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1.
卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎动物模型建立及病原体的形态观察 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Wistar大鼠、小鼠、家兔和野生鼠用皮下注射醋酸可的松建立卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的动物模型。解剖,取肺脏制作涂片、印片和石蜡切片,经染色进行病原体形态观察。结果显示野生鼠卡氏肺孢子虫感染率最高,为81．3％;Wistar大鼠感染率其次,为56．3％;小鼠为25％;家兔为12．5％。支气管肺泡灌洗液涂片和肺组织印片用姬姆萨染色后,可见卡氏肺孢子虫的囊内小体和滋养体。肺组织切片用哥氏银、甲苯胺蓝染色后,可见清晰的卡氏肺孢子虫的包囊壁。 相似文献
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Henderson KS Dole V Parker NJ Momtsios P Banu L Brouillette R Simon MA Albers TM Pritchett-Corning KR Clifford CB Shek WR 《Veterinary pathology》2012,49(3):440-452
A prevalent and distinctive infectious interstitial pneumonia (IIP) of immunocompetent laboratory rats was suspected to be caused by a putative virus, termed rat respiratory virus, but this was never substantiated. To study this disease, 2 isolators were independently populated with rats from colonies with endemic disease, which was perpetuated by the regular addition of naive rats. After Pneumocystis was demonstrated by histopathology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the lungs of rats from both isolators and an earlier bedding transmission study, the relationship between Pneumocystis and IIP was explored further by analyzing specimens from 3 contact transmission experiments, diagnostic submissions, and barrier room breeding colonies, including 1 with and 49 without IIP. Quantitative (q) PCR and immunofluorescence assay only detected Pneumocystis infection and serum antibodies in rats from experiments or colonies in which IIP was diagnosed by histopathology. In immunocompetent hosts, the Pneumocystis concentration in lungs corresponded to the severity and prevalence of IIP; seroconversion occurred when IIP developed and was followed by the concurrent clearance of Pneumocystis from lungs and resolution of disease. Experimentally infected immunodeficient RNU rats, by contrast, did not seroconvert to Pneumocystis or recover from infection. qPCR found Pneumocystis at significantly higher concentrations and much more often in lungs than in bronchial and nasal washes and failed to detect Pneumocystis in oral swabs. The sequences of a mitochondrial ribosomal large-subunit gene region for Pneumocystis from 11 distinct IIP sources were all identical to that of P. carinii. These data provide substantial evidence that P. carinii causes IIP in immunocompetent rats. 相似文献
3.
Mammalian microsporidiosis 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
The phylum Microspora contains a diverse group of single-celled, obligate intracellular protozoa sharing a unique organelle, the polar filament, and parasitizing a wide variety of invertebrate and vertebrate animals, including insects, fish, birds, and mammals. Encephalitozoon cuniculi is the classic microsporidial parasite of mammals, and encephalitozoonosis in rabbits and rodents has been and continues to be recognized as a confounding variable in animal-based biomedical research. Although contemporary research colonies are screened for infection with this parasite, E. cuniculi remains a cause of morbidity and mortality in pet and conventionally raised rabbits. In addition, E. cuniculi is a potential pathogen of immature domestic dogs and farm-raised foxes. The recent discovery and identification of Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon hellem, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, in addition to E. cuniculi, as opportunistic pathogens of humans have renewed interest in the Microspora. Veterinary pathologists, trained in the comparative anatomy of multiple animal species and infectious disease processes, are in a unique position to contribute to the diagnosis and knowledge of the pathogenesis of these parasitic diseases. This review article covers the life cycle, ultrastructure, and biology of mammalian microsporaidia and the clinical disease and lesions seen in laboratory and domestic animals, particularly as they relate to Encephalitozoon species. Human microsporidial disease and animal models of human infection are also addressed. Often thought of as rabbit pathogens of historical importance, E. cuniculi and the related mammalian microsporidia are emerging as significant opportunistic pathogens of immunocompromised individuals. 相似文献
4.
T Yanai M A Simon F D Doddy K G Mansfield D Pauley A A Lackner 《Veterinary pathology》1999,36(5):471-474
Pneumocystis carinii (PC) pneumonia is a frequent manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans and macaques. An unusual nodular type of PC pneumonia was observed in two simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-inoculated rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). These animals developed clinical signs of simian AIDS, including anorexia, weight loss, dyspnea, and collapse. Grossly, both animals had multifocal tan-white nodules 1-10 mm in diameter scattered throughout the lungs. One animal had similar nodules involving the diaphragm and thoracic wall. The lungs were characterized by severe PC pneumonia with numerous large nodules consisting of foamy material that compressed adjacent tissue. The nodules had central areas of necrosis and lysis of alveolar septa. Varying degrees of necrotizing vasculitis were observed in areas of nodular PC pneumonia. The presence of PC in intra-alveolar spaces and nodular lesions was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. No evidence of other agents, including viral inclusions, bacteria, fungi, and lung mites, was detected. The animal with the most severe nodular PC pneumonia had vascular involvement with extrapulmonary spread to the diaphragm, thoracic wall, and regional lymph nodes. This unusual type of nodular PC pneumonia has been rarely seen in human AIDS patients. 相似文献
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A review is given of the comparative pathology of endometrial carcinomas regarding the incidence, the morphology, and the relation with endometrial hyperplasia. Compared to man, endometrial carcinomas in animals are fairly rare, except in rabbits, in cattle, and in a stock of Han: Wistar rats. In rabbits the endometrial carcinomas are mostly primary multiple and present in both horns. Histologically they are almost always adenocarcinomas. The histological structure can vary considerably with regard to the degree of differentiation. In cattle the endometrial carcinomas are mostly singular. Histologically they are mostly adenocarcinomas, often accompanied by formation of much dense fibrous tissue. In rats the endometrial carcinomas are mostly primary multiple adenocarcinomas. In man as well as in the rabbit and in the rat, relationships have been described between endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma. It is striking that in the dog, a species in which endometrial hyperplasia very often occurs, endometrial carcinomas should be rare. The endometrial carcinoma in the rabbit as an animal model for human endometrial carcinoma is discussed extensively. In both species there are signs indicating relationships between endometrial carcinomas and sex hormones, especially oestrogens. The incidence in rabbits is very high. Endometrial carcinomas in rabbits can be transplanted subcutaneously in the same rabbit. They can also be cultured in vitro. Moreover the rabbit is a suitable species to study the progesterone/progesterone-receptor complex by determining the synthesis of the progesterone-induced protein uteroglobin which may be important in studying endometrial carcinomas. Uteroglobin is a good marker for a functional 'Progesterone-PR-DNA-mRNAug-Uteroglobin- System' (or PUG-System).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
7.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and Grocott's methenamine-silver nitrate staining were compared as diagnostic methods for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in formalin-fixed lung tissue from foals and pigs. An oligonucleotide probe targeting 18S ribosomal RNA of P. carinii was designed for in situ hybridization, and a commercially available monoclonal antibody was used for immunohistochemistry. Samples from six foals and 10 pigs with P. carinii pneumonia, as verified by Grocott's methenamine-silver nitrate staining, were examined concurrently with samples from seven animals with pneumonia caused by other pathogens. Fluorescent in situ hybridization showed distinctive positive reactions for P. carinii in all test samples. The immunohistochemical procedure, however, only revealed P. carinii in the foals. The number of P. carinii organisms observed by fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry far exceeded the number of organisms stained by Grocott's methenamine-silver nitrate staining. The results show that fluorescent in situ hybridization targeting ribosomal RNA can provide a specific diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia in foals and pigs. 相似文献
8.
Eidson M Matthews SD Willsey AL Cherry B Rudd RJ Trimarchi CV 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,227(6):932-5, 918
Raccoon-variant rabies was confirmed in 7 pet rabbits and 1 pet guinea pig in New York State, and postexposure treatment was required in several adults and children. To prevent rabies virus infection, domestic rabbits and pet rodents should be protected from contact with wild animals, including double-cage housing when housed outside. Pet rabbits or rodents with any possible contact with a wild animal, particularly if the rabbit or rodent had wounds of unknown origin, should be quarantined for 6 months for observation, to prevent escape, and to avoid contact with humans, who will require treatment if the rabbit or rodent develops rabies. Bites and scratches to humans from rodents and lagomorphs should be evaluated for potential rabies exposure on an individual basis, with consideration of whether the animal was caged outside or permitted outdoors unsupervised. 相似文献
9.
MacNeill AL Alleman AR Franklin RP Long M Giguère S Uhl E López-Martinez A Wilkerson M 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2003,32(2):73-76
A 5-year-old Paso-Fino mare was presented for severe respiratory distress. The mare had foaled 2 months prior to presentation. The horse was in poor body condition with a dull hair coat. A mild fever was noted during physical examination and increased bronchovesicular sounds were auscultated. Thoracic radiographs showed an interstitial pattern and an alveolar infiltrate with distinct air bronchograms. Moderate purulent inflammation with increased mucus was observed in tracheal wash fluid, but no infectious agents were identified. A bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) contained a large amount of mucus and reactive mononuclear phagocytes with variable numbers of intracellular fungal organisms morphologically consistent with Pneumocystis carinii. The mare had undetectable levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and decreased IgG levels in the serum. Immunophenotyping revealed decreased expression of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class II molecules. Moderate to marked hyperplasia of type II epithelial cells was present throughout histologic sections of lung, but the fungal organisms were not observed. A culture system has not been developed for diagnosis of P carinii infection. Instead, diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia is achieved by microscopic identification of characteristic morphologic features of the pathogen. Cytologic examination of BAL fluid is the preferred method used to diagnose human infection with P carinii. In humans, the diagnostic sensitivity of cytology is significantly higher than the sensitivity of histopathologic examination of lung biopsies. The difference in sensitivity between BAL cytology and lung histopathology may also apply to the diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia in horses. (MacNeill AL, Alleman AR, Franklin RP, Long M, Giguère S, Uhl E, López-Martinez A, Wilkerson M. Pneumonia in a Paso-Fino mare [ Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]. 相似文献
10.
Sixty-six cases of combined immunodeficiency (CID) in foals were studied to determine the most prevalent causes of infection and death. Lesions of the respiratory system were observed in 59 of the foals and were attributable to infection with equine adenovirus. Pneumocystis carinii, and bacteria. Significant lesions were also observed in liver, pancreas, intestines, heart, and kidneys. Maintenance of foals with CID for experimental purposes is directed at the prevention and control of these secondary infections. Adenovirus can be controlled by administration of horse plasma containing high titers of antiadenovirus antibody. Bacteria are controlled by appropriate antibiotic therapy. Pneumocystis carinii infection remains a significant problem in the maintenance of foals with CID. 相似文献
11.
Clark-Price SC Cox JH Bartoe JT Davis EG 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,224(3):407-10, 371
A 6-month-old male Quarter Horse was evaluated for chronic respiratory tract disease. Diagnostic investigations revealed pulmonary inflammation; Pneumocystis carinii was detected within macrophages. Lymphocyte subpopulation phenotyping and immunoglobulin concentration analysis were performed and results suggested immune suppression. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration was initiated; the colt was discharged but was reexamined 8 days later because of profuse diarrhea and endotoxemia. Bacterial culture of feces recovered Salmonella spp resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and a diagnosis of antimicrobial-associated colitis was made. Bilateral fibrinous hypopyon developed and was treated with topical medication and intracameral injections of human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Dapsone (3 mg/kg [1.4 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h; dose extrapolated from human data) was administered for treatment of P carinii pneumonia (56-day treatment period). The colt recovered from the pneumonia and diarrhea. Dapsone may be a useful adjunct to traditional treatment for P carinii pneumonia in horses or as a sole medication for horses that cannot tolerate other treatments. 相似文献
12.
Robert M. Kirberger MMedVet Remo G. Lobetti MMedVet 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》1998,39(4):313-317
The thoracic radiographic changes of Pneumocystis carinii in 7 miniature Dachshunds were reviewed. The dogs were 7–12 months old and presented with polypnea, exercise intolerance and clinical signs suggestive of immune-incompetence. P. carinii pneumonia was diagnosed in all the dogs using transtracheal aspirate cytology and confirmed at postmortem in 3 dogs that died. Radiographically, diffuse pulmonary changes were present and varied from a mild interstitial and bronchial pattern to an alveolar pattern. Radiographic evidence of cor pulmonale was present in 1 dog. The most severe radiographic changes were seen in 2 of the dogs that died. 相似文献
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Stained imprints made from autopsy lung biopsies from hares, foxes, badgers, stone martens, one hedgehog, roe deer from Denmark and from caribou from Greenland were examined microscopically for Pneumocystis carinii. Pneumocysts were found in the lungs of 3 out of 28 hares, 3 out of 18 foxes and 1 out of 6 roe deer. This is the first report of Pneumocystis carinii in hares, foxes, and roe deer in Denmark. It seems to be the first report of Pneumocystis carinii in roe deer. 相似文献
15.
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a small protozoan parasite in the phylum Microspora. It has been shown to naturally infect several host species, including humans. Encephalitozoonosis is routinely diagnosed in vivo by serological examination or post mortem by histopathology. In a conventional rabbit colony, two animals suddenly showed clinical signs (torticollis and asthenia of limbs). Serum samples of these rabbits were seropositive for E. cuniculi after definitive diagnosis (Toxoplasma gondii and Listeria monocytogenes). The animals in the same breeding facility were also clinical examined, and the present study evaluated the prevalence of specific anti-E. cuniculi antibodies using serological testing, both in animals and in people working with animals, after two clinical cases. The rabbits showed no clinical symptoms of the disease. Blood samples were taken for E. cuniculi infection from 50 clinically healthy rabbits. Anti-E. cuniculi antibodies were found in two asymptomatic and two clinically affected animals belonging to the same rabbit colony. Finally, the present study found that the 7.7% (4/52) prevalence of CIA, test positive in rabbits. E. cuniculi spores were detected in the urine of one clinically affected rabbit, and one seropositive animal caretaker after staining with the modified trichrome stain. In conclusion, the presence of seropositive, but apparently healthy rabbits indicates the need for screening examinations to detect the anti-E. cuniculi antibody in rabbits, especially considering the potential zoonotic risk. Therefore, persons should avoid contact with the urine of infected or healthy animals, and always use good personal hygiene when handling animals. 相似文献
16.
Granulomatous enteritis following oral inoculation of newborn rabbits with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis of bovine origin. 
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下载免费PDF全文 To assess the rabbit as a model for the study of paratuberculosis infection, two groups of newborn rabbits were orally inoculated at one to two days of age with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (ATCC 19698 or field strain 22206) and compared to uninoculated controls. Nine of thirteen rabbits (69%) inoculated with ATCC 19698, and all three rabbits inoculated with 22206, experienced episodes of intermittent diarrhea starting four months after inoculation. Multifocal granulomas containing acid-fast organisms were observed in the sacculus rotundus and vermiform appendix of the cecum in three of nine rabbits (all with diarrhea) that had been inoculated with ATCC 19698. Although M. paratuberculosis was not recovered from inoculated rabbits when fecal cultures were incubated three months in vitro, a slow-growing mycobactin-dependent form of Mycobacterium was recovered from feces and ileal tissue after incubation for 11-15 months. Reduced feed intake, body weight loss and reduced abdominal fat at necropsy, were not observed. Epithelial transport function across the distal ileum in vitro was not altered nine months subsequent to inoculation. Diarrhea and the histological lesions indicate that the rabbit may be a useful model for the study of paratuberculosis infection. 相似文献
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Hagiwara Y Fujiwara S Takai H Ohno K Masuda K Furuta T Nakayama H Doi K Tsujimoto H 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2001,63(3):349-351
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was diagnosed by postmortem examination of a one-year-old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with four-week history of dyspnea. Cytologic and histologic examination of lung tissues revealed numerous P. carinii trophozoites and cysts, and P. carinii specific DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction. The dog showed hypogammagloblinemia and extremely low levels of serum IgG. It was considered that P. carinii pneumonia in this case was associated with an immunodeficient condition which has already been reported in Miniature Dachshunds. 相似文献
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Murray AG 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2009,88(3):167-177
Disease is an important issue affecting aquatic animal populations. Aquatic pathogens may be transmitted in ways that could result in qualitatively different impacts to those of terrestrial diseases. I analyse simple SIR epidemic models with different functions to describe transmission. Four forms of transmission are applied: density-dependent, density-independent, non-linear density-dependent and constant infection pressure; the first two are similar to terrestrial systems, the second two are based on specifically aquatic modes of transmission. Observed diseases and existing models are reviewed in terms of these simple forms. The significance of mode of transmission to host populations, to strategies to prevent or control diseases, and to wild-farm interactions are analysed. Different diseases are simulated by different transmission models, for example furunculosis depends on host density, while spread of phocine distemper virus is density-independent, and sea lice infestation pressure may result from open transmission processes that are not dependent on local infested hosts. Appropriate transmission model may also depend on the scale of interest (inter- or intra-population). These different models result in very different responses to intervention strategies, for example culling may be effective for controlling density-dependent disease but may be counter-productive when pathogens depend on open recruitment. It is therefore important for management that appropriate models (whether existing or novel) be selected and this paper aims to provide a basic framework for cataloguing and management of aquatic diseases. 相似文献
20.
Maio E Carta T Balseiro A Sevilla IA Romano A Ortiz JA Vieira-Pinto M Garrido JM de la Lastra JM Gortázar C 《Research in veterinary science》2011,91(2):212-218
Of the non-ruminant wildlife species known to harbor Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is thought to pose the greatest risk of transmission to cattle. We analyzed 80 hunter-harvested wild rabbits from a core study area in southern Spain, and sera from 157 wild rabbits sampled opportunistically on seven additional sites. Gross lesions compatible with paratuberculosis were observed in two of 80 necropsied rabbits. Histopathology revealed focal to diffuse multibacillary MAP-compatible lesions in 8 of 10 rabbits examined. Presence of MAP was confirmed in one rabbit with gross lesions by positive amplification curves for both IS900 and ISMAP02. However, no isolate was obtained from 47 samples by culture. We adapted an indirect ELISA for the detection of MAP antibodies. At the established cut-off of 0.5, 6 of 237 wild rabbit sera (2.5%) yielded a positive ELISA result. Antibodies were detected in rabbits from 3 of 8 sampling sites. Considering the increasing relevance of MAP infection for animal health, these results open a challenging field for future research. 相似文献