高效栽培提供参考。  相似文献   

18.
轮耕对渭北旱塬春玉米田土壤理化性状和产量的影响   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
为了揭示不同轮耕处理对渭北旱塬春玉米田土壤理化性状及春玉米产量的影响,于2008—2010年在陕西合阳设置了免耕深松免耕(NT/ST/NT)、深松翻耕深松(ST/CT/ST)、翻耕免耕翻耕(CT/NT/CT)、免耕免耕免耕(NT/NT/NT)、深松深松深松(ST/ST/ST)和翻耕翻耕翻耕(CT/CT/CT)6种轮耕模式,测定和分析了各轮耕处理下土壤容重、土壤养分与玉米产量差异。结果表明:(1)各轮耕处理降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤孔隙度,增加了田间持水量,且以NT/ST/NT处理效果最佳;与对照CT/CT/CT相比,NT/ST/NT处理0～20cm和20～40 cm土层土壤容重分别降低11.43%和9.79%,土壤孔隙度分别增加11.05%和9.87%。(2)NT/ST/NT处理对耕层0～20 cm土层土壤有机质和全氮含量影响显著(P<0.05),0～60 cm土层土壤有机质平均含量最高(10.36 g.kg 1),土壤全氮含量平均值比试验开始前和对照CT/CT/CT分别提高10.65%和4.31%;各耕作处理对0～20 cm土层土壤全氮和碱解氮含量影响较大,而对20～40 cm土层土壤有效磷和速效钾含量影响较大,保护性轮耕处理对土壤培肥效应显著(P<0.05)高于传统翻耕处理。(3)NT/ST/NT、ST/CT/ST、CT/NT/CT、NT/NT/NT和ST/ST/ST处理产量比对照CT/CT/CT处理分别增产22.42%、16.33%、3.77%、9.91%和14.18%(P<0.05),以NT/ST/NT处理春玉米增产率最高。  相似文献   

19.
Low and extremely variable precipitations limit dryland crop production in the semi-arid areas of Aragón (NE Spain). These areas are also affected by high annual rates of topsoil losses by both wind and water erosion. A long-term experiment to determine the feasibility of conservation tillage in the main winter barley production areas of Aragón was initiated in 1989 at four locations, three on loam to silt loam soils (Xerollic Calciorthid) and one on a silty clay loam (Fluventic Ustochrept), receiving between 300 and 600 mm of average annual rainfall. In this study, we compared, under both continuous cropping and cereal-fallow rotation, the effects of conventional tillage (mouldboard plough) and two conservation tillage systems, reduced tillage (chisel plough) and no-tillage, on soil water content and penetration resistance during the first two growing seasons. Whereas reduced and conventionally tilled treatments generally had similar soil water content during the experimental period, the effects of no-tillage were inconsistent. No-tilled plots had from 26% less to 17% more stored soil water (0–80 cm) than conventional tilled plots at the beginning of the growing season. In contrast to the conventional and reduced tillage treatments, penetration resistances were between 2 and 4 MPa after sowing in most of the plough layer (0–40 cm) under no-tillage at all sites. Fallow efficiencies in moisture storage in the cereal-fallow rotation, when compared with the continuous cropping system, ranged from −8.7 to 12%. The highest efficiencies were recorded when the rainfall in the months close to primary tillage exceeded 100 mm. Since this event is very unlikely, long fallowing (9–10 months) appears to be an inefficient practice for water conservation under both conventional and conservation management. Our results suggest that, up to now, only reduced tillage could replace conventional tillage without adverse effects on soil water content and penetration resistance in the dryland cereal-growing areas of Aragón.  相似文献   

20.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of tillage and cropping system on near-saturated hydraulic conductivity, residue cover and surface roughness to improve soil management for moisture conservation under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. Three tillage systems were compared (subsoil tillage, minimum tillage and no-tillage) under three field situations (continuous crop, fallow and crop after fallow) on two soils (Fluventic Xerochrept and Lithic Xeric Torriorthent). Soil under no-tillage had lower hydraulic conductivity (5.0 cm day−1) than under subsoil tillage (15.5 cm day−1) or minimum tillage (14.3 cm day−1) during 1 of 2 years in continuous crop due to a reduction of soil porosity. Residue cover at sowing was greater under no-tillage (60%) than under subsoil or minimum tillage (<10%) in continuous crop. Under fallow, residue cover was low (10%) at sowing of the following crop for all tillage systems in both soils. Surface roughness increased with tillage, with a high value of 16% and decreasing following rainfall. Under no-tillage, surface roughness was relatively low (3–4%). Greater surface residue cover under no-tillage helped conserve water, despite indications of lower hydraulic conductivity. To overcome the condition of low infiltration and high evaporation when no-till fallow is expected in a cropping sequence, either greater residue production should be planed prior to fallow (e.g. no residue harvest) or surface tillage may be needed during fallow.  相似文献   

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