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1.
Cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine sedation in the foal   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Six healthy foals underwent instrumentation for measurement of the cardiopulmonary effects of sedation with 1.1 mg/kg bodyweight xylazine hydrochloride given intravenously. Responses to xylazine in foals at 10 and 28 days of age were not significantly different. Foals became sedate and markedly ataxic, and four of the six foals became recumbent. Heart rate decreased significantly but no arrhythmias were detected. Arterial blood pressure increased initially and then fell significantly below pre-injection values. Changes in respiratory airflow, upper airway obstruction and respiratory noise were noted in the initial 20 mins of sedation, after which respiratory rate fell, tidal volume increased, and minute volume decreased gradually. Arterial blood gas tensions and pH did not change significantly during the 120 mins following xylazine administration. Control studies showed no significant changes. All foals recovered uneventfully.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona could be detected in CSF from clinically normal neonatal (2 to 7 days old) and young (2 to 3 months old) foals. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 15 clinically normal neonatal Thoroughbred foals. PROCEDURE: Serum and CSF samples were obtained from foals at 2 to 7 days of age and tested for antibodies against S. neurona by means of western blotting. Serum samples from the mares were also tested for antibodies against S. neurona. Additional CSF and blood samples were obtained from 5 foals between 13 and 41 days after birth and between 62 and 90 days after birth. RESULTS: Antibodies against S. neurona were detected in serum from 13 mares and their foals; antibodies against S. neurona were detected in CSF from 12 of these 13 foals. Degree of immunoreactivity in serum and CSF decreased over time, and antibodies against S. neurona were no longer detected in CSF from 2 foals 83 and 84 days after birth. However, antibodies could still be detected in CSF from the other 3 foals between 62 and 90 days after birth. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that antibodies against S. neurona can be detected in CSF from clinically normal neonatal (2 to 7 days old) foals born to seropositive mares. This suggests that western blotting of CSF cannot be reliably used to diagnose equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in foals < 3 months of age born to seropositive mares.  相似文献   

3.
At birth, 24 Standardbred foals were assigned at random to 1 of 2 groups and were given a placebo supplement (group 1) or an iron supplement (248 mg of iron/treatment; group 2). Foals were given iron supplement or placebo 4 times during the second and third weeks after birth. Hematologic variables and general health were monitored until foals were 4 months old. Mean PCV in foals of both groups decreased during the first 2 weeks after birth, but values remained within adult horse reference ranges. During the first 6 weeks after birth, foal erythrocytes were smaller than adult horse erythrocytes, but foal erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was greater than that in adult horses. At every measurement, indices of anisocytosis were lower in foals, compared with adult horse reference values, suggesting that foals have a homogeneous population of microcytic erythrocytes during early foalhood. In 2-week-old foals of both groups and in 4-week-old placebo-treated foals, mean serum iron concentration was lower than that in adult horses. In foals at birth and during the first 4 months, total iron-binding capacity values were above the adult reference range. In newborn foals, transferrin saturation percentage values decreased to below the reference range in foals from 2 weeks to 4 months after birth. When foals were born, serum ferritin concentration values were above the adult horse reference range, but decreased to within the reference range by the time foals were 1 day old. From 2 through 6 weeks after birth, foal ferritin concentration values were below the adult reference range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

4.
The effects of acute exposure to 3 different temperature and humidity conditions on arterial blood-gas and acid-base balance in goats were investigated after intravenous bolus administration of xylazine at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg. Significant (P<0.05) changes in the variables occurred under all 3 environmental conditions. Decreases in pH, partial pressure of oxygen and oxyhaemoglobin saturation were observed, and the minimum values for oxygen tension and oxyhaemoglobin saturation were observed within 5 min of xylazine administration. The pH decreased to its minimum values between 5 and 15 min. Thereafter, the variables started to return towards baseline, but did not reach baseline values at the end of the 60 min observation period. Increases in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, total carbon dioxide content, bicarbonate ion concentration, and the actual base excess were observed. The maximum increase in the carbon dioxide tension occurred within 5 min of xylazine administration. The increase in the actual base excess only became significant after 30 min in all 3 environments, and maximal increases were observed at 60 min. There were no significant differences between the variables in the 3 different environments. It was concluded that intravenous xylazine administration in goats resulted in significant changes in arterial blood-gas and acid-base balance that were associated with hypoxaemia and respiratory acidosis, followed by metabolic alkalosis that continued for the duration of the observation period. Acute exposure to different environmental temperature and humidity conditions after xylazine administration did not influence the changes in arterial blood-gas and acid-base balance.  相似文献   

5.
The aim of the present study was to fill the void in data related to hematological and biochemical parameters of donkey foals. Whole-blood and plasma samples were obtained from 16 Amiata donkey foals at birth, at 24 and 48 hours, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age. RBC, WBC, hemoglobin concentration (Hgb), mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, glucose, creatinine, blood urea, triglycerides, total cholesterol, total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, creatine-phosphokinase, alkaline phosphatase, total calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, and albumin were measured. Similar to equine foals, values of RBC, Hgb, and Hct decreased significantly after the first 48 hours of life in Amiata donkey foals, reaching values similar to adult donkeys. No changes were found for mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration during the study period. The WBC was low at birth when compared with subsequent measurements, but significantly increased in the subsequent surveys. Platelet count was lower in the first week, with a secondary peak 2 weeks later, and then a decline again up to the eighth week. In agreement with equine foals, electrolyte concentrations, triglycerides, and total cholesterol did not show significant differences. Creatinine, total bilirubin, and blood urea showed a trend similar to RBC, Hgb, and Hct. For the first time, data of hematological and biochemical parameters in Amiata donkey foals are provided.  相似文献   

6.
The objectives of the present study were to determine if administration of inactivated parapoxvirus ovis (IPPVO) can decrease the cumulative incidence of pneumonia and increase the number of IFN-γ- and IL-4-secreting cells among foals. Fifty-nine foals were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups (IPPVO or placebo) prior to birth. At 24-48 h of age, foals received 2 ml of either IPPVO or a placebo by intramuscular injection. Injections were repeated 24h and 8 days later. The number of IFN-γ- and IL-4-secreting cells was measured using a validated ELISPOT assay on blood mononuclear cells collected when the foals were 1-14 days old. Foals were monitored daily for clinical signs of pneumonia and biweekly for lung lesions by ultrasonography. The proportion of foals that developed clinical or ultrasonographic evidence of pneumonia was not significantly different between IPPVO (16 of 28) and placebo (14 of 31). IFN-γ- and IL-4-secreting cells were detected in only 22 and 15 foals, respectively. There was a significant effect of treatment with IPPVO on the number of IFN-γ secreting cells in foals 7- to 14-days-old but not in younger foals. There was no significant effect of treatment with IPPVO on the number of IL-4-secreting cells. The odds of detecting IFN-γ (5.1; 95% CI: 1.5-15) and IL-4 (3.5; 95% CI: 1.1-12) were significantly higher in foals 7-14 days than in younger foals regardless of treatment group. There was no significant association between IFN-γ or IL-4 secretion early in life and subsequent development of pneumonia.  相似文献   

7.
Thoracic radiographs from 22 neonatal foals were reviewed to investigate the radiographic appearance of the thorax in normal, immature, and septicemic foals, and in foals with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. The size and radiographic appearance of intrathoracic structures and abnormal lung opacities were evaluated. The craniocaudal and apicobasilar dimensions of the heart were 5.6–6.3 and 6.7–7.8 times the length of a midthoracic vetebral body, respectively, in normal, immature and septicemic foals. Apicobasilar measurements were greater (8.0–8.7) in the foals with respiratory distress syndrome. Normal foals had clear lung fields within 12 hours of birth. A more marked interstitial pattern was observed in immature and septicemic foals compared to normals. Diffuse air–space (alveolar) pattern with air bronchograms was seen in foals with respiratory distress syndrome. It was concluded from this series that thoracic radiographs taken 24–48 hours after birth may aid differentiation of normal foals, septicemic or immature foals, and foals with respiratory distress syndrome.  相似文献   

8.
Pharmacokinetic values of sodium amoxicillin (22 mg/kg of body weight) in foals were determined after a single IM injection in 6 Quarter Horse foals at 3, 10, and 30 days of age. Serum amoxicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 24-hour period. The absorption of amoxicillin was rapid and followed a 1st-order elimination. Mean peak serum concentrations occurred 30 minutes after the injection in foals at all ages and were 17.31 +/- 9.59 micrograms/ml when the foals were 3 days old, 23.28 +/- 9.86 micrograms/ml when the foals were 10 days old, and 21.35 +/- 6.39 micrograms/ml when the foals were 30 days old. Serum samples collected beyond 8 hours after administration contained amoxicillin concentrations less than 0.05 micrograms/ml. The elimination rate constant increased with increasing age (0.5265 +/- 0.0891 hour-1 when the foals were 3 days old, 0.6494 +/- 0.1114 hour-1 when the foals were 10 days old, and 0.7112 +/- 0.1016 hour-1 when the foals were 30 days old). Serum clearance increased with increasing age (498.4 +/- 82.6 ml/hr/kg at 3 days, 631.6 +/- 170.5 ml/hr/kg at 10 days, and 691.2 +/- 127.3 ml/hr/kg at 30 days). Serum half-life decreased with increasing age (1.34 +/-0.243 hour at 3 days, 1.10 +/- 0.239 hour at 10 days, and 0.991 +/- 0.139 hour at 30 days), whereas the extrapolated concentration at time zero and apparent volume of distribution did not change during the first 30 days of age.  相似文献   

9.
Gentamicin sulfate, equivalent to 4 mg of gentamicin base/kg of body weight, was administered IV to 6 Thoroughbred foals on day 1 (12 to 24 hours of age) and at 5, 10, 15, and 30 days after birth. On day 40 after parturition, gentamicin was given to the mares at a dosage similar to that used in foals. Decay of serum gentamicin concentrations was best described by a 2-compartment model. Among foals, the overall elimination rate constant at 30 days of age was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than at days 1, 10, and 15. There was, however, no difference in the overall elimination rate constant between foals and mares. The volume of distribution (Vd), determined on the basis of total area under the disposition curve, did not change between day 1 and day 30. Mean values of Vd of foals were between 1.5 and 2.5 times higher than the mean Vd of the mares; however, only values from the foals at days 5 and 10 were significantly greater. Both age and interindividual differences were reflected in the total body clearance (ClB) of gentamicin. Total body clearance of gentamicin of foals on day 1 was less than that of foals on days 5, 10, and 30. Additionally, C1B of gentamicin on day 15 was less than that on day 30. There was no significant difference between ClB of foals and mares except for the day-30 group, which had a higher clearance rate than did the adults. Protein binding of gentamicin was less than 30% in all groups, and there were no apparent age-related differences.  相似文献   

10.
Pharmacokinetic characteristics of the anticonvulsant phenobarbital were studied in seven pony and two Thoroughbred foals aged between four and 10 days. A single, 20 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) dose of phenobarbital was given intravenously over 25 mins and the serum concentrations of the drug were measured using an EMIT AED assay (coefficient of variation 1.37 per cent at 30 micrograms/ml, n = 7). Phenobarbital elimination was found to follow first order kinetics. The mean (+/- sd) peak phenobarbital serum concentration was 18.6 +/- 2.1 micrograms/ml at 1 h after initiation of infusion with a mean (+/- se) half-life of 12.8 +/- 2.1 h. The mean (+/- se) volume of distribution was 0.86 +/- 0.026 litres/kg bwt and mean (+/- se) total body clearance was 0.0564 +/- 0.0065 litres/kg bwt/h. Sedation was noticed 15 to 20 mins after the beginning of infusion and lasted for up to 8 h. All foals could be aroused and could walk although they were ataxic for the first 1 to 2 h. A degree of delayed hyperexcitability occurred 3 to 8 h after infusion. In equine neonatal seizure disorders it is recommended to use a loading dose of 20 mg/kg bwt of phenobarbital, followed by maintenance doses of 9 mg/kg bwt at 8 h. With this regimen, average steady state serum phenobarbital concentrations should range between approximately 11.6 and 53 micrograms/ml. Phenobarbital serum concentrations should be monitored following the loading dose and 24 h after initiating the maintenance doses to check that levels remain within the suggested (human) therapeutic range of 15 to 40 micrograms/ml.  相似文献   

11.
Ten foals of various breeds were deprived of colostrum from birth to 36 hours of age, then were allotted to 2 groups. Foals of group 1 (n = 6) were given 20 g (200 ml) of purified equine IgG IV in a 10% solution, and foals of group 2 (n = 4) were given 30 g (300 ml) of the same preparation. Total administration time for each 10 g of IgG in 100 ml was approximately 10 minutes. Serum IgG concentration in foals was assessed prior to, between 24 and 48 hours, and at 7 and 14 days after IgG administration. Between 24 and 48 hours after IgG administration, mean serum IgG concentration in group-1 foals was 425 mg/dl (range, 350 to 480 mg/dl). Mean body weight for this group of foals was 50.3 kg (range, 43.3 to 54.7 kg). For group-2 foals, mean serum IgG concentration was 768 mg/dl (range, 640 to 920 mg/dl) between 24 and 48 hours after administration of IgG. Foals of this group had mean body weight of 43.2 kg (range, 36.5 to 47.5 kg). Serum IgG concentration in group-2 foals at 24 to 48 hours was significantly (P = 0.005) greater than that in group-1 foals. Mean total IgG recovery at 24 to 48 hours, calculated on the basis of 94.5 ml of plasma volume/kg of body weight, was approximately 100%. Values of IgG measured in all foals 1 and 2 weeks after administration of the IgG concentrate were equivalent to values expected after normal decay of passively acquired IgG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

12.
The factors influencing beta cell function in the foetal and neonatal foal have been investigated in chronically catheterised foetal foals and in newborn foals delivered either spontaneously at term or by induction at different gestational ages. Insulin was detected in the foetal plasma from as early as 150 days of gestation (term = 340 days) and during the last third of gestation the foetal beta cells responded to exogenous administration of glucose and arginine and to endogenous variations in the glucose level. Insulin secretion by the foetal beta cells was depressed by anaesthesia and surgery. At birth, there was a significant positive correlation between the plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose irrespective of the maturity at birth or type of delivery (r = 0.86, n = 39, P less than 0.01). The slope of this relationship was significantly less than that relating the postoperative foetal concentration but only when delivery was difficult or prolonged was the beta cell sensitivity to glucose completely abolished. At birth, there were no significant differences in the plasma concentrations of insulin or glucose between full term foals delivered spontaneously or by induction. However, the spontaneously delivered foals showed a transient increase in the insulin concentration 15 mins after birth which was not observed in the full term foals delivered by induction. Plasma glucose concentrations were maintained during the 2 h after birth in the absence of sucking in both the induced and the spontaneously delivered full term foals. Premature foals had significantly lower plasma glucose concentrations at birth than full term foals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

13.
Twenty-two foals were divided into groups of intestinal distension and intestinal ischaemia as methods to induce peritoneal adhesions. In the first group, the lumen of a segment of distal small intestine was occluded without extramural vascular compromise and distended with lactated Ringer's solution to a constant pressure of 25 cm H2O for 2 h within the abdomen. The ischaemic group underwent 70 mins total vascular occlusion of identical segments of bowel. Serosal biopsies were obtained before and after each experimental procedure and following 60 mins of reperfusion. Similar biopsies were harvested from a control group of foals with no bowel occlusions. The foals were destroyed 10 days after surgery and tissues collected for histological and ultrastructural evaluation. Experimental and control mesothelial surfaces were denuded histologically immediately after experimental occlusions. Serosal oedema and cellular infiltration were observed following reperfusion of the ischaemic segments but were present immediately after 2 h of distension. All foals had developed bowel-to-bowel and bowel-to-mesentery adhesions of the experimental segments. Control foals under 30 days old exhibited mesenteric contraction and thickening of the isolated segment whereas those older than 30 days had little or no mesenteric thickening or contraction. Histologically, in the experimental segments, fibrous tissue had formed on the outer boundary of the original serosa, and new mesothelial-like cells were present on the surface of fibrous tissue in some areas. Some serosal fibrosis was also seen in most of the control segments.  相似文献   

14.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: While imprint training procedures have been promoted in popular magazines, they have received limited scientific investigation. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of a neonatal imprint training procedure on 6-month-old foals and to determine if any one session had a greater effect than others. METHODS: Foals (n = 131) were divided into the following treatments: no imprint training, imprint training at birth, 12, 24 and 48 h after birth or imprint training only at birth, 12, 24, 48, or 72 h after birth. Foals then received minimal human handling until they were tested at 6 months. RESULTS: During training, time to complete exposure to the stimulus was significant for only 2 of 6 stimuli. Percentage change in baseline heart rate was significant for only 2 of 10 stimuli. These 4 effects were randomly spread across treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the number of imprint training sessions (0, 1, or 4) nor the timing of imprint training sessions (none, birth, 12, 24, 48, or 72 h after birth) influenced the foal's behaviour at 6 months of age. POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this study, imprint training did not result in better behaved, less reactive foals.  相似文献   

15.
The aim of this study was to compare the plasma profiles of 15-ketodihydro-PGF(2α) (PGM) in healthy neonates of three different species from birth until the third week of life. Twenty-four horse foals, 12 donkey foals, and 9 calves were studied. Blood samples were collected at 10, 20 and 30 min after birth, at 3, 24 and 72 h after birth, and at 7, 10, 17 and 21 days of life. All mothers experienced normal gestation lengths and normal, spontaneous deliveries. All newborns were judged mature and viable. Hormone concentrations were higher (p < 0.05) in horse foals 20 and 30 min after birth compared to later samples, and at 10 min in donkey foals compared to later samples (p < 0.05). In calves, higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of PGM were observed 10, 20, 30 min and 3 hours from parturition compared to later samples. These findings may be related to increased fetal placental unit production during parturition, while the relatively high PGF(2α) levels in the days after parturition may be connected with their role in completing organ maturation. Despite the existing differences between these species, the statistical analysis did not discover significant differences in PGM profiles during the first 3 weeks of life in donkey, horse and cattle newborns. The low levels observed 10 days after birth are possibly due to a fast completion of maturational development in these species.  相似文献   

16.
The aim of this study was to investigate possible changes in the gas composition and acid-base values of bovine venous blood samples stored at different temperatures (+4, 22 and 37 degrees C) for up to 48 h. Five healthy cattle were used in the study. A total of 15 blood samples collected from the animals were allocated into three groups, which were, respectively, then stored in a refrigerator adjusted to +4 degrees C (Group I, n=5), at a room temperature of about 22 degrees C (Group II, n=5) and in an incubator adjusted to 37 degrees C (Group III; n=5) for up to 48 h. Blood gas and acid-base values were analysed at 0 (baseline), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h of storage. A significant decrease (p<0.001) was found, in the pH of the refrigerated blood after 5 h and its maximum decrease was recorded at 48 h as 0.04 unit. There were also significant alterations (p<0.001) in the blood pH of the samples stored at room temperature and in the incubator after 2 and 3 h, respectively. The maximum mean alteration in pCO(2) value for Group I was -0.72 kPa during the assessment, while for groups II and III, maximum alterations in pCO(2) were detected as +2.68 and +4.16 kPa, respectively. Mean pO(2) values increased significantly (p<0.001) for Group I after 24 h and for Group II after 6 h, while a significant decrease was recorded for Group III after 24 h (p<0.001). Base excess (BE) and bicarbonate (HCO(3)) fractions decreased significantly for all the groups during the study, compared to their baseline values. In conclusion, acid-base values of the samples stored at 22 and +4 degrees C were found to be within normal range and could be used for clinical purposes for up to 12 and 48 h, respectively, although there were small statistically significant alterations.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three resuscitation procedures on respiratory and metabolic adaptation to extra-uterine life during the first 24 h after birth in healthy newborn calves. Twenty-four newborn calves were randomly grouped into four categories: six calves did not receive any specific resuscitation procedure and were considered as controls (C); six received pharyngeal and nasal suctioning immediately after birth by use of a hand-powered vacuum pump (SUC); six received five litres of cold water poured over their heads immediately after birth (CW) and six were housed in a calf pen with an infrared radiant heater for 24 h after birth (IR). Calves were examined at birth, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after birth and the following measurements were recorded: physical and clinical examination, arterial blood gas analysis, pulmonary function tests using the oesophageal balloon catheter technique, arterial and venous blood acid-base balance analysis, jugular venous blood sampling for determination of metabolic, haematological and passive immune transfer variables. SUC was accompanied by improved pulmonary function efficiency and by a less pronounced decrease in body temperature. The "head shaking movement" and the subsequent temporary increase in total pulmonary resistance as well as the greater lactic acidosis due to CW were accompanied by more efficient, but statistically non-significant, pulmonary gas exchanges. IR allowed maintenance of higher body temperature without requiring increased catabolism of energetic stores. IR also caused a change in breathing pattern which contributed to better distribution of the ventilation and to slightly improved gas exchange. The results indicate that use of SUC, CW and IR modified respiratory and metabolic adaptation during the first 24 h after birth without side-effects. These resuscitation procedures should be recommended for their specific indication, i.e. cleansing of fetal fluid from upper airways, hypothermal stimulation of breathing and prevention of heat losses.  相似文献   

18.
Functional activities (phagocytosis and killing) of neutrophil leucocytes (NL) and immunoglobulin G concentrations were evaluated in six healthy foals from birth to 6 months of age. Peripheral blood NL were reacted with Streptococcus equisimilis in 20 per cent pooled equine serum for 30, 60 and 90 mins and functional activities of NL were determined using a fluorochrome microassay. Values for foal NL function were compared with those of healthy adult horses (n = 28). Foal neutrophil function was influenced by age. Killing capacity of NL decreased, whereas phagocytic capacity increased, until 113 days of age, after which a reversal in trends became apparent. Immunoglobulin G concentrations changed significantly over time and were lowest at 29 to 56 days of age. All foal values for NL function fell within the range of normal values established for healthy adult horses.  相似文献   

19.
Plasma renin substrate concentration was measured in 18, four-day-old pony foals after the administration of the natriuretic agent frusemide. Thirteen foals had been delivered spontaneously; labour had been induced in the remaining five mares. Plasma aldosterone concentration was measured in 12 of the spontaneously delivered foals. Renin substrate concentration had risen sharply within 15 mins (P<0.005) and peaked at 1 h. The response was consistently greater in the induced foals. Serum sodium concentration fell rapidly in the induced foals (P<0.002 by 60 mins) but was better maintained in the spontaneous group. Individual serum potassium concentrations varied widely and were higher in both the induced group and smaller (30 kg or less) spontaneous foals. Plasma renin substrate concentration was positively correlated with plasma potassium in both groups (P<0.05, P<0.001 respectively). Plasma aldosterone rose significantly within 30 mins (P<0.025) and did not stabilise during the experiment. Plasma aldosterone was significantly correlated with renin substrate concentration in both lighter (P<0.005) and heavier (P<0.05) spontaneously delivered foals. It is suggested that maturation of renal sodium and potassium handling occurs late in gestation in the foal and is in part related to body mass. ‘Premature’ delivery following induced labour is associated with a more rapid loss of sodium when challenged with frusemide, even though the response of the renin-angiotensin system may be exaggerated.  相似文献   

20.
Five foals from two to three days old were given a single oral dose of ampicillin trihydrate (20 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]). Serum ampicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 24 h period. The study was repeated in the same foals at 16 to 21 days old. The mean peak serum ampicillin concentration at two to three days old was 5.0 micrograms/ml at 1 h after treatment; the mean peak serum concentration at 16 to 21 days old was 2.7 micrograms/ml at 2 h. The concentrations steadily declined and ampicillin was not detected in the serum from any of the foals by 24 h. Serum clearance averaged 17.7 ml/min/kg at two to three days and 35.8 ml/min/kg at 16 to 21 days.  相似文献   

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