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1.
Depczynski J Franklin RC Challinor K Williams W Fragar LJ 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2005,11(3):325-334
Noise injury in agriculture is a significant yet often unrecognized problem. Many farmers, farm workers, and family members are exposed to noise levels above recommended levels and have greater hearing loss than their non-farming contemporaries. The aim of this study was to gather up-to-date information on farm noise levels and to enhance the quality of information available to assist farmers in reducing noise exposure and meeting Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) regulations regarding noise management. Farm visits were conducted on 48 agricultural establishments that produce a range of commodities. Noise levels were measured at the ears of operators and bystanders involved in typical activities on farms. The average and peak noise levels were measured for 56 types of machinery or sites of farming activity, totaling 298 separate items and activities. Common noise hazards identified included firearms, tractors without cabs, workshop tools, small motors (e.g., chainsaws, augers, pumps), manual handling of pigs, shearing sheds, older cabbed tractors, and heavy machinery such as harvesters, bulldozers, and cotton module presses. We found that use of firearms without hearing protection presents a pressing hearing health priority. However, farming activities involving machinery used for prolonged periods also present significant risks to farmers' hearing health. Noise management strategies on the farm are essential in order to prevent noise injury among farmers. 相似文献
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This study focuses on farmers' perceptions of roadway safety and reviews specific and pertinent North Carolina rural road crash data to evaluate their perceptions and concerns. A survey was mailed to 1,357 prospective participants throughout North Carolina. Of these, 656 (48.3%) North Carolina farmers completed and returned the survey. The study revealed that while the majority of respondents took a number of specific safety measures to ensure their safety while driving their tractor on rural roads, most believed that driving their tractor on rural roads was more dangerous than it was five years ago. Few respondents believed that laws governing tractors on rural roads are well known by urban residents. While a majority of the respondents would support a law to mandate the use of a slow-moving vehicle (SMV) emblem on the back of slow-moving farm equipment, a majority also believed that a more effective way to mitigate potential crashes would be to ensure that all farm vehicles had blinking or flashing lights, that diamond-shaped caution signs depicting a tractor were posted on roadways with frequent tractor traffic, and that roadway shoulders were created or widened on roads with heavy farm traffic so that tractors could move off the roadway. Only 22% of respondents felt safe driving their tractor on rural roadways in North Carolina. Most respondents felt that the biggest problem with roadway safety was the lack of respect and increased speed of other drivers. Recent data indicate that in crashes involving farm vehicles, citations were issued to 34% of the non-farm vehicle operators and 24% to farm vehicle operators. For those driving non-farm vehicle who were deemed at fault, 66% were cited for failure to reduce speed. For those driving farm vehicles, the most frequent citation involved the lack of safe movement. 相似文献
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May JJ Sorensen JA Burdick PA Earle-Richardson GB Jenkins PL 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2006,12(3):199-213
Tractor overturns contribute significantly to fatalities in New York State agriculture. On-site inspections a decade ago indicated that approximately 60% of tractors were without effective rollover protection. Our objectives were: to describe the current prevalence and distribution of rollover protective structures (ROPS) on New York farm tractors, to identify characteristics associated with the absence of ROPS, to explore segmenting the New York farm community on readiness for ROPS retrofitting, and to identify demographic characteristics that might assist in this segmenting. A random selection of 644 livestock, dairy, fruit, cash crop, vegetable, and organic farms were contacted for a telephone survey. Of 562 farms (87%) participating, 102 (18.1%) had all tractors equipped with ROPS and 138 (24.6%) had none. A disproportionate number of livestock, cash crop, and organic operations had no ROPS. Rates of ROPS-equipped tractors correlated directly with farm size and annual hours of tractor operation. Older farmers had a lower proportion of ROPS tractors. The presence of a child operator did not affect the proportion of ROPS tractors. After weighting the sample, the total number of non-ROPS tractors in New York is estimated at more than 80,000. In addition to providing key farm demographics, the survey enabled placement of farmers on a "stage of change" continuum related to readiness for retrofitting. Three-quarters of New York farmers are in the "precontemplation" stage of change relative to ROPS retrofitting, and this varies little by size of operation, age of farmer, or the presence of child tractor operators. Stage of change may relate to hours of tractor operation (p = 0.05) and does relate to commodity (p = 0.003) due primarily to the higher proportion of crop farmers in the earliest stage of change. The goal of retrofitting all New York farm tractors with ROPS appears nearly as daunting as it did a decade ago. 相似文献
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Event-based precipitation samples were collected during the main agricultural season (April-September) over 4 years (2000-2003) at one site in the Choptank River Watershed on the Delmarva Peninsula. The samples were analyzed for 19 agricultural pesticides to determine the contribution of wet deposition as a source of these compounds to the Chesapeake Bay and the factors affecting the temporal trends in deposition. Chlorothalonil was detected most frequently (92% samples) followed by metolachlor (66%) and endosulfans (49%). Although chlorothalonil is the single biggest contributor to pesticide flux (33-46%), pesticide wet deposition is dominated by herbicides (46-61%), with the greatest fluxes occurring during the time of herbicide application on corn and soybeans. The analysis suggests that the extent of wet deposition of herbicides depends on the timing of precipitation relative to herbicide application. The insecticide and fungicide flux was greater in years with above-average rainfall (2001 and 2003), suggesting that for these pesticides deposition flux is dependent on the total amount of rainfall in the agricultural season. The data indicate that the use of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide which is on the Toxics of Concern list for the Bay, is on the increase. Total pesticide flux ranged from 90 microg/m2 (2001) to 180 microg/m2 (2000). Wet deposition can account for up to 10-20% of the annual loadings of pesticides to the Bay. 相似文献
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Jepsen SD Henwood K Donnermeyer J Moyer K 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2012,18(1):57-67
In conservative Anabaptist families, especially the Amish, children play many vital roles; this includes participation in daily living chores as well as occupationally related tasks. The goal of this qualitative study was to determine a culturally and age appropriate farm safety curriculum useful for the children of Amish and other conservative Anabaptist groups. The top areas of concern identified were lawnmowers and string trimmers, chemicals, water, livestock, confined spaces, tractors, and skid loaders. Amish children were reported to perform farm chores at a young age. Through this study, researchers did not find a strong tendency for parents to assign chores based on age or gender; rather, these assignments were based on the child's physical development, maturity, interest in the task, and birth order. The findings of this study hold up the need for additional agricultural safety curricula targeted toward children of these church groups for a broad range of ages and on a variety of farm topics. 相似文献
6.
Jenkins PL Stack SG Earle-Richardson GB Scofield SM May JJ 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2007,13(1):57-64
Dairy farmers may be exposed to high levels of noise and dust. Protections against these hazards exist, but many farmers do not use them. An intervention consisting of hearing and respiratory screenings combined with personalized education was implemented. This study evaluates the impact of this intervention on farmers' self-reported use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and implementation of noise and dust abatement. Participants were screened as to noise (n=209) or dust (n=392) hazards and use of PPE. Following this, they were counseled on PPE use, and identification and reduction of noise or dust hazards. Counselors sought a pledge from the farmers to eliminate hazards and increase PPE use. Farmers were subsequently surveyed and asked whether they had implemented the changes. At baseline, 70% (146/209) of farmers exposed to high levels of noise reported poor use ("sometimes", "rarely", or "never") of hearing protection. Results indicated that two months after intervention, 25.2% (28/111) of these subjects had successfully improved their PPE use. At baseline, 79% (311/392) offarmers reported poor use of respiratory protection, with 27.3% (41/150) showing improvement in PPE use within the same time. Strategies to reduce noise hazards were identified by 92.8% (194/209) of hearing screening attendees; 13.2% (18/136) successfully reduced or removed exposure. These values for dust screening attendees were 98.2% (385/392) and 30.7% (54/176), respectively. Use of this intervention appears to be an effective method for increasing PPE use on the farm. However, it is not effective for reducing noise hazards. 相似文献
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G. Kahl J. Ingwersen P. Nutniyom S. Totrakool K. Pansombat P. Thavornyutikarn & T. Streck 《European Journal of Soil Science》2008,59(1):71-81
In the hill country of northern Thailand use of agrochemicals is increasing steadily and contaminating streams and groundwater. We have measured pesticide leached from a litchi orchard to an adjacent stream and identified the flow components contributing to the pesticide transport after installing two discharge measurement stations with automatic water samplers in the stream. For 2 years, between June and September, we applied methomyl, and in 1 year additionally chlorothalonil, to the 2‐ha orchard and monitored water fluxes and pesticide concentrations in the stream water. Pesticide loads ranged from 1.6 to 3% of mass applied for chlorothalonil, a strongly sorbing fungicide, and 6.4–11.4% for the more weakly sorbing insecticide methomyl. Directly after application, pesticide transport was dominated by a fast flow component, reaching the flume before the discharge peak. Later, pesticides were transported mainly by preferential interflow, which peaked about 30 hours after a rain event. The groundwater pathway was not found to contribute to pesticide loss. Antecedent rain conditions proved to be important for the pesticide transport behaviour. While at the beginning of the rainy season large falls of rain did not lead to pesticide contamination, at the end of the season pesticide transport was induced by as little as 0.1 mm of rain. The occurrence of preferential interflow means that the hilly regions in northern Thailand are highly susceptible to contamination by pesticides used by farmers. 相似文献
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The impact of AgrAbility was evaluated through a survey of farmers and ranchers with disabilities who have been served by AgrAbility. The general demographics of the client population and assistance received were evaluated. Other information gathered included client ability pre- and post-onset of a disability and implications of self-reported outlook for the future. Eight states with AgrAbility programs participated in this cooperative survey with the National AgrAbility Project, with a 58.7% response rate (N = 618). The client population was mostly male (85.2%) with an average age of 53.3 with many working full-time (42.4%), part-time (27.6%), only off-farm (3%), or both off and on the farm (27%) in predominately row-crop (58.2%), cattle (not dairy) (46.6%), and hay or forage (41.4%) operations. Nearly half (48.2%) of the clients reported that the origin of the disability was due to a chronic health condition, as opposed to an injury. The majority of clients reported receiving information referring them to a funding source (42.0%) and receiving technical assistance with modifications around the farm or ranch (41.3%). Only two areas of farm operation were reported to have increased after the onset of disability (farm office from 43.8% to 61.2% and household chores from 30.9% to 36.0%). Field machinery operation continues to be the most common activity on the farm, with 73.3% reporting operating field machinery after the onset of disability. The present sample was more optimistic than expected. From a simultaneous multiple linear regression analysis, the factors contributing to positive future outlook include: ability to manage one's chores, machinery, and farm, F (5, 387) = 34.91, p < 0.001). Implications for safety professionals are included. 相似文献
9.
Sanderson WT Madsen MD Rautiainen R Kelly KM Zwerling C Taylor CD Reynolds SJ Stromquist AM Burmeister LF Merchant JA 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2006,12(1):71-81
Agriculture remains one of the most hazardous industries in the U.S., with tractor overturns producing the greatest number of agricultural machinery-related fatalities. Rollover protective structures (ROPS) and seatbelts effectively reduce tractor overturn deaths. However, a large proportion of tractors in use in American agriculture are older tractors without ROPS and seatbelts. This article describes the tractor-related responses from participants in a population-based study conducted in Keokuk County, Iowa. This study was designed to measure rural and agricultural adverse health and injury outcomes and their respective risk factors. Questionnaires were partially developed from well-documented national surveys. Questions about agricultural machinery use, presence of safety equipment on the machinery, work practices, and attitudes about farm safety were included. Study participants on farms who owned tractors had an average of 3.1 tractors with an average age of 27 years. Only 39% of the 665 tractors had ROPS. Tractor age was associated with the presence of ROPS; 84% of tractors manufactured after 1984 were ROPS-equipped, whereas only 3% of tractors manufactured before 1960 were ROPS-equipped. ROPS-equipped tractors were significantly more common on larger farms and households with higher income. Only 4% of the farmers reported that their tractors had seatbelts and they wore them when operating their tractors. The results of this study support the findings of other studies, which indicate that many older tractors without ROPS and seatbelts remain in use in American agriculture. Until a dramatic reduction in the number of tractors in the U.S. operated without ROPS and seatbelts is achieved, the annual incidence of 120 to 130 deaths associated with tractor overturns will persist. 相似文献
10.
化学农药施用技术与粮食安全 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：6
化学农药在保证粮食供应方面发挥了重要作用,这是粮食安全的传统意义。但是农药大量投入导致农产品中农药残留超标,影响了粮食安全的另一个方面。化学农药对农产品的负面影响与农药的施用方法有密切的关系。发达国家在改善环境质量、提高农产品品质的同时,建立了完善的农药使用和管理法规,并通过农药施用技术改造,大大提高了农药的利用率,从而基本解决了农药环境污染和农产品农药残留超标的问题。我国在农药施用过程中,由于长期忽视施用质量的提高,加之缺乏相应的管理措施,农药对病虫草害的防治效果一直是以农药的大量投入来保证的,对农产品质量造成了很大的影响。要解决农药的使用问题,首先须通过行政管理和立法限制单位土地面积上农药的施用量,其次建立农户农药购买登记制度,保证农户实际所用农药不会超过允许使用量,最后加强农药施用者的培训,培训合格后发给操作证,持证施用农药。确保这3个环节的落实,可激发农户农药施用技术的改进,使有限投入的农药发挥最大的效用,减少农药用量,缓解农药与环境及农产品质量之间的矛盾 相似文献
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Pesticides may be released to farmyard surfaces as a result of spillages, leakages, and the decontamination of tractors and sprayers. Biobeds can be used to intercept and treat contaminated runoff, thus minimizing losses to the environment. Previous studies using lined and unlined biobeds showed that water management was the limiting factor for both systems. While lined biobeds effectively retained pesticides, the system rapidly became water logged and degradation was slow. Studies using unlined biobeds showed that >99% of the applied pesticides were removed by the system, with a significant proportion degraded within 9 months. However, peak concentrations of certain pesticides (Koc < 125) were unacceptable to the regulatory authorities. These experiments were designed to optimize the design and management of unlined biobeds. Experiments performed to investigate the relationship between biobed depth and water loading showed that biobeds need to have a minimum depth of 1-1.5 m. The surface area dimension of the biobed depends on the water loading, which is controlled by the nature and frequency of pesticide handling activities on the farm. Leaching losses of all but the most mobile (Koc < 15) pesticides were <0.32% of the applied dose from 1.5 m deep biobeds subject to a water loading of 1175 L m(-2). These were reduced to <0.06% when a water loading of 688 L m(-2) was applied and down to <0.0001% for a water loading of 202 L m(-2). On the basis of these data, a 1.5 m deep biobed, subject to a maximum water loading of 1121 L m(-2) and with a surface area of 40 m(2) should be able to treat < or =44000 L of pesticide waste and washings such that the average concentration of all pesticides, other than those classified as very mobile, does not exceed 5 microg L(-1). This level of treatment can be improved by further reduction in the hydraulic loading. 相似文献
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Myers JR 《Journal of agricultural safety and health》2010,16(4):265-278
Rollover protective structures (ROPS) are an effective engineering control known to prevent tractor overturn deaths, the leading cause of occupational fatalities for farmers and farm workers in the U.S. However, the use of ROPS is known to vary greatly from farm to farm. A national sample of 11,458 farm operators from the 2004 Occupational Injury Surveillance of Production Agriculture (OISPA) survey was used to assess the association between the prevalence of ROPS and ten farm operator and farm demographic variables using logistic regression. The variable were: operator's age, operator's sex, operator's education, farm sales, full- or part-time farming, acreage, type of operation, number of hired workers, number of injuries, and region. All ten variables were found to have significant associations with the prevalence of non-ROPS tractors on farms in the univariate logistic regressions. For the multivariate model, all variables except for the sex of the farm operator remained significant. Farms with less than three adult injuries, no hired workers, less than 300 acres in size, a Midwest location, and a primary farm type of tobacco, fruit and nuts, dairy, or poultry and eggs all had adjusted odds ratios of 2 or greater. Increasing the prevalence of ROPS-equipped tractors is essential for reducing the leading cause of death on farms, tractor overturns. Economic factors play a major role in the prevalence and distribution of non-ROPS tractors on farms. The identified associations can be used to effectively target areas of the U.S. for ROPS promotion activities. 相似文献
14.
The environmental consequences of conservation tillage practices are an important issue concerning the impact of agricultural production on the environment. While it is generally recognized that water runoff and soil erosion will decline as no tillage and mulch tillage systems are used more extensively on cropland, what will happen to pesticide and fertilizer use remains uncertain. To gain some insight into this, the conservation tillage adoption decision is modelled. Starting with the assumption that this dicision is a two step procedure – the first is the decision whether or not adopt a conservation tillage production system and the second is the decision on the extent to which conservation tillage should be used – appropriate models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on corn production in the United States for 1987, the profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was adopted is that cropland had above average slope and experienced above average rainfall, the farm was a cash grain enterprise, and it had an above average expenditure on pesticides and a below average expenditure on fuel and a below average expenditure on custom pesticide applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting a no tillage production practice, an above average expenditure was made on fertilizer. 相似文献
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Agriculture is one of the most hazardous industries in Finland. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze fatal farm injuries in Finland in 1988 to 2000. The information regarding farm-related fatalities was collected by the Kuopio Regional Institute of Occupational Health. The material of this study consisted of all fatal injuries that occurred on a farm or away from a farm in the course of agricultural work. A total of 217 farm-related fatalities occurred in Finland between 1988 and 2000. Of these, 120 were tractor-related, and 97 were other fatal farm injuries. Most of the injuries involved middle-aged or older male farmers. The most typical fatalities with tractors were tractor overturns during driving on a road or working in a field. Other fatal farm incidents occurred mainly in construction work, animal husbandry, or forest work. Elderly farmers and children proved to be risk groups for fatal injuries. 相似文献
18.
茶树油清除豇豆农药残留的效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究茶树油清除果蔬农药残留的效果,该试验选取豇豆为供试材料,以不同浓度的茶树油和水溶性茶树油等清洗处理,利用气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用检测豇豆内有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类和氨基甲酸酯类的农药残留量,计算农药清除率。供试7种农药中,水胺硫磷、马拉硫磷、氧乐果、三唑磷、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和速灭威在豇豆中的初始浓度分别为:20.395、1.690、6.524、10.719、0.160、12.104和23.057mg/kg。茶树油处理后检测结果表明,茶树油具有清除残留在豇豆中农药的能力,清除效果随茶树油浓度增加而增强;清除有机磷类农药效果较拟除虫菊酯类和氨基甲酸酯类农药明显。茶树油比去离子水、市售果蔬农残清洗剂清除农药残留效果显著,同时,相同浓度的水溶性茶树油比相应茶树油清除农药残留能力强。0.8%水溶性茶树油清除效果最佳,清除率分别为水胺硫磷80.48%,马拉硫磷94.54%,三唑磷82.79%,毒死蜱84.58%,氧乐果72.20%,氯氰菊酯80.51%,速灭威72.21%。通过研究结果可知,茶树油可作为有开发前景的果蔬清除剂。 相似文献
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为研究茶树油清除果蔬农药残留的效果,该试验选取豇豆为供试材料,以不同浓度的茶树油和水溶性茶树油等清洗处理,利用气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用检测豇豆内有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类和氨基甲酸酯类的农药残留量,计算农药清除率。供试7种农药中,水胺硫磷、马拉硫磷、氧乐果、三唑磷、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯和速灭威在豇豆中的初始浓度分别为：20.395、1.690、6.524、10.719、0.160、12.104和23.057 mg/kg。茶树油处理后检测结果表明,茶树油具有清除残留在豇豆中农药的能力,清除效果随茶树油浓度增加而增强;清除有机磷类农药效果较拟除虫菊酯类和氨基甲酸酯类农药明显。茶树油比去离子水、市售果蔬农残清洗剂清除农药残留效果显著,同时,相同浓度的水溶性茶树油比相应茶树油清除农药残留能力强。0.8%水溶性茶树油清除效果最佳,清除率分别为水胺硫磷80.48%,马拉硫磷94.54%,三唑磷82.79%,毒死蜱84.58%,氧乐果72.20%,氯氰菊酯80.51%,速灭威72.21%。通过研究结果可知,茶树油可作为有开发前景的果蔬清除剂。 相似文献
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对鄞州区种植的稻谷、叶菜类、水果类、豆类、茄果类和块茎类农产品按月进行了411个批次抽样,按照国家相关规定对22个农药项目进行了检测。检测结果发现样本农药项目检出率为0.3%,农产品农药残留合格率97.82%,农药残留检出项目中88.89%是杀虫剂。超出农药残留标准的样本主要是5—10月的青菜,叶菜类超标样本率达到3.72%。农药残留超标样本在平原、滨海地区种植散户中有发现,而在山区各规模农户中均有发现。小学文化程度农户样本农药残留超标率高达4.50%,是大学文化程度农户样本农药残留超标率的6.16倍。为了降低鄞州区农作物农药残留率,提出5方面的控制对策。 相似文献