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1.
为实现水稻生产减施除草剂的目标,将化感材料与农艺措施相结合取得对稻田杂草有效控制的效果,田间采用再裂区试验法研究了化感稻3号和N两优201两个水稻化感材料和非化感材料五山丝苗在不同水分管理、移栽密度和除草剂不同用量下,对水稻产量和田间杂草生物量的影响。结果表明:无论早季稻田还是晚季稻田,施用常规除草剂量的小区杂草生物量均为0,施用常规剂量50%除草剂且仅在孕穗期晒田的小区和常规密度小区有少量杂草发生。不施除草剂的水稻材料小区杂草生物量依次为化感稻3号N两优201五山丝苗。移栽后75 d,不施除草剂的小区相同水稻材料孕穗期不晒田比晒田处理、高密度比常规密度处理的杂草生物量小。早季稻田不晒田和高密度提高了水稻的产量,晚季稻田则相反。化感材料化感稻3号和N两优201在田间的抑草效果较五山丝苗要好。在水稻生产中,水稻化感材料结合农艺措施,可以实现水稻不减产,田间杂草得到有效控制,除草剂量减50%的目标。 相似文献
2.
双环磺草酮是在我国取得水稻田使用登记许可的HPPD抑制剂类除草剂,杀草谱广,尤其对抗性千金子、杂草稻等恶性杂草表现出良好的防除效果。为进一步探索双环磺草酮在直播稻田的应用前景和应用技术,采用盆栽试验法,开展了25%双环磺草酮悬浮剂 (SC) 对不同叶龄期水稻品种的安全性评价。结果表明:在水稻1~2叶期、2~3叶期和3~4叶期浅水层条件和水稻1~2叶期湿润条件下,按有效成分150~375 g/hm2剂量施用25%双环磺草酮SC,对上海地区主栽的3个常规粳稻品种南粳46、沪软1212和松香粳1018 以及申优26杂交粳稻品种生长均安全,对水稻株高、植株地上部分鲜重、根长、根系鲜重等生长指标均无显著影响。表明双环磺草酮对水稻粳稻品种安全,待进一步明确应用技术后,有望成为直播稻田优秀的除草剂品种。 相似文献
3.
作物化感品种对农田杂草的调控 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
农田施用大量除草剂不仅引起环境和生态问题,而且导致除草剂抗性杂草不断发生。因此,需要建立生态安全的杂草管理策略以改变杂草控制对除草剂依赖的现状。利用作物化感品种调控农田杂草是极具开发潜力的杂草控制策略,这些作物化感品种自身能够产生和释放化感物质调控杂草,从而减少对人工除草剂的依赖。鉴于此,近10余年来,以作物化感品种为中心的农田杂草控制策略一直得到广泛的关注和研发。本文综述了作物化感品种调控农田杂草和相应抑草机制的最新进展,尤其是可商业化种植的作物化感新品种选育及其在除草剂减量控制杂草的实践。在此基础上,阐释了作物化感品种间亲属合作行为以及基于化感物质的新型除草剂研发对解决农田杂草难题的机遇和挑战。 相似文献
4.
为给抗草铵膦转基因水稻‘Y0003’商业化生产后除草剂的安全高效施用提供科学依据, 探索了该转基因直播稻田草铵膦的最佳施用时期和施用剂量。研究了在直播稻田3~4叶期、5~6叶期以及分蘖期施用0.225、0.45和0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦(有效成分, 下同)后, 草铵膦对杂草的控制效果和对转基因水稻生长的影响。在测试的3个施药时期, 施用0.225 g/hm 2草铵膦对杂草防除效果都很差, 水稻减产严重; 在水稻3~4叶期和分蘖期施用0.45和0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦对杂草的防除效果也较差, 水稻生长受到严重影响, 与无草对照相比水稻产量显著下降。但在水稻5~6叶期施用0.45 和0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦对主要杂草的防效均在90%以上, 且对水稻安全。因此建议抗草铵膦转基因水稻‘Y0003’直播田在水稻5~6叶期施用0.45~0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦来控制田间杂草。 相似文献
5.
利用前茬作物残茎根防除直播稻田杂草 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
采用滤纸培养皿法,研究了五种油菜和七种小麦残茎根对直播稻田主要杂草千金子、稗草和鳢肠的化感抑草作用,并采用模拟大田环境的盆钵法对抑草作用较强的品种进行验证试验和对下茬水稻的安全性进行评估.结果显示:史力丰和汇油50两个油菜品种的水提取液对三种杂草均表现出较好的抑制作用,尤其对千金子的萌发抑制作用较强,抑制率分别为65.33%和55.33%,对杂草的幼根也具有十分明显的抑制作用,化感指数RI值分别达到-0.82和-0.85;不同浓度的史力丰残茎根的水提取液对杂草表现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的现象;模拟大田试验中,史力丰的残茎根在25 kg/m3的混土用量下能很好地抑制千金子、稗草和鳢肠生长.彤值分别可达-0.91、-0.64和-0.67,且对水稻较安全.研究表明,在田间留一定量的史力丰残茎根进行浅耕混土处理是杂草生态防除的一项有效措施. 相似文献
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由于直播稻田干干湿湿 ,封行期推迟 ,对杂草的发生极有利 ,因而旱直播稻田杂草具有发生种类多、发生期长、数量大、危害严重等特点 ,若不及时进行化除 ,往往会形成草荒 ,对水稻高产丰收构成极大威胁。因此 ,寻求对旱直播稻田杂草防除效果好 ,对水稻秧苗安全可靠的除草剂是旱直播稻田杂草化除上亟需解决的难题。为了进一步明确丙草苄防除旱直播稻田杂草的化除效果、应用技术及对水稻的安全性 ,２０００年在通州市进行了丙草苄防除直播稻田杂草试验 ,取得了理想的结果。现将试验结果整理如下 :一、材料与方法１．供试药剂及水稻品种。１６%丙… 相似文献
8.
NC—311(Pyrazosulfuron—ethyl,吡嘧黄隆)是日本日产化学公司研制的稻田新除草剂,在亚洲几个国家测试了单用或与其它除草剂混用的效果,20～30克有效成分/公顷的NC—311对阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草(包括多年生杂草),表现出良好的防效。NC—311在某些剂量下也能有效控制稗草。一些研究报道了作物对磺酰脲类除草剂耐性的机理,本文探讨NC—311在杂草和水稻间的选择作用及影响水稻生长的因素。 相似文献
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水稻直播具有方便省工等优点，是水稻栽培技术的一种革新。但直播稻田杂草发生量大，为害早，无法进行人工除草，严重影响水稻产量。直播稻田杂草只能通过化学除草来解决。目前用于直播稻田的除草剂品种较少。为明确又割与农得时混配对直播稻田杂草的防除效果和对水稻的安全性，于1996年在早稻直播田进行了田间小区试验，现将试验结果报告如下。一、材料与方法（一）试验概况试验在海南省循州市本院试验场沙田队的双季早稻田进行。稻田属砖红壤沙泥田，壤上，PH值6．0，含有机质3．559％，全氮0．118％，速效磷9．242mg／kg，速效钾83．63m… 相似文献
11.
Rice yield losses by competition with weeds in rainfed paddy fields in north-east Thailand 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
SHINSUKE TOMITA SHUICHI MIYAGAWA YASUYUKI KONO CHAIRAT NOICHANA TATSUYA INAMURA YOSHIKATSU NAGATA AKKADET SRIBUTTA EIJI NAWATA 《Weed Biology and Management》2003,3(3):162-171
Economic growth in recent years has induced a labor shortage for agriculture in north-east Thailand. Labor-saving techniques, such as the replacement of transplanting with direct seeding, have become widespread. Direct seeding methods have advantages over transplanting regarding labor savings and reductions in production risks, but may cause weed problems. Therefore, rice yield reduction by competition with weeds becomes a potential problem in this region. In the present research, the extent of weed competition in rice production from the viewpoint of resource level and disturbance intensity was studied. A large number of paddy fields from a wide range of climatic, topographical, soil and hydrological conditions were analyzed. The survey was conducted every 3 weeks, and data on paddy cultivation, weeds and water conditions were recorded. Average yield of direct seeded rice was significantly lower than that of transplanted rice. The yield decreased with resource decreases in both direct seeded (DSF) and transplanted paddy fields (TF). Although the yield was not different under resource-rich conditions, the yield of direct seeded rice was lower than that of transplanted rice under resource-medium and -poor conditions. Competition intensity was not different among resource levels or between DSF and TF. Competition intensity in all fields was between 0.02 and 0.09 on average, indicating 2–9% yield losses caused by competition with weeds regardless of resource level and disturbance intensity. This suggests that low yield of direct seeded rice under resource-medium and -poor conditions was not mainly caused by competition with weeds, whereas yield losses by weeds were observed in all field types. However, from an economical viewpoint, weeding should be applied only to limited parts of this region with stable and relatively high rice yields. 相似文献
12.
Competition between weeds and wet season transplanted paddy rice for nitrogen use, growth and yield in the central and northern regions of Laos 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
TATSUYA INAMURA SHUICHI MIYAGAWA OLAYVANH SINGVILAY NIVONG SIPASEAUTH YASUYUKI KONO 《Weed Biology and Management》2003,3(4):213-221
To quantify the effect of weeds on the nitrogen (N) use, growth and yield of wet season paddy rice in the central and northern regions of Laos, we surveyed the paddy fields in these regions in October 1999 and November 2000. We found 13 weed species in total, but there were few major weeds abundant at the survey sites. In the infertile soils under rainfed conditions, weed growth was poor. Rough rice yield, the number of panicles, the number of seeds per square meter, the above-ground biomass of paddy rice and the amount of N accumulated in the above-ground biomass of paddy rice (amount of N in rice) were suppressed by competition with weeds. However, harvest index (HI) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of paddy rice were not suppressed by competition with weeds. The amount of N in rice was suppressed by competition with weeds, the number of panicles decreased as the amount of N in rice decreased, and the number of seeds per square meter decreased as the number of panicles decreased. As a result, rough rice yield was suppressed by competition with weeds. The weeds competed with paddy rice for N uptake during the productive tillering stage. However, the ability of paddy rice to compete for N uptake with weeds was not reduced under rainfed lowland conditions. When the weeds were completely removed, the amount of N in rice increased. Rough rice yield may be increased by 10% under rainfed lowland conditions and by 17–19% under irrigated conditions. 相似文献
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BACKGROUND: One promising area of paddy weed control is the potential for exploiting the weed‐suppressing ability of rice. This study was conducted to develop commercially acceptable allelopathic rice cultivars using crosses between allelopathic rice variety PI312777 and commercial Chinese cultivars (N2S, N9S, Huahui354, Peiai64S and Tehuazhan35), and to assess their weed suppression and grain yield in paddy fields in relation to their parents. RESULTS: There was a positive dominance in the crosses Huahui354 × PI312777 and N2S × PI312777 but recessive or negative dominance in N9S × PI312777, Peiai64S × PI312777 and Tehuazhan35 × PI312777. Huahui354 × PI312777 and N2S × PI312777 showed stronger weed suppression than their parents and other crosses. Finally, an F8 line with an appearance close to Huahui354 and a magnitude of weed suppression close to PI312777 was obtained from Huahui354 × PI312777. This line, named Huagan‐3, was released as a first commercially acceptable allelopathic rice cultivar in China. The grain yield and quality of Huagan‐3 met the commercial standard of the local rice industry. Huagan‐3 greatly suppressed paddy weeds, although suppression was influenced by year‐to‐year variation and plant density. There was no certain yield reduction in Huagan‐3 even under a slight infestation of barnyard grass in paddy fields. CONCLUSION: The successful breeding of Huagan‐3 with high yield and strong weed suppression may be incorporated into present rice production systems to minimise the amount of herbicide used. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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为明确新型水直播稻田除草剂精噁唑甘草胺以及对照药剂对于直播稻田禾本科杂草的防除效果以及对于水稻及后茬作物的安全性, 于2019年在江西宜春市上高县水稻田进行了大田杂草防效试验以及后茬作物安全性研究。结果表明:8%精噁唑甘草胺OD对于直播水稻田的禾本科杂草具有良好的防除效果, 120 g/hm2 以及200 g/hm2 剂量处理对于禾本科杂草的防效均在88%以上。而且所有处理对于水稻均无药害产生, 实现增产, 并对后茬作物生长安全。综上所述, 新型直播稻田除草剂精噁唑甘草胺对直播水稻田禾本科杂草有良好防除效果, 可以在市场上推广应用。 相似文献
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Abstract A field experiment was conducted during the wet seasons of 1980 and 1981 to find out the relative influence of weed control and applied nitrogen on performance of transplanted rice and nutrients uptake by rice and weeds. Propanil and thiobencarb, each at 2.0 kg a.i/ha, were found comparable to two hand weedings in increasing grain yield of rice and minimizing dry matter of weeds. The mean grain yield was increased by 28.06% while dry matter of weeds reduced by 84.04% over unweeded control. Application of nitrogen from 0 to 75 kg N/ha increased grain yield to the tune of 1631 kg/ha. Remarkable increase in grain yield was noticed when weed control treatments were associated with application of nitrogen. Higher uptake of N, P and K by crop and lower removal of same nutrients by weeds were observed in herbicides and hand weedings than unweeded control. N, P and K in the order of 11.49, 1.71 and 12.40 kg/ha respectively could be saved through weed control in transplanted rice. 相似文献
16.
HANWEN WU STEVEN R. WALKER VIKKI A. OSTEN GEOFF ROBINSON 《Weed Biology and Management》2010,10(3):185-193
Field studies were conducted at two locations in southern Queensland, Australia during the 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 growing seasons to determine the differential competitiveness of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars and crop densities against weeds and the sorghum yield loss due to weeds. Weed competition was investigated by growing sorghum in the presence or absence of a model grass weed, Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta). The correlation analyses showed that the early growth traits (height, shoot biomass, and daily growth rate of the shoot biomass) of sorghum adversely affected the height, biomass, and seed production of millet, as measured at maturity. “MR Goldrush” and “Bonus MR” were the most competitive cultivars, resulting in reduced weed biomass, weed density, and weed seed production. The density of sorghum also had a significant effect on the crop's ability to compete with millet. When compared to the density of 4.5 plants per m2, sorghum that was planted at 7.5 plants per m2 suppressed the density, biomass, and seed production of millet by 22%, 27% and 38%, respectively. Millet caused a significant yield loss in comparison with the weed‐free plots. The combined weed‐suppressive effects of the competitive cultivars, such as MR Goldrush, and high crop densities minimized the yield losses from the weeds. These results indicate that sorghum competition against grass weeds can be improved by choosing competitive cultivars and by using a high crop density of >7.5 plants per m2. These non‐chemical options should be included in an integrated weed management program for better weed management, particularly where the control options are limited by the evolution of herbicide resistance. 相似文献
17.
花椒粗提物对异丙甲草胺在稻田中除草效果及安全性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探究异丙甲草胺以及花椒粗提物在水田中的除草效果与对水稻的安全性影响,在水稻移栽田中进行了药效试验。结果表明,异丙甲草胺处理组与花椒粗提物添加组对田间杂草均表现出了一定的防除效果,对单子叶杂草的防除效果最为显著,株防效为95．9％-100％;对双子叶杂草的防效相对较差,株防效仅为7．2％-76．5％;而对杂草鲜质量防效为46％～90％。用量为9000、18000、31500g／hm^2的花椒粗提物添加组与相应异丙甲草胺组比较,产量分别增加了1．4％、4．5％、12．7％。异丙甲草胺具有很强的除草活性,花椒粗提物对异丙甲草胺的除草效果影响很小,但能减缓异丙甲草胺对水稻的影响,可作为异丙甲草胺水田应用的安全剂。 相似文献
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HIROAKI WATANABE 《Weed Biology and Management》2011,11(4):175-189
Since the introduction of rice production in Japan, lowland areas have been managed for rice production with the purpose of better rice growth, as well as lesser weed infestation. Rice is cropped every year in lowland fields by repeated cultivation of a single crop, with high yields and without soil sickness usually being observed in upland fields. This is probably because the irrigation water supplies various nutrients for healthy rice growth and the drainage washes out and removes harmful factors. However, until recently, the wet or flooded conditions of lowland fields in the Asian monsoon region never have allowed humans to cultivate useful summer crops, except rice or some aquatic plants. Therefore, the management of lowland areas in the Asian monsoon region has been significantly different from European field management, where crop rotation has been the traditional standard practice. Paddy weeds are aquatic plants or hygrophytes that have adapted to lowland fields. Traditionally, tillage and puddling were practiced seasonally in lowland fields on a regular schedule every year. Rice cultivation technology was developed and supported by regional irrigation systems that created stable environments for typical paddy weeds to complete their life cycle. After the introduction of chemical weed control, rice fields became very severe habitats for these paddy weeds, where they could not grow and reproduce without strategies for survival under herbicide exposure. Even so, many of the traditional paddy weeds survived because of their accumulated or uneradicated seed banks, although several aquatic plants were listed as endangered or threatened species. The important weed species changed, sometimes rapidly and sometimes slowly, depending both on their reproductive system and their biological response towards field management and weed control systems. Very recently, the level of perennial weeds, herbicide‐resistant weeds, and weedy rice has increased in paddy fields that are highly dependent on herbicide use. In addition, several hygrophyte species have invaded paddy fields. In order to address these issues, the improvement and application of integrated weed management methods are expected to be critical. 相似文献
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Rice–duck farming is one of the traditional, but current and gradually popularized, ecological farming techniques for paddy rice production in China. In comparison to rice monoculture farming, we investigated a weed community and weed infestation in a transplanted rice–duck farming system and examined the effects of duck activities on the weeds. Three treatments were imposed in the experiment: a rice–duck coculture with duck grazing and disturbance effects, a rice–duck coculture with duck disturbance effects only, and a control (rice monoculture, no duck effects). Rice seedlings were nursed and transplanted in this experiment. The total number of weed species was significantly lower in the treatment with both duck grazing and disturbance and in the treatment with duck disturbance only than in the monoculture rice treatment (control). The Shannon‐Wiener Biodiversity Index of the weed species decreased but the Pielou Evenness Index increased in both treatments with ducks compared to the monoculture control. Sorensen's coefficient of similarity of the weed communities was low between the treatments with ducks and the monoculture control, implying that the weed communities diverged. The total density and biomass of the weed community in both the treatments with ducks were significantly lower compared to the monoculture control. However, compared to the rice monoculture control, the weed biomass was reduced by 98% in the treatment with duck grazing and disturbance and by 84% in the treatment with duck disturbance only, implying that only 14% of the weeds were controlled by duck grazing and that 84% of the weed biomass was inhibited by duck activities in the rice field with ducks. The rice grain yield increased in the treatments with ducks compared to the control. The results suggested that duck activities, like grazing weeds and disturbance of the soil and water, had a significant effect on the weed community structure and that weeds could be well controlled without herbicide application under a rice–duck farming system. 相似文献