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1.
水分状态、土壤类型和氮素种类对氧化亚氮和甲烷排放的影响 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies were monitored simultaneously during a 516-day incubation with lysimeter experiments. Two N sources （^15N-（NH4）2SO4 and ^15N-labeled milk vetch） were applied to two contrasting paddies： one derived from Xiashu loess （Loess） and one from Quaternary red clay （Clay）. Both N2O and CH4 emissions were significantly higher in soil Clay than in soil Loess during the flooded period. For both soil, N2O emissions peaked at the transition periods shortly after the beginning of the flooded and non-flooded seasons. Soil type affected N2O emission patterns. In soil Clay, the emission peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions was much higher than the peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions. In soil Loess, the emission peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions was obviously higher than the peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions except for milk vetch treatment. Soil type also had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the flooded season, over which the weighted average flux was 111 mg C m^-2 h^-1 and 2.2 mg C m^-2 h^-1 from Clay and Loess, respectively. Results indicated that it was the transition in the water regime that dominated N2O emissions while it was the soil type that dominated CH4 emissions during the flooded season. Anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly existed in soil Loess during the flooded season. 相似文献
2.
中国常年淹水稻田CH4排放量估算 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A special kind of rice field exists in China that is flooded year-round. These rice fields have substantially large CH4 emissions during the rice-growing season and emit CH4 continuously in the non-rice growing season. CH4 emission factors were used to estimate the CH4 emissions from year-round flooded rice fields during the rice-growing season in China.The CH4 emissions for the year-round flooded rice fields in China for the rice growing season over a total area of 2.66 Mha were estimated to be 2.44 Tg CH4 year^-1. The uncertainties of these estimations are discussed as well. However,the emissions during the non-rice growing season could not be estimated because of limited available data. Nevertheless,methane emissions from rice fields that were flooded year-round could be several times higher than those from the rice fields drained in the non-rice-growing season. Thus, the classification of “continuously flooded rice fields”in the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories is suggested to be revised and divided into “continuously flooded rice fields during the rice growing season” and “year-round flooded rice fields”. 相似文献
3.
不同水稻、小麦品种对N2O排放的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Plant species of cropping systems may affect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. A field experiment was conducted to investigate dynamics of N2O emissions from rice-wheat fields from December 2006 to June 2007 and the relationship between soil and plant parameters with N2O emissions. The results indicated that N2O emissions from different wheat varieties ranged from 12 to 291 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1 and seasonal N2O emissions ranged from 312 to 385 mg N2O-N m-2. In the rice season, it was from 11 to 154 μg N2O-N m-2 h-1 with seasonal N2O emission of 190--216 mg N2O-N m-2. The seasonal integrated flux of N2O differed significantly among wheat and rice varieties. The wheat variety HUW 234 and rice variety Joymoti showed higher seasonal N2O emissions. In the wheat season, N2O emissions correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC), soil NO3--N, soil temperature, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. Among the variables assessed, soil temperature followed by SOC and soil NO3--N were considered as the important variables influencing N2O emission. N2O emission in the rice season was significantly correlated with SOC, soil NO3--N, soil temperature, leaf area, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. The main driving forces influencing N2O emission in the rice season were soil NO3--N, leaf area, and SOC. 相似文献
4.
淹水条件下FACE处理的水稻以及小麦秸秆的分解及产物 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Winter wheat and rice straw produced under ambient and elevated CO2 in a China rice-wheat rotation free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment was mixed with a paddy soil at a rate of 10 g kg-1 (air-dried), and the mixture was incubated under flooded conditions at 25 ℃ to examine the differences in decomposition as well as the products of crop residues produced under elevated CO2. Results showed that the C/N ratio and the amount of soluble fraction in the amended rice straw grown under elevated CO2 (FR) were 9.8% and 73.1% greater, and the cellulose and lignin were 16.0% and 9.9% lesser than those of the amended rice straw grown under ambient CO2 (AR), respectively. Compared with those of the AR treatment, the CO2-C and CH4-C emissions in the FR treatment for 25 d were increased by 7.9% and 25.0%, respectively; a higher ratio of CH4 to CO2 emissions induced by straw in the FR treatment was also observed. In contrast, in the treatments with winter wheat straw, the CO2-C and CH4-C productions, the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions, and the straw composition were not significantly affected by elevated CO2, except for an 8.0% decrease in total N and a 9.7% increase in C/N ratio in the wheat straw grown under elevated CO2. Correlation analysis showed that the net CO2-C and CH4-C emissions from straw and the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions were all exponentially related to the amount of soluble fraction in the amended straw (P < 0.05). These indicated that under flooded conditions, the turnover and CH4 emission from crop straw incorporated into soil were dependent on the effect of elevated CO2 on straw composition, and varied with crop species. Incorporation of rice straw grown under elevated CO2 would stimulate CH4 emission from flooded rice fields, whereas winter wheat straw grown under elevated CO2 had no effect on CH4 emission. 相似文献
5.
中国太湖地区水稻田甲烷排放的估算 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Methane fluxes from late rice and single cropping rice fields in Taihu region were measured using closed chamber method in 1992 and 1993 and CH4 emission from this region (total area of paddy soils was about 1.88 million hectares,of which 0.63 million hectares are distibuted in the south of Jiangsu province) was estimated on the basis of the meam CH4 fluxes observed.The results showed that the mean CH4 flaxes from late rice and single cropping rice field were quite similar under the prevailing cultivation practices in the region,being around 5 mg CH4/m^2/h(4.31-5.31mg CH4/m^2/h for various cultivars of the late rice and 3.20-6.22mg CH4/m^2/h for various treatments of the single cropping rice).Total CH4 emission from paddy soils in the region was estimated to e 0.185-0.359 Tg CH4 per year.Continuously flooding the soil with a water layer till ripening caused higher mean CH4 flux;and addition of nitrification inhibitor(thiourea) stimulated CH4 emission.There was no simple repationship between CH4 flux and either soil temperature or soil Eh. 相似文献
6.
秸秆施用对稻田CH4排放、溶解浓度及13C变化特征的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
CH4 emission and the concentration of dissolved CH4 in soil solution and floodwater in a rice field and their stable carbon isotopic signatures as affected by straw application were investigated in 2009 in a field experiment at Jurong, Jiangsu Province, China. Straw application increased CH4 emission and CH4 concentration in the soil solution and floodwater. A positive seasonal correlation was also observed in the variation between CH4 flux and CH4 concentration in soil solution. The seasonal total CH4 emission (51.6 g CH4 m-2) in Treatment WS (straw applied) was about 168% higher than that in Treatment CK (without straw). The emitted CH4 and CH4 in soil solution were initially relatively enriched, then depleted and finally enriched again in 13C in both treatments, while CH4 in floodwater became isotopically heavier. The carbon isotopic signature of emitted CH4 and CH4 in floodwater averaged around -62‰ and -45‰ for both treatments, respectively, and was not significantly influenced by the application of straw. However, straw application caused the CH4 in soil solution to be significantly depleted in 13C during the middle of the rice season, and the mean δ13C value was lower in WS (-57.4‰) than in CK (-49.9‰). Calculation from the isotopic data showed that straw application increased the fraction of CH4 oxidized, causing no significant difference in the δ13C value of the emitted CH4 between the two treatments. 相似文献
7.
不同碳源添加对钙质土高累积硝态氮向土壤有机氮库转化的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
QIU Shao-Jun JU Xiao-Tang J. INGWERSEN GUO Zi-De C. F. STANGE R. BISHARAT T. STRECK P. CHRISTIE ZHANG Fu-Suo 《土壤圈》2013,23(2):205-212
Excessive amounts of nitrate have accumulated in many soils on the North China Plain due to the large amounts of chemical N fertilizers or manures used in combination with low carbon inputs. We investigated the potential of different carbon substrates added to transform soil nitrate into soil organic N (SON). A 56-d laboratory incubation experiment using the 15 N tracer (K15 NO3 ) technique was carried out to elucidate the proportion of SON derived from accumulated soil nitrate following amendment with glucose or maize straw at controlled soil temperature and moisture. The dynamics and isotopic abundance of mineral N (NO3 and NH+4 ) and SON and greenhouse gas (N2O and CO2 ) emissions during the incubation were investigated. Although carbon amendments markedly stimulated transformation of nitrate to newly formed SON, this was only a substitution effect of the newly formed SON with native SON because SON at the end of the incubation period was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from that in control soil without added C. At the end of the incubation period, amendment with glucose, a readily available C source, increased nitrate immobilization by 2.65 times and total N2O-N emission by 33.7 times, as compared with maize straw amendment. Moreover, the differences in SON and total N2O-N emission between the treatments with glucose and maize straw were significant (P < 0.05). However, the total N2O-N emission in the straw treatment was not significantly (P > 0.05) greater than that in the control. Straw amendment may be a potential option in agricultural practice for transformation of nitrate N to SON and minimization of N2O emitted as well as restriction of NO3-N leaching. 相似文献
8.
Information about soil nitric oxide (NO) emissions from subtropical forests is quite limited, and even less is known about the pulse emission of NO when wetting soils after a long period of dryness. In this study, we measured NO fluxes following wetting of dry soil in a broadleaf forest and a pine forest in subtropical China. Large pulses of NO fluxes were observed after soil wetting in both forests. NO fluxes increased significantly within 0.5 h following wetting in both forests and reached peak 1 h and 4 h after soil wetting in the pine forest and the broadleaf forest, respectively. In the broadleaf forest, averaged peak flux of NO pulses was 157 ng N m–2 s–1, which was 8 times the flux value before wetting, and in the pine forest, the averaged peak flux was 135 ng N m–2 s–1, which was 15.5 times the flux value before wetting. The total pulses-induced NO emissions during the dry season were roughly estimated to be 29.4 mg N m–2 in the broadleaf forest and 22.2 mg N m–2 in the pine forest or made up a proportion of 4.6% of the annual NO emission in the broadleaf forest and 5.3% in the pine forest. 相似文献
9.
土地利用史对水田甲烷的排放和甲烷植物的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
The characteristics of methane emission were compared among six types of upland and paddy soils developed from different materials with distinct physical and chemical properties after planting rice.The fluxes of methane emission in submerged soils from the upland were obviously lower than those from the paddy rice field.The flux of methane emission in the paddy soil developed from fluvo-aquic soil was the largest among all the types of soils.Planting of rice was heplful to emission of methane in soils.The amounts of various groups of methanogenic flora were conformed with the differences among the fluxes of methane emission in various types of soils.Methane formation was observed in each type of air-dried soils stored for a long time after addition of water and incubation at 35℃. 相似文献
10.
Little is known about the stable carbon isotopes of methane(CH4) emitted(δ~(13)CH_(4emitted)) from permanently flooded rice fields and double rice-cropping fields.The CH4 emission and corresponding δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) under various field managements(mulching,water regime,tillage,and nitrogen(N) fertilization) were simultaneously measured in three typical Chinese rice fields,a permanently flooded rice field in Ziyang City,Sichuan Province,Southwest China,a double-rice cropping field in Yingtan City,Jiangxi Province,Southeast China,and a rice-wheat rotation field in Jurong City,Jiangsu Province,East China,from 2010 to 2012.Results showed different seasonal variations of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) among the three fields during the rice-growing season.The values of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) were negatively correlated with corresponding CH4 emissions in seasonal variation and mean,indicating the importance of CH_4 production,oxidation,and transport associated with isotopic fractionation effects to the δ~(13)CH_(4emitted).Seasonal variations of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) were slightly impacted by mulching cultivation,tillage,and N application,but highly controlled by drainage.Meanwhile,tillage,N application,and especially mulching cultivation had important effects on seasonal mean CH4 emissions and corresponding δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) with low emissions accompanied by high values of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted).Seasonal mean values of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) from the three fields were similar,mostly ranging from —60‰ to — 50‰,which are well in agreement with previously published data.These demonstrated that seasonal variations of δ~(13)CH_(4emitted) mainly depended on the changes in CH4 emission from rice fields and further indicated the important effects of methanogenic pathways,CH4 oxidation,and CH4 transport associated with isotope fractionation effects influenced by field managements on δ~(13)CH_(4emitted). 相似文献
11.
稻草还田和非稻季持续淹水是我国最重要的稻田管理方式之一,此种管理方式下稻田碳排放并不清楚。本研究以江汉平原中稻-冬闲制度为对象,探讨稻草还田耦合非稻季持续淹水对稻季碳排放的影响,为准确评估稻田温室气体排放提供数据支撑和理论支持。结果表明,在稻草秸秆全量覆盖还田下,非稻季自然排水比持续淹水显著降低稻季CH_4累积排放量,稻季第一次排水晒田之前CH_4排放占总排放量的80%以上;非稻季持续淹水使稻季CO_2累积排放量比自然排水稍有降低,CO_2排放主要集中在第一次排水晒田之后,占总排放量的60%左右。非稻季淹水降低稻季土壤NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N和DOC浓度以及10 cm土层土壤Eh值,但使乙酸浓度升高,这可能是稻草还田耦合非稻季淹水导致CH_4排放量增加的主要原因。 相似文献
12.
早稻秸秆原位焚烧对红壤晚稻田CH4和N2O排放及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取湖南双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻田在常规施肥（NPK）、常规施肥+秸秆原位焚烧（NPK+SB）处理下的CH4和N2O排放通量进行观测,同时根据设定参数对秸秆焚烧排放的CH4和N2O进行估算。结果表明,晚稻生长期间NPK和NPK+SB 处理的CH4排放量差异很小,秸秆焚烧会增加N2O排放22.8%,但差异不显著（p＞0.05）。两种施肥方式下N2O排放峰值都出现在追肥后的土壤水分饱和时期而晒田期排放很少。据估算秸秆焚烧排放的CH4和N2O分别占NPK+SB处理总排放的4.27% 和17.31%。NPK+SB处理单位产量的全球增温潜势比NPK处理高22%。综合考虑生产效应和环境效应,水稻秸秆焚烧不是明智的选择。 相似文献
13.
三江平原寒地稻田CH_4、N_2O排放特征及排放量估算 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,于2003-2006年对三江平原寒地稻田CH4、N2O通量进行了为期4年的田间原位观测研究.结果表明:三江平原寒地稻田CH4和N2O排放具有明显的季节变化,水稻生长季淹水期是CH4排放的强源,稻田排水后CH4排放显著下降,休闲期CH4排放微弱或呈弱吸收汇,整个生长季CH4排放呈现单峰型态,并随水稻植株生长和叶面积指数而变化;水稻生长季和休闲期N2O排放通量都很小,冬季休闲期有时还出现微弱的吸收现象.生长季一般在施肥和表土落干时都会出现不同强度的排放峰,除了几次比较显著的排放峰值外,其它淹水状态下N2O排放很弱;温度和土壤水分状况是影响稻田CH4和N2O排放的重要因子,稻田积水深度和气体排放无明显的相关性;水稻植株对稻田土壤CH4排放起促进作用而对稻田土壤N2O排放起抑制作用;稻田氮肥用量增加可以降低土壤CH4排放,但却增加了N2O的排放.根据试验数据对三江平原地区寒地稻田CH4和N2O排放总量估算值分别为0.1035 Tg/a和0.0021 Tg/a. 相似文献
14.
大气CO_2浓度升高是全球气候变化的主要驱动力,可直接或间接影响陆地生态系统碳氮循环。阐明稻田生态系统CH_4和N_2O排放对大气CO_2浓度升高的响应及其机制,是农业生产应对全球气候变化的重要组成部分。本文综述了国内外不同大气CO_2浓度升高模拟技术平台条件下稻田CH_4和N_2O排放的响应规律,进一步讨论分析了大气CO_2浓度升高影响CH_4和N_2O排放的相关机制,并展望了今后稻田CH_4和N_2O排放对大气CO_2浓度升高响应的主要研究方向,以期为应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和技术支撑。 相似文献
15.
于2008年采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对人工手插和机插2种水稻种植方式下CH4和N2O排放进行田间观测,研究稻麦轮作条件下机插水稻CH4和N2O的排放特征及其温室效应。结果表明,水稻生长季CH4排放通量人工手插水稻和机插水稻均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,N2O仅在水稻搁田期间有明显排放,机插和人工手插水稻CH4平均排放通量分别为4.68、4.39 mg.m-2.h-1,N2O平均排放通量为92.80、111.33μg.m-.2h-1。与人工手插水稻相比,机插水稻增加CH4排放总量14%,减少N2O排放总量11%,使稻季排放CH4和N2O所产生的全球增温潜势（GWP）和＂单位产量的GWP＂分别提高8%和10%。在稻麦轮作条件下采用机插水稻种植方式,水稻生长期间排放的CH4和N2O所形成的温室效应有提高的趋势。 相似文献
16.
通过静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了崇明岛稻麦轮作地水稻生长季及收割后休耕期（2011年6月至2011年11月）温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O的排放、吸收规律及交换量,并运用增温潜势进行了温室效应估算。3种温室气体通量在水稻不同生长阶段有明显差异：稻田除成熟收割期外,其他期均表现为CH4排放源,并在分蘖期达到最大值;N2O除幼苗期表现为汇,其他期均为排放源,并在拔节期达到最大值。温室效应分析得出：水稻田温室气体以CH4和N2O排放为主,二者对全球温室效应的贡献为3.255×103kgCO2·hm-2;由于光合作用,稻田表现为对CO2固定,固定量为2.462×103kgCO·2hm-2;崇明水稻生长季排放温室气体综合GWP值为793kgCO·2hm-2,为温室气体排放源。 相似文献
17.
利用田间试验研究了冬季3种土地管理方式下（种麦、休闲和淹水）秸秆施用（4800kg·hm^-2和0）对后续稻季CH。排放的影响。结果表明,休闲混施和休闲不施处理CH4平均排放通量显著高于种麦混施和种麦不施处理（P〈0．05）,但显著低于淹水混施和淹水不施处理（P〈0．05）;淹水混施处理CH4平均排放通量显著高于淹水不施处理（P〈0．05）,而休闲混施和休闲不施处理、种麦混施和种麦不施处理间无显著差异（P〉0．05）。水稻生长期CH4排放通量与5、10cm处土温呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）,而与土壤肌无显著相关性（p〉0．05）。改冬季淹水和休闲稻田为种植小麦或在水稻移栽前对休闲稻田实施除草措施能显著减少稻田CH4排放量,是一种既增加农作物产量又能达到减少温室气体CH4排放的农业措施,具有很大的应用推广价值。 相似文献
18.
水稻机械化播栽对稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探明高产栽培条件下水稻机械化播栽对稻麦两熟农田稻季甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响,以超级稻南粳44为材料,于2011年和2012年在麦秸还田和不还田两种条件下对机械直播、机械栽插、常规手栽3种水稻播栽方式的稻田CH4和N2O排放量和水稻产量进行了比较研究。结果表明,稻季CH4和N2O排放主要集中在水稻生育前中期,移栽至有效分蘖临界叶龄期CH4累积排放量占稻季总排放量的76.49%~91.13%,有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节N2O累积排放量占稻季总排放量的33.56%~49.41%。麦秸还田显著提高稻季CH4总排放量(P0.05)、降低N2O总排放量(P0.05),机械栽插的稻季CH4总排放量较常规手栽略减3.25%~9.50%(P0.05),机械直播显著低于机械栽插和常规手栽(P0.05):2011年,麦秸不还田条件下机械直播较机械栽插和常规手栽稻季CH4分别减排15.69%和18.43%,麦秸还田条件下分别减排14.54%和22.66%;2012年,麦秸不还田条件下机械直播较机械栽插和常规手栽稻季CH4分别减排26.63%和32.12%,麦秸还田条件下分别减排30.51%和36.75%。机械直播较常规手栽显著增加稻季N2O总排放量0.16~0.97 kg/hm2(P0.05),机械栽插和常规手栽的差异不大(P0.05)。机械直播的产量水平显著低于常规手栽(P0.05),减产8.43%~10.79%,机械栽插较常规手栽产量降低1.27%~3.49%(P0.05)。稻季的全球增温潜势主要由排放CH4产生,麦秸还田显著提高全球增温潜势(P0.05),机械直播的全球增温潜势显著小于机械栽插和常规手栽(P0.05)。麦秸还田条件下,2011年和2012年机械直播的"单位产量的全球增温潜势"较常规手栽分别减少12.02%和28.71%(P0.05)。上述研究表明,在长江下游稻麦两熟区采用机械直播有利于减少稻季CH4排放,麦秸还田条件下机械直播替代常规手栽能减少稻田排放CH4和N2O产生的综合温室效应。 相似文献
19.
稻田CH4和N2O综合排放对控制灌溉的响应 总被引：10，自引：6，他引：4
为了揭示水稻控制灌溉对稻田CH4和N2O综合排放的影响,该文采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对控制灌溉稻田CH4和N2O排放进行原位观测,分析稻田CH4和N2O综合排放对控制灌溉水分调控的动态响应。结果表明,控制灌溉稻田CH4排放通量多低于常规灌溉稻田,且主要集中在水稻分蘖前期,峰值出现在土壤脱水后第1～2d,排放总量较常规灌溉稻田减少81.2%～82.8%;N2O排放通量多高于常规灌溉稻田,峰值出现在肥后且土壤脱水后3～4d,排放总量较常规灌溉稻田增加了121.8%～144.3%。控制灌溉稻田CH4和N2O的综合全球增温潜势较常规灌溉稻田显著减少(p<0.05),减少幅度为15.0%～34.8%。控制灌溉显著降低了稻田CH4和N2O的综合温室效应。 相似文献