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1.
为探究玉米秸秆与市政污泥的混合热解特性,基于热重分析法,在不同升温速率(10、20和30℃/min)下对玉米秸秆、市政污泥及混样进行热重试验,同时采用Coats-Redfern积分法进行了动力学分析。结果表明:玉米秸秆与市政污泥相比热解特性差异大,残余率相差18.57%,综合热解指数相差35.73×10-5,活化能E相差35.31~46.88 kJ/mol。随市政污泥的从10%到90%,热解起始温度由277.7℃下降至256.1℃,残余率由33.69%增加至45.83%,最大失质量速率由7.88%/min下降至3.11%/min,综合热解指数由8.5×10-5下降至1.7×10-5。表明市政污泥虽改善了混样的热解起始温度,但同时也使残余率增加,失质量速率变缓,综合热解指数降低。混样综合热解指数显示二者共热解整体存在抑制作用。动力学参数显示,升温速率升高使活化能增加,玉米秸秆单独热解过程所需活化能E大于市政污泥,市政污泥的质量分数从10%提高到90%,热解活化能由66.01~46.16 kJ/mol降低至44.47~17.04 kJ/mol。该研究可为玉米秸秆和市政污泥的利用提供基础支撑。 相似文献
2.
蒸汽爆破预处理和微生物发酵对玉米秸秆降解率的影响 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
为了提高玉米秸秆的利用效率,首先对玉米秸秆进行蒸汽爆破预处理（压力2.5 Mpa,维压200 s）,然后再进行米曲霉发酵,研究物理和生物学处理对秸秆成分及相关酶活变化的影响。结果表明,蒸汽爆破使秸秆中纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率分别达到8.47%、50.45% 和36.65% （p＜0.05）。爆破预处理的秸秆再经米曲霉发酵6 d后,秸秆中纤维素和半纤维素的降解率分别为27.89%和64.80% （p＜0.05）,发酵秸秆中的滤纸酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶活力分别达到335.10、1138.92、1954.20和201.99 U/g。爆破预处理后进行米曲霉发酵,对于提高玉米秸秆的降解率具有非常重要的意义。 相似文献
3.
玉米秸秆致密成型燃料燃烧动力学分析 总被引：2，自引：5，他引：2
为近一步实现秸秆致密成型燃料高效燃烧的合理利用,该文选用玉米秸秆致密成型燃料进行燃烧动力学分析,通过对玉米秸秆在不同粒度（1、0.25 mm）和不同升温速率（10、20、40℃/min）进行热重分析,采用一级反应动力学模型,得出不同实验水平下的热重、热重变化率及差热,利用热重和热重变化率计算出动力学参数——活化能和频率因子, 最后得到玉米秸秆的热解动力学方程。研究表明：玉米秸秆致密成型燃料的燃烧过程大致可以分为燃料吸热失水反应、挥发分析出和燃烧反应及固定碳的燃烧反应3个阶段,升温速率和样品细度的变化对燃料的活化能及最大失重速率有一定影响,玉米秸秆致密成型燃料的活化能在升温速率为20℃/min时最大。该研究为进一步研究生物质成型燃料的实际热解过程分析以及燃烧设备的设计参数选择提供理论依据。 相似文献
4.
5.
玉米秸秆热解动力学分析(简报) 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
该文采用耐驰STA449同步热分析仪,研究了玉米秸秆在升温速率为5、10、15、20、30 K/min,反应终止温度1273K的热分解反应,结果表明玉米秸秆热解过程可分为失水预热解、热解和碳化3个阶段,随着升温速率增加,反应的特征温度和最大失重速率增加,差示扫描（DSC）曲线整体向下倾斜,升温速率过大时,出现失水滞后现象。分别用FWO法、FRL法和Kissinger法对玉米秸秆热解进行了动力学计算,其热解活化能为（161±23）kJ/mol,通过Malek法确定了玉米秸秆热解满足J-M-A方程,反应机理为随机成核随后生长,确定了反应级数n和指前因子对数lgA的范围,并利用Matlab软件对实验数据进行拟合,验证了机理的正确性,并确定了玉米秸秆热解反应的动力学参数。该文结果对工程应用有指导意义。 相似文献
6.
有机酸处理条件对玉米秸秆热解特性的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
酸洗预处理能有效改善K^+对生物质热解的影响,该文利用热重分析仪和裂解-气相色谱质谱联用仪进行了玉米秸秆的热解试验,研究了不同有机酸酸洗浓度(3%、5%和7%)、酸洗温度(25、50和75℃)和酸洗时间(1、2和3 h)对玉米秸秆热解特性的影响。结果表明:酸洗能显著降低玉米秸秆内在K^+的含量;经过不同条件的有机酸洗预处理后,玉米秸秆的TG/DTG(thermogravimetry/differential thermogravimetry)曲线均向高温段移动,最大热解速率随着酸洗浓度和酸洗温度的增加逐渐增大,随着酸洗时间的增加先增大后降低,在酸洗温度为75℃时,最大热解速率达到最大值15.49%/min;与此同时,玉米秸秆热解主要产物为酚类、酮类和呋喃类化合物,酸洗后,其酚类物质产率明显增加,在酸洗浓度为7%时达到最大值16.75%,而酮类和呋喃类化合物产率减少,分别在酸洗时间为1 h和酸洗浓度为7%时达到最小值0.10%和7.13%。酸洗后,焦炭产率减少,在酸洗浓度为3%时达到最小值18.79%。通过研究不同处理条件下有机酸对玉米秸秆热解特性的影响,为生物质预处理中酸溶液的选择提供了参考。 相似文献
7.
前处理对玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破效果的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为提高纤维乙醇生产过程中秸秆的预处理效果,该文研究了水预浸和CaO前处理对蒸汽爆破和酶解糖化的影响,并利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)及傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对其影响机制进行了分析。结果表明:玉米秸秆经30%水(水料质量比30:100)预浸5d、经2%CaO(CaO与秸秆质量比2:100)处理3d或经30%水和2%CaO协同处理1d后再进行蒸汽爆破均可显著提高蒸汽爆破对木质素的降解,降解率由单独蒸汽爆破的20.6%分别提高到27.8%、35.1%和30.9%。玉米秸秆经3种复合预处理和酶解糖化后总糖浓度分别为3.81、3.59和3.46g/100mL,糖得率分别为42.2%、39.8%和38.3%,比单独蒸汽爆破预处理分别提高了23.7%、16.6%和12.3%。水预浸或CaO复合蒸汽爆破预处理后秸秆结构破坏严重,秸秆相对结晶度由单独蒸汽爆破的42.6%分别提高到47.0%和54.5%。水浸泡或CaO前处理可提高蒸汽爆破预处理效果和后期糖化效果,且所用试剂价格低廉,可以应用推广。 相似文献
8.
蒸汽爆破可破坏木质纤维素结构,提高纤维素、半纤维素的转化利用率,是秸秆类物质利用的一种有效预处理方式。作者研究了玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破处理及其厌氧发酵过程中的能量平衡关系,结果表明相同维压时间下蒸汽爆破处理后玉米秸秆厌氧发酵过程中的能源转化率随着压力增大而增大,而在相同压力条件下均在90 s维压时间时得到最大能源转化率。玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破后在常温条件下厌氧发酵的最小和最大能源转化率分别为8.39%和11.68%,是对照组的1.38倍和1.92倍。但对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的增量效益-费用比分析表明,因玉米秸秆蒸汽爆破处理而引起厌氧发酵产气量增加所形成产气的能量增加量小于蒸汽爆破处理所消耗的能量,从能量转换角度来说蒸汽爆破并不是玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的最经济处理方式。 相似文献
9.
小麦和玉米秸秆热解反应与热解动力学分析 总被引：18，自引：7，他引：18
为了对生物质快速热解液化设备进行分析和计算，该文用热重、差热分析仪分别对小麦和玉米秸秆在不同升温速率下进行了热分析研究。结果表明：小麦和玉米秸秆的热解特性基本一致，热解过程可以用同一种模型描述；随升温速率的提高，热解最高速率时的温度和热解最高速率明显提高。分析了小麦和玉米秸秆热解反应过程，提出了平行一阶反应动力学模型并计算出模型中各参数，将该模型的计算结果、现有一阶反应模型的计算结果分别和试验数据进行了对比，结果表明，平行一阶反应模型的准确程度比现有一阶反应模型有很大的提高。 相似文献
10.
水热生物炭燃烧特性与动力学分析 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
采用热重法对锯末、玉米秸秆水热生物炭燃烧特性及动力学进行了研究,考察了不同升温速率(10、20、40℃/min)对燃烧特性的影响,分析了它们的燃烧特性及动力学参数。结果表明:1)水热炭化前后生物质燃烧质量损失集中在挥发分和固定碳燃烧阶段,升温速率快,着火温度、燃尽温度高,整体向高温区转移,综合燃烧特性指数越大;2)40℃/min时,锯末水热生物炭综合燃烧特性指数远大于玉米秸秆,在其余升温速率下区别不明显;3)以20℃/min相同升温速率时,锯末、玉米秸秆水热生物综合炭燃烧特性相对于未炭化生物质下降27%、13%;4)采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对水热生物炭燃烧动力学进行了研究,一级反应动力学能很好的描述2种生物炭的燃烧动力学,相关系数(R2)均高于0.9,挥发分阶段活化能大于固定碳阶段的活化能。研究结果可为水热生物炭的燃烧应用能提供理论指导。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献