共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
基于多元统计学和地统计学的土壤重金属源解析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The main objectives of this study were to introduce an integrated method for effectively identifying soil heavy metal pollution sources and apportioning their contributions, and apply it to a case study. The method combines the principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) receptor model and geostatistics. The case study was conducted in an area of 31 km2 in the urban-rural transition zone of Wuhan, a metropolis of central China. 124 topsoil samples were collected for measuring the concentrations of eight heavy metal elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Co). PCA results revealed that three major factors were responsible for soil heavy metal pollution, which were initially identified as “steel production”, “agronomic input” and “coal consumption”. The APCS technique, combined with multiple linear regression analysis, was then applied for source apportionment. Steel production appeared to be the main source for Ni, Co, Cd, Zn and Mn, agronomic input for Cu, and coal consumption for Pb and Cr. Geostatistical interpolation using ordinary kriging was finally used to map the spatial distributions of the contributions of pollution sources and further confirm the result interpretations. The introduced method appears to be an effective tool in soil pollution source apportionment and identification, and might provide valuable reference information for pollution control and environmental management. 相似文献
2.
田间尺度下测定土壤有效K、P的采样方法 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Field nutrient distribution maps obtained from the sutdy on soil variations within fields are the basis of precision agriculture,The quality of these maps for maagement depends on the accuracy of the predicted values,which depends on the initial sampling.to Produce reliable predictions efficently the minimal sampling size and combination should be decided firstly,which could avoid the misspent funds for field sampling work.A 7.9 hectare silage field close to the Agricultural Research Institute at Hillaborough,Northern Irealnd,was selected for the study,Soil samples were collected from the field at 25m intervals in a rectangular grid to provide a database of selected soil propoerties.Different data combinations were subsequently abstracted from this database for comparison purposes,and ordinary krging used to produce interpolated soil maps.These prediced data groups were compared using least significant difference(LSD) test method.The results showed that the 62 sampling sizes of triangle arrangement for soil available K were sufficient to reach the required accuracy.The triangular sample combination proved to be superior to a rectangular one of similar sample size. 相似文献
3.
滇池水和沉积物中氮磷空间变化 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
Dianchi Lake is one of the most eutrophic lakes in China. In order to understand this eutrophication and to help control the pollution, this research investigated the spatial distribution of Kjeldahl nitrogen (K-N) and total phosphorus (TP) through analysis of bottom water and sediment (3 depths) samples collected at 118 sites around Dianchi Lake. The concentrations of K-N and TP for the lake bottom water in the Caohai part of the lake were much higher than those in the Waihai part, generally decreasing from north to south. In the sediments, the K-N concentration was higher in the Caohai part and the middle of the Waihai part. On the other hand, TP in the sediments was greater in the southern and western parts. Both K-N and TP had similar spatial distributions for the sediment samples of three different depths.Vertically, the KoN and TP concentration in the sediments decreased with an increase in depth. This was evidence that eutrophication and pollution of Dianchi Lake was becoming gradually more severe. Exterior factors including uncontrolled input of domestic and industrial effluents as well as non-point pollution around the lake were the main reasons for serious eutrophication; therefore, controlling these was the first step in reducing eutrophication of Dianchi Lake. 相似文献
4.
采用新的水溶性表面成膜材料减少水溶液中氨的损失 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A new water soluble surface film-forming material was developed and its effect on reducing ammonia volatilization from an alkaline solution was investigated in laboratory,Results showed that the new film formed by the material was not only more effective in reducing ammonia loss than any other films tested but also much cheaper.The optimum amount of addition of the new film-forming material was about 10times the theoretical amount to form a monomolecular film.Under the experimental conditions,the new film could effectively depress the ammonia volatilization for at least 6 days.The cumulative ammonia loss rates for different films were fitted to a simple logistic equation ,and some important parameters such as the cumulative loss,and the maximum and average volatilization rates were calculated.The effect of different films could be,therefore,compared quantitatively,indicating the new film was most effective in depressing ammonia volatilization. 相似文献
5.
川西3种亚高山针叶林的养分和凋落物格局分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Investigations were conducted to quantify litterfall, and litter and nutrient accumulation in forest floor, and to acquire information on litter decomposition and nitrogen and phosphorus release patterns in three different subalpine coniferous forests, a plantation （P1）, a secondary forest （SF）, and a primitive forest （PF）, in western Sichuan, China. The litter trap method was used to evaluate litterfall with the litterbag method being utilized for litter decomposition. Seasonal patterns of litterfall were similar in the three forests, with two peaks occurring in September-November and March-May. The plantation revealed an annual litterfall of 4.38 x 103 kg ha-1, which was similar to those of SF and PF, but P1 had a lower mass loss rate and a higher C/N ratio. The C/N ratio may be a sound predictor for the decomposition differences. N concentrations of leaf litter in both the secondary forest and primitive forest increased first and then decreased, and the percentages of their final/initial values were 108.9% and 99.9%, respectively. P concentration in the three forests increased by the end of the study. The results of litterfall and decomposition indicated that in the plantation the potential to provide nutrients for soil organic matter was similar to those of SF and PF; however, its slower decomposition rate could result in a somewhat transient accumulation of litter in the forest floor. 相似文献
6.
A pot experiment was conducted in a plastic film house to evaluate the translocation and uptake of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn) into brown rice(Oryza sativa L.) and the heavy metals residues in soils which had previously been irrigated with domestic wastewater for a long time(3 years).The range of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn was 5.10 ± 0.01,0.105 ± 0.017,5.76 ± 0.42,and 23.56 ± 1.40 mg kg-1,respectively in the domestic wastewater-irrigated soil,and 0.370 ± 0.006,0.011 ± 0.001,0.340 ± 0.04,and 2.05 ± 0.18 mg kg-1,respectively,in the domestic wastewater-irrigated brown rice.The results indicated that application of domestic wastewater to arable land slightly increased the levels of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn in soil and brown rice(P < 0.01).The concentrations of heavy metals in brown rice were lower than the recommended tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.However,the continuous monitoring and pollution control of hazardous materials from domestic wastewater are needed in order to prevent excessive build-up of heavy metals in the food chain. 相似文献
7.
Evaluation for Applied Materials of Eco-technology 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
The eco-materials （include natural and artificial material） applied in the eco-technology in internal currently,usually lack of evaluation for applicative conditions. Hence,this study carryon the whole research and identifications to draft the eco- materials of eco-technology. The evaluation models of applied materials for eco-technology were proposed. The quantitative score were obtained by expert＇s person evaluation. Three models were proposed to quantify the effects of applied materials on the ecological environment. The statistical procedures were adopted to compare the performance of these materials for eco- technology. The results indicated that the comparison of applied materials can be treated by quantitative analysis. For the further analysis,more evaluated data from expert＇s experience need to be collected then the bias of person subject can be reduced. In addition to reach the benefits in the respects of ecosystem, society, economy and function, also practice the comprehensive effects in eco-technology. 相似文献
8.
A field experiment was conducted at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,to study the effects of soil management practices on water use and rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield in an axtuic brown soil during 2001 and 2002. A completely random experimental design with three replications was employed, having four soil management practices as treatments, namely: an undisturbed plow layer (CK), a thin plastic film (TN), a thick plastic film (TI) and subsoil compacting (CP). Results indicated no significant differences among all treatments for rice biomass and grain yields. Also, water consumption was about the same for treatments TN and CK, however the treatments TI and CP were much lower with more than 45% and 40% of the irrigation water in the treatments TI and CP, respectively,saved each year compared to CK. Therefore, water use efficiency was higher in the treatments TI and CP. These results will provide a scientific basis for the water-saving rice cultivation. 相似文献
9.
中国蔬菜农业邻苯二甲酸酯污染与人体健康累积风险评估 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Phthalate esters(PAEs), which can disturb human endocrine system, have been widely detected in vegetable greenhouse agriculture in China. To investigate the effects of environmental factors on PAEs in soils, pollution sources were identified, and the cumulative risks of PAEs to humans through vegetables in the diet were evaluated in this study. Ninety-eight vegetable samples were collected from 10 markets along with 128 vegetable and 111 soil samples from agricultural greenhouses and open field. All soil and vegetable samples were contaminated with PAEs, and the total concentrations of the 5 PAEs, including dimethyl phthalate(DMP), diethyl phthalate(DEP), di-iso-butyl phthalate(DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate(DnBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP), were in the ranges of 0.26–2.53 mg kg~(-1) for soils and 0.95–8.09 mg kg~(-1) for vegetables. Three components extracted from principle component analysis could explain 51.2%, 19.8%, and 15.3% of the total variance of the 5 PAEs in soils, which may represent three major sources of PAEs, i.e., wastewater irrigation, application of fertilizers and pesticides, and plastic film. Long-term greenhouse cultivation could accumulate DEHP in soils, and a higher soil Fe Ox content reduced the Dn BP concentration. Based on a survey of vegetables in the diet, the hazard index of PAEs was 0.15 for individuals in different cities. The exposure of PAEs through vegetable intake was higher than the total exposure from other food stuffs, inhalation, and dermal absorption. More attention should be given to controlling PAEs in greenhouse vegetables. 相似文献
10.
曹娥江流域河流污染特征对土地覆被的响应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
This study addressed the relationship of river water pollution characteristics to land covers and human activities in the catchments in a complete river system named Cao-E River in eastern China.Based on the hydrogeochemical data collected monthly over a period of 3 years,cluster analysis(CA) and principal component analysis(PCA) were adopted to categorize the river reaches and reveal their pollution characteristics.According to the differences of water quality in the river reaches and land use patterns and average population densities in their catchments,the whole river system could be categorized into three groups of river reaches,i.e.,non-point sources pollution reaches(NPSPR),urban reaches(UR) and mixed sources pollution reaches(MSPR).In UR and MSPR,the water quality was mainly impacted by nutrient and organic pollution,while in NPSPR nutrient pollution was the main cause.The nitrate was the main nitrogen form in NPSPR and particulate phosphorus was the main phosphorus form in MSPR.There were no apparent trends for the variations of pollutant concentrations with increasing river flows in NPSPR and MSPR,while in UR the pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing river flows.Thus dry season was the critical period for water pollution control in UR.Therefore,catchment land covers and human activities had significant impact on river reach water pollution type,nutrient forms and water quality responses to hydrological conditions,which might be crucial for developing strategies to combat water pollution in watershed scale. 相似文献
11.
聚乳酸生物降解地膜对土壤温度及棉花产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着地膜残留污染问题的加剧,降解地膜的应用研究越来越受到关注。通过普通塑料地膜与2种不同厚度聚乳酸生物降解地膜的田间对比试验,研究聚乳酸生物降解地膜降解状况及对土壤温度和棉花产量的影响。结果表明:聚乳酸生物降解地膜在覆膜17~22 d后进入诱导期,60 d后逐渐进入破裂期,130 d左右进入崩裂期。在棉花生长苗期,生物降解膜膜内增温缓慢,白天平均土壤温度普通膜分别高于18μm降解膜和15μm降解膜膜0.8℃和6.2℃。但夜间降解膜膜内平均温度较稳定,保温效果好,膜内温度高于普通地膜1℃左右。18μm聚乳酸降解膜与普通膜相比对棉花产量的影响无显著性差异,而15μm聚乳酸降解膜使棉花减产8.9%。研究表明,聚乳酸生物降解地膜厚度选为18μm较为合适,且具有良好的降解性,可满足棉花的生长需要,有望替代普通地膜在农田中推广使用。 相似文献
12.
可降解地膜的降解性能及对土壤温度、水分和玉米生长的影响 总被引：37，自引：9，他引：37
针对生产中使用普通农用塑料地膜导致农田土壤污染的现状,进行了不同厚度可降解(光、生物降解)地膜、普通地膜和露地栽培玉米对比试验,探讨可降解地膜的降解性能及对土壤水分、温度和玉米生长的影响。结果表明,0.005mm厚可降解地膜的降解速度及强度均优于0.008mm厚膜,二者在覆膜后90d分别达降解5级、4级水平,地膜质量损失率达55.48%、39.99%。两种可降解地膜对土壤水分、温度和玉米生长的影响与普通地膜相当,均使0～20、>20～40cm土壤水分含量、地表及地下10cm土壤温度明显高于露地对照,使玉米出苗率提高,生育进程加快,株高、叶面积和地上部干物质积累量增加;其中0.008mm厚膜覆盖玉米效果优于0.005mm厚膜。研究认为,以可降解地膜替代普通地膜应用于农业生产具有可行性。 相似文献
13.
新疆农田残膜污染现状及防控策略 总被引：19，自引：9，他引：10
塑料污染是全球性的难点问题,残膜污染是塑料污染在农田的表现形式。新疆是中国重要的农产品生产基地,覆膜种植总面积达347.8万hm2,年地膜投入量超过20万t,是全国残膜污染最为严重区域,具有代表性。总结新疆农田残膜污染的特点、综合治理现状以及存在问题对全国农田残膜污染的治理有较大的借鉴作用。该文应用文献检索归纳、信息查阅以及田野调查等研究方法,对新疆农田残膜残留区域分布特点与残膜在土壤中的空间分布特点进行了总结归纳;分析了地膜投入成本、地膜力学性能以及回收因素等残膜产生成因;对近年来农田残膜污染综合治理技术进行了梳理,总结了农艺防治、可降解地膜、多种回收组合模式以及机械化回收等4大类综合治理技术。最后,探讨了目前残膜污染综合治理中存在的农机农艺融合综合治理、残膜机械化回收、系统性农艺措施以及监测评价等问题,分析了完善残膜污染治理法规、把握农机-农艺-农膜相结合理念、加大耕层残膜的分级治理、研究新型地膜技术以及创新地膜应用栽培模式等污染防控策略。研究表明:现阶段PE地膜仍是农业生产的主要应用方式,开发新型地膜与可降解地膜,实现PE地膜的完全替代是未来的研究目标;新疆农田残膜污染治理应坚持"遏制增量,减少存量"的方针,加大地膜的机械化回收,规范农用地膜的使用与回收再利用,优化种植模式,建立残膜污染治理的可循环模式,以期对典型区农田残膜污染综合治理提供借鉴参考与解决思路。 相似文献
14.
[目的] 明确降解地膜和渗水地膜的最佳适宜区域、适宜作物,以及和普通地膜的效应差异,为降解地膜和渗水地膜的应用提供理论指导。[方法] 通过文献检索,分析整理关于降解地膜和渗水地膜的田间试验研究成果,进行了Meta分析。[结果] 降解地膜覆盖的所有作物产量及水分利用效率均显著高于无覆盖;和普通地膜比,降解地膜覆盖下玉米减产,棉花增产,对其他作物产量无差异;在降雨量小于500 mm时,降解地膜覆盖下作物产量低于普通地膜,而降雨量高于500 mm时产量无显著差异。渗水地膜覆盖下玉米、小麦、谷子和高粱等作物的产量和水分利用效率均显著高于无覆盖;和普通地膜比,渗水地膜覆盖下玉米和谷子产量及水分利用效率高于普通地膜,尤其是谷子增产效果显著。在降雨量小于500 mm的地区,渗水地膜和普通地膜比增产显著,高于500 mm则无差异。降解地膜生育后期的土壤温度低于普通地膜,而渗水地膜在低温下增温效果优于高温,且整个生育期温度更适合作物需求。[结论] 降解地膜在降雨量大于500 mm的短生育期作物上基本可以替代普通地膜,但是在长生育期作物上及降雨量较低地区应用有风险;而渗水地膜应该优先在降雨量低于500 mm地区的短生育期高叶面积指数作物上应用。 相似文献
15.
试验研究无公害可降解地膜对玉米生长及土壤环境的影响结果表明:降解地膜在玉米生长前期具有保温、保水的显著效果,叶面积显著增大,叶片数差异不明显;液态地膜降解最快且无污染,环保作用突出,可在蔬菜等生育期短的作物上应用;生物降解膜降解较慢,具有较好的环保作用,且比露地显著增产,可在生育期较长的作物上推广应用;生物-光降解膜降解最慢,环保效果不明显,但比露地显著增产,适于玉米等生育期长的作物应用。 相似文献
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17.
可降解地膜对土壤、温度水分及玉米生长发育的影响 总被引：32，自引：8，他引：32
针对普通地膜覆盖导致的农田土壤污染现象,进行了可降解地膜、普通地膜覆盖及露地栽培玉米对比试验,探讨可降解地膜对土壤温度、土壤水分、玉米生长发育、产量及相关农艺性状的影响。结果表明,与露地栽培相比,可降解地膜覆盖能明显提高玉米播种后2个月的地表和地下10 cm的土壤温度,增加玉米播种至大喇叭口期0～20 cm、>20～40 cm的土壤水分含量,使玉米生育进程加快,出苗率和拔节期节根层数及条数增加,玉米不同生育时期株高、叶面积及地上部干物质积累量增加,玉米穗粒数增加9.6%,千粒质量增加20.9%,产量增加35.1%。可降解地膜和普通地膜间差异不显著。研究认为,以可降解地膜替代普通地膜应用于农业生产是可行的。 相似文献
18.
中国可降解膜覆盖对玉米产量效应的Meta分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
可降解膜是解决农业生产中地膜残留污染的有效措施,但覆盖可降解膜的作物产量效应仍存在较大分歧.该研究以玉米为研究对象,分别以不覆盖和覆盖普通地膜作为覆盖可降解膜的对照,通过检索已发表的相关田间试验数据,利用Meta分析方法定量研究覆盖可降解膜对玉米的产量效应和影响因素.结果表明,在可降解膜和不覆盖组合中,覆盖可降解膜的玉米产量较不覆盖平均提高17.8%(95%置信区间14.8%~20.9%);该组合不存在发表偏倚和极端值.可降解膜和普通地膜组合存在发表偏倚,校正前覆盖可降解膜的玉米产量显著低于覆盖普通地膜(平均相差1.8%),校正后二者差异不显著(置信区间-0.9%~2.7%);该组合也不存在极端值.与不覆盖和覆盖普通地膜相比,覆盖可降解膜的累计平均产量效应均随时间趋于稳定.近5 a来,覆盖可降解膜与覆盖普通地膜的玉米产量差异和变幅均较2000—2010年有所减小.在高海拔、低气温区域,平作和使用0.008 mm厚度降解膜时,更有利于提高可降解膜的增产效应.该研究可为降解膜的大规模推广应用和开发研制提供依据. 相似文献
19.
北方干旱区降解膜覆盖农田玉米生长和氮素利用模拟及优化 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
为了明确干旱区降解地膜覆盖下作物生长及氮肥利用特征,在内蒙古河套灌区进行两年的降解膜覆盖农田施肥试验。在降解膜覆盖下设4个施氮水平:0(BN0)、216(BN1:追施氮160)、276(BN2:追施氮220)、336(BN3:追施氮280)kg/hm2,另设高氮塑料地膜覆盖(PN3)与高氮无膜覆盖(NN3)处理作为对照。率定和验证了不同类型地膜覆盖条件的DNDC模型(denitrification-decompositionmodel,脱氮-分解作用模型),模拟并研究了不同类型地膜覆盖及不同施氮量对玉米生长、氮素吸收及利用效率的影响,并基于线性+平台模型优化了施肥模式。结果表明:在灌浆期降解地膜与塑料地膜覆盖下玉米生长无明显差异,干物质累积量2a平均仅降低了2.41%(P>0.05),但比无膜处理分别提高了9.65%(P<0.05);在收获期降解地膜与塑料地膜覆盖处理之间差异增大但仍未达显著水平,仅降低了3.07%(P>0.05),且作物的日吸氮量、产量、氮肥利用率和氮素吸收效率也无显著差异,2 a平均分别仅降低1.09%、3.97%、3.08%和2.22%(P>0.05),但比无膜覆盖处理分别提高了7.04%、13.67%、12.90%和8.90%(P<0.05)。随着施氮量增加干物质累积量的增大趋势趋于平缓甚至出现负值,施氮量为336 kg/hm2(BN3)处理较276 kg/hm2(BN2)处理降低了1.06%,日吸氮量、累积吸氮量和产量仅提高了0.35%、0.78%和0.34%(P>0.05),而比216 kg/hm2(BN1)处理分别提高了6.41%、8.38%、23.58%和35.37%(P<0.05)。通过DNDC模型不同情景模拟及线性+平台模型寻优,得到降解地膜覆盖农田施氮肥252.94 kg/hm2时,继续增加氮肥对产量无明显促进作用,为该地区降解地膜覆盖下较优的施肥模式。 相似文献
20.
蚕豆生长及土壤酶活性对低分子量聚乙烯的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究与推广环保型可降解地膜, 是解决当前农田白色污染的重要途径。与普通地膜比较, 可降解地膜降解时间短, 残留物以分子量较低的线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)为主。研究低分子量聚乙烯对作物生长及土壤性质的影响, 对可降解地膜的推广具有重要意义。本研究模拟自然条件, 以添加低分子量聚乙烯(LMWPE)的壤土盆栽种植蚕豆, 并设定不同的LMWPE添加量, 研究全生育期蚕豆的株高、复叶数、结荚数及土壤中脲酶、过氧化物酶、蔗糖酶活性对LMWPE的响应。结果显示: 与不添加LMWPE且种植蚕豆的处理(CK1)比较, 全生育期中添加LMWPE(分别按覆盖地膜1年、10年、50年、100年折算的添加量)且种植蚕豆处理的蚕豆株高、复叶数及土壤脲酶活性、过氧化物酶活性显著高于CK1, 且随着LMWPE添加量增加, 土壤酶活性及蚕豆株高和复叶数增幅越显著, 但各处理土壤蔗糖酶活性及蚕豆结荚数差异不显著。蚕豆根系的形成和生长对3种土壤酶活性具有显著影响。3种土壤酶活性与株高、复叶数显著相关, 但与结荚数无显著的相关性。本研究结果表明, 土壤中添加LMWPE对蚕豆生长及3种土壤酶活性有激活作用, 以添加量为2.80 g·kg-1处理的影响最为明显。 相似文献