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1.
Four semi-purified diets, containing crystalline amino acids (CAAs), were fed to juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major in order to ascertain the ideal dietary amino acid pattern for this species. A control diet containing 50% casein–gelatin as protein sources, but no CAAs were fed to the fish. The other diets contained 30% casein–gelatin and 20% CAAs. CAAs were added to diets to simulate with amino acid pattern of the red sea bream eggs protein (REP), red sea bream larvae whole body protein (RLP), red sea bream juvenile whole body protein (RJP), and brown fishmeal protein (BFP). The juveniles (average initial body weight, 1.58 ± 0.01 g) were maintained in triplicate tanks and fed twice daily for 30 days. The highest weight gain was observed in juveniles fed the RJP diet. No significant difference was observed in juveniles fed the RLP and BFP diet. Feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and amino acid retention in the whole body were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the simulated dietary amino acid patterns. The essential amino acid profile and A/E ratios of the whole body after the growth trial showed little difference among the dietary treatments. The results suggest that red sea bream juveniles are able to utilize high amounts of CAA in coated form. The amino acid pattern of RJP could be used as an appropriate of reference dietary amino acid for this species.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract.— Growth studies were conducted to determine the dietary methionine requirement of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . A basal diet was formulated to contain 50% crude protein from casein and gelatin, as intact protein sources, supplemented with crystalline L-amino acids (CAA), to correspond to the amino acid pattern found in the whole body protein of the juvenile Japanese flounder, except methionine. Test diets contained six graded levels of L-methionine 0.53, 0.83, 1.13, 1.43, 1.73, and 2.03% of diet (dry matter basis) or 1.06, 1.66, 2.26, 2.86, 3.46 and 4.06% of protein. To prevent leaching losses of water-soluble amino acids, CAA were pre-coated with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and diets were further bound with both CMC and κ-carrageenan after addition of the pre-coated CAA. Weighing about 2.80 g, each triplicate group of the juvenile flounder were fed test diets twice a day (5% of body weight) for 40 d. Survival rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and apparent protein retention were significantly ( P < 0.05) affected by dietary methionine concentrations. The optimum dietary level of methionine in the presence of 0.06% of dietary cystine for Japanese flounder juvenile was estimated by using break point analysis. The values determined based on weight gain and feed efficiency were 1.49% of diet (or 2.98% of protein) and 1.44% of diet (or 2.88% of protein), respectively. These requirement values are close to the methionine level of flounder whole body protein.  相似文献   

3.
A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary amino acid patterns on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile Nibea japonica. Four semi‐purified diets were formulated to simulate the dietary amino acid profiles of juvenile giant croaker whole body protein (GCP), Peru fishmeal protein (PFP), red sea bream eggs protein (REP) and soybean meal protein (SMP) by supplementing with pre‐coated crystalline amino acids (CAA). A control diet contained only intact protein sources provided by the fishmeal and casein (2:1). Each experimental diet was fed to satiated triplicate groups of juveniles (10.73 ± 0.07 g) twice a day for 8 weeks. The highest weight gain (WG) was observed in the juveniles fed the control diet, whereas no significant differences were found between the juveniles fed the GCP and control diets. Fish fed the control, GCP, PFP and SMP diets did not exhibit any significant difference in protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion (FCR) or nitrogen (N) retention. The results of this study suggest that the amino acid (AA) patterns of juvenile whole body protein could be used as a guideline in the formulation of dry diets, which also confirms that the juvenile giant croaker is able to utilize high amounts (20%) of CAA in coated form for growth.  相似文献   

4.
ABSTRACT:   The effect of dietary taurine on juvenile Japanese flounder was determined by feeding three taurine-supplemented experimental diets (TAU) and a commercial diet (CD) to evaluate a practical diet for juvenile Japanese flounder. Juvenile Japanese flounder were reared on the three experimental diets supplemented with taurine at 0, 0.5, 1.0% and CD. These diets were fed to juvenile Japanese flounder of an initial mean body weight of 0.2 g for 6 weeks at 20°C and the taurine contents of the whole body and tissues were analyzed. The final average body weight of juvenile Japanese flounder fed the 1.0% TAU was significantly higher than that of the other groups. Taurine contents in the whole body and tissues increased with the increase in dietary taurine level. These results indicate that juvenile Japanese flounder require at least 15 mg/g taurine in the diet, even though a combined mix of fish, krill and squid meal was the main protein source in the experimental diets.  相似文献   

5.
The effects of six formulated diets containing different protein and lipid levels on growth performance and body composition of juvenile southern flounder were evaluated. Test diets were prepared with a combination of three crude protein (CP) levels (45, 50 and 55%) and two crude lipid (CL) levels (10 and 15%). Diets (CP/CL) were as follows: 45/10, 45/15, 50/10, 50/15, 55/10, 55/15 and a commercial diet (50/15). Southern flounder (1.10 g) were fed the respective diets for 42 d in triplicate recirculating tanks (20 fish/tank). Percent body weight gain (BWG) for fish fed diet 45/10 (413%) and the commercial diet (426%) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than fish fed other diets (823–837%). Increasing protein level from 45 to 50% produced a significant increase in BWG for the 10% lipid diet (823%) but further increasing protein did not produce a significant effect on BWG irrespective of dietary lipid levels. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and total lipid content in the whole body were significantly affected by different dietary protein and lipid levels. Results indicated that a combination of 50% protein and 10% lipid was optimal for the growth performance of southern flounder juveniles.  相似文献   

6.
Growth and amino acid oxidation studies were conducted to estimate methionine requirement of juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus , by using the purified diets containing 500 g kg–1 crude protein from casein, gelatine and crystalline amino acids (CAA). Diets with six graded levels of methionine (5.3, 8.3, 11.3, 14.3, 17.3 and 20.3 g kg–1 diet) were fed to triplicate groups of the juvenile (initial weight 2.8 ± 0.05 g) twice a day for 40 days. To prevent leaching losses, CAA were precoated using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and further diets were bound by CMC and κ-carrageenan. Based on broken-line analysis of percentage weight gain and feed conversion efficiency, the methionine requirements of Japanese flounder in the presence of 0.6 g kg–1 of cystine were 14.9 and 14.4 g kg–1 dry diet, respectively. After the growth study was finished, a direct estimate of methionine requirement was made by examining the influence of dietary methionine level on 14C-methionine oxidation by determining radioactive carbon dioxide, protein and nonprotein fractions of the whole body. The dose–response curve between expired radioactive CO2 and dietary methionine levels showed that the optimum methionine level for the flounder was estimated to be within the range of 14.3–17.3 g kg–1 of diet in high agreement with values obtained from the growth study.  相似文献   

7.
The requirement for taurine in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was determined by feeding diets containing various levels of taurine and cystine. Test diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of taurine or with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of L -cystine were prepared. The basal diet contained 55% protein from white fish meal. These diets were fed to juvenile Japanese flounder with an initial mean bodyweight of 0.9 g (total length (TL) 48 mm) for 5 weeks. Approximately 1.4% taurine content in the diet was required for optimum growth of juvenile flounder. A positive linear relationship was noted between the content of taurine accumulated in the muscle, liver and brain and the level of taurine in the diet. However, there was no increased taurine content in tissues of fish fed the cystine-supplemented diet. In contrast, the fish fed control and cystine-supplemented diets showed higher contents of cystathionine in the tissues. The concentration of cystathionine in tissues rapidly decreased with an increase of taurine in the diet. It was also observed that for each of the dietary groups, a trace amount of taurine was excreted. These results suggest that the taurine content in the diet affects the sulfur amino acid metabolism of juvenile Japanese flounder, and indicate that juvenile flounder are unable to biosynthesize taurine from cystine.  相似文献   

8.
Three experiments were conducted that were designed to evaluate our ability to predict essential amino acid (EAA) needs of hybrid striped bass using the quantified lysine requirement and whole‐body amino acid concentrations. In the first experiment, six diets containing various amino acid profiles were fed to triplicate groups of fish initially weighing 7.7 g per fish. At the end of the 8‐week experiment, no significant differences were detected in growth rates or feed efficiencies (FE) between fish fed a practical diet containing 510 g kg?1 herring fish meal (FM) and fish fed a purified diet containing the amino acid profile of herring fish meal (CAA‐FM). Growth responses of fish fed purified diets containing 100 (HSB), 110 (HSB110), 120 (HSB120) or 140 g 100 g?1 (HSB140) of the amino acid profile of hybrid striped bass whole‐bodies were significantly lower than those of fish fed diet FM. In the second experiment, triplicate groups of fish (5.6 g per fish) were fed diets containing various energy : protein (E : P) ratios (34.8, 41.2, 47.5 and 53.9 kJ g?1 protein) and one of two amino acid profiles (CAA‐FM and HSB120) in a 4 × 2 factorial design. Carbohydrate concentration was varied to achieve the desired energy concentrations. At the end of the 8‐week experiment, weight gain and FE were significantly higher in fish fed diets formulated to simulate the amino acid profile of herring fish meal (CAA‐FM) compared with fish fed diets formulated to contain 120 g 100 g?1 of the amino acid profile of hybrid striped bass whole‐bodies (HSB120). Weight gain, FE and survival data indicated the optimum dietary E : P was 41.2 kJ g?1 protein. Dietary treatments in the final experiment included three amino acid profiles and four levels of lipid in a 3 × 4 incomplete factorial design. Dietary amino acid treatments included the amino acid profile of herring fish meal (CAA‐FM) or 120 g 100 g?1 of the predicted EAA requirement profile for hybrid striped bass (HSB120). The amino acid profile of the remaining dietary treatment (PRED+) was similar to that of the HSB120 treatment, but contained additional threonine, isoleucine and tryptophan. Diets CAA‐FM and HSB120 contained either 90, 130, 170 or 210 g kg?1 lipid, whereas diet PRED+ contained 130 g kg?1 lipid. Dietary treatments were fed for 10 weeks to triplicate groups of fish initially weighing 81.0 g per fish. Weight gain and FE were not significantly affected by dietary amino acid profile. Feed efficiency was significantly reduced in fish fed diets containing 210 g kg?1 lipid compared with fish fed diets containing 90–170 g kg?1 lipid. Intraperitoneal fat (IPF) ratio and hepatosomatic index (HSI) values generally increased as dietary lipid concentrations increased. Total liver lipid concentrations were significantly reduced in fish fed diets containing 210 g kg?1 lipid compared with those of fish fed 90–130 g kg?1 lipid. Results of this study indicate an appropriate dietary amino acid profile can be predicted for hybrid striped bass using the quantified lysine requirement and whole‐body amino acid concentrations. Further, the optimum E : P appears to be 40 kJ g?1 protein.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT:   An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum dietary phosphorus level of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus reared in the recirculating system. The basal diet containing 0.33% total phosphorus (TP) was supplemented with NaH2PO4·H2O to provide 0.33, 0.51, 0.71, 0.94, 1.10 and 2.12% TP for the experimental diets. Fish averaging 2.0 ± 0.04 g (mean ± SD) were fed in triplicate groups with the experimental diets for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, fish fed the 0.51% TP diet showed significantly higher weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than those fed the 0.33% and 2.12% TP diets ( P  < 0.05). Meanwhile, no difference was observed in WG, FE, SGR and PER of fish fed the 0.51, 0.71, 0.94 and 1.10% TP diets. Fish fed the 0.33% TP diet showed phosphorus deficiency symptoms such as poor growth and a deformed head by the end of 8 weeks. Ash and phosphorus contents of bone increased with the increase of dietary phosphorus concentrations. anova test, the quadratic regression analysis, and the broken line analysis suggested that the optimum dietary phosphorus level could be between 0.45 and 0.51% TP for maximum WG in juvenile Japanese flounder.  相似文献   

10.
This study investigated the effects of different taurine levels on the conjugated bile acid composition and growth performance of juvenile and fingerling Japanese flounder. Five level diets of dietary taurine were prepared by the supplementation of taurine (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.5%) to a basal composition. Fish meal washed with 70% ethanol to remove taurine was used as the sole protein source. Two feeding experiments were carried out at 20 °C by using different sized fish (BW: 0.7 g and 9.6 g). Both size groups of fish were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. At the end of experiments, fish were weighed and stored at − 80 °C for analysis of free amino acids and conjugated bile acids composition. The body weight and feed efficiency of Japanese flounder were improved by taurine supplementation in the experimental diets. The taurine contents of the whole body and tissues increased with the increase of the taurine supplementation. The conjugated bile acids in gall bladder were composed with taurocholic acid (Expt.I: 33.0-146.8 mg/ml; Expt.II: 64.8-145.3 mg/ml) and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (Expt.I: 0.8-5.5 mg/ml; Expt.II: 3.5-4.9 mg/ml). These bile acids increased with the increase of the dietary taurine level. Taurocholic acid accounted for more than 95% of the total conjugated bile acids. No other conjugated bile acids except the taurine conjugated bile acids were detected in the gall bladder of Japanese flounder. This means that taurine is the sole amino acid to conjugate bile acid in Japanese flounder. Dietary taurine intake affects the conjugated bile acid composition in juvenile and fingerling Japanese flounder.  相似文献   

11.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary taurine levels on growth and feeding behavior of juvenile Japanese flounder. Three different taurine level diets were prepared by supplementation of taurine (T-0%, 0.5% and 1.5%) to the basal diet. Fish meal washed with 70% ethanol to remove taurine was used as the sole protein source. Feeding experiments were carried out twice at 20 °C by using different size of fish (average body weight: 0.3 g in Experiment I and 3.7 g in Experiment II). The feeding behavior of fish was observed throughout the experimental period. At the end of experiments, fish were killed for amino acids analysis.

The final average body weight and feed efficiency of juvenile Japanese flounder fed the T-1.5% diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed the T-0% diet in Experiments I and II. Abnormal feeding behavior such as multiple feeding while swimming in the water column was observed in the T-0% group in Experiment I. These findings indicate that taurine is essential for normal growth and development of normal feeding behavior of juvenile Japanese flounder.  相似文献   


12.
An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to compare the effect of dietary pH on the utilization of crystalline amino acid (CAA, 0.2% dl ‐methionine and 0.4% l ‐lysine·HCl) by juvenile common carp, Cyprinus carpio. A basal diet (diet C) with protein derived mostly from fish meal and soybean meal was supplemented with CAA without pH adjustment (diet CAA, pH 6.2) and with pH adjusted to 7.0 and 8.0 (diets CAA pH 7.0, CAA pH 8.0, respectively). Supplementation of CAA, regardless of dietary pH adjustment, significantly increased the feed intake and weight gain, and the latter was significantly higher in fish fed diets CAA pH 7.0 or CAA pH 8.0 compared to fish fed diet CAA. The intestinal protease activity was significantly higher in fish fed diets CAA pH 7.0 or CAA pH 8.0 compared to fish fed diet CAA. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein in diets CAA pH 7.0 and CAA pH 8.0 were significantly higher than those in diet C. Dietary supplementation of CAA generally decreased the plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, but markedly increased the hepatic AST and ALT activities. Compared to fish fed diet CAA, fish fed diets CAA pH 7.0 or CAA pH 8.0 showed higher hepatic AST activity but slightly lower plasma ammonia level. These results indicate that adjusting the pH of CAA‐supplemented diets to neutral or slightly alkaline resulted in improving the CAA utilization by common carp.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract

The influence of eight semi-purified diets having different protein and lipid levels on growth performance and body composition of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, was evaluated. The sources of protein were either intact protein (IP) or a mixture of IP and crystalline amino acids (CAA). In trial 1 (IP group), four test diets were prepared from IP sources (casein-gelatin) with combination of two protein levels (35% and 50%) and two lipid levels (10% and 20%). In trial 2 (PA-group), another four test diets were formulated using IP and CAA with combination of the same two protein and two lipid levels as used for trial 1. The juveniles (about 2.00 g initial weight) were fed the respective test diets for 42 days in duplicate tanks. In both trials, weight gain was the highest for juveniles fed the diet containing 50% protein with 10% lipid and the lowest in those fed the 35% protein with 10% lipid diet. Weight gain of juveniles was significantly increased when the lipid levels were increased in low protein (35%) diets for both trials. In high protein (50%) diet, however, increase lipid levels from 10 to 20% with 50% protein resulted in decrease in weight gain, irrespective of protein sources. Specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency were significantly affected by different dietary protein and lipid level. Content of neutral lipids in the whole-body particularly, triglycerides was statistically higher for fish fed the high-lipid diets than those fed the low-lipid diets irrespective of protein sources. But, polar lipid did not show any differences either for different protein or lipid levels. Level of individual amino acids in the whole-body showed little difference among the dietary treatments. Results suggest that Japanese flounder grew better on low lipid level with 50% protein-based diets and supplementation of CAA did not show any adverse effect on the growth performance with different levels of protein and lipid in the diets.  相似文献   

14.
以鱼粉和豆粕分别为主要动物性和植物性蛋白源,研究饲料中不同豆粕替代鱼粉比例对牙鲆幼鱼生长性能和生化指标的影响。设计4∶1、3∶1、2∶1和1∶1四种不同动植物蛋白比的等氮等脂饲料配方,按配方制备试验饲料,分别表示为D1、D2、D3和D4。牙鲆幼鱼随机分配到12个设有循环水系统的玻璃钢桶内(900L),每3桶鱼饲喂一种饲料,每天投喂饲料2次,每次达到表观饱食,饲喂期为56d。以增重率(WGR)、饵料系数(FCR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、肝体指数(HSI)、肥满度(CF)、鱼体成分和饲料成本为依据,综合评价饲料中不同比例的豆粕替代鱼粉比例对牙鲆的饲养效果。通过测定尿素氮(BUN)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)等生化指标,研究饲料中不同豆粕替代鱼粉比例对牙鲆蛋白质代谢和脂肪代谢的影响。随豆粕比例的增加,WGR、PER和SGR逐渐降低,FCR逐渐增加,当饲料中豆粕比例在24%以上时差异显著(P<0.05);HSI逐渐增加,且D1组显著低于其他...  相似文献   

15.
An experiment was conducted to determine the dietary protein requirement by different analysis methods and to study the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance and body composition in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed white fish meal and casein-based diets for 8 wk. After a 1-wk conditioning period, one of six isocaloric diets containing 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, and 60% crude protein (CP) was fed to fish at approximately 4–5% of wet body weight on a dry matter basis to triplicate groups of 15 fish averaging 13.3 ± 0.06 g (mean ± SD). After 8 wk of the feeding trial, weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) from fish fed 48% CP diet were similar to those from fish fed 42% and 54% CP diets, and were significantly higher than those from fish fed 30, 36 and 60% CP diets ( P < 0.05). Fish fed 48 and 54% CP diets had a significant higher specific growth rate (SGR) than did fish fed 30 and 36% CP diets ( P 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was inversely related to the dietary protein level. No significant differences existed in hematocrit (PCV) and survival rate among the dietary treatments. Broken-line model analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein level could be 44.0 ± 3.0% for maximum WG in Japanese flounder. Polynomial regression analysis of the dose-response showed that maximum WG occurred at 50.2% ( R2 = 0.94) based on WG, and the second-order polynomial regression analysis with 95% confidence limits revealed that the range of minimum protein requirement was between 38.9% and 40.3% based on WG. Therefore, these findings suggest that the optimum dietary protein requirement for maximum growth of Japanese flounder is greater than 40%, but less than 44% CP in the fish meal and casein-based diets containing 17.0 kJ/g of energy.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT:   The effects of dietary taurine levels and lipid contents on the conjugated bile acid composition and growth performance of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated. Six types of diet (three different levels of taurine at two different levels of lipid) were fed to juveniles (average body weight, 0.04 g). Fishmeal that was washed with 70% ethanol to remove taurine was used as the sole protein source. Feeding experiments were carried out at 20°C for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiments, fish were weighed and analyzed for free amino acids in the body and the composition of the conjugated bile acids. The body weight and percent weight gain of the juveniles were improved by the dietary taurine supplementation. The taurine contents of the whole body and tissues increased with the increase of the dietary taurine contents. The conjugated bile acids in the gall bladder consisted of taurocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid, which increased with the increase of the dietary taurine level. Taurocholic acid accounted for more than 95% of the total conjugated bile acids. This indicates that taurine is the sole amino acid to conjugate bile acid in Japanese flounder.  相似文献   

17.
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the interactions of dietary leucine (Leu) and isoleucine (Ile) on Japanese flounder. Fish of 2.69 ± 0.04 g were fed experimental diets containing two levels of Leu (2.58 and 5.08% of diet) combined with three levels of Ile (1.44, 2.21, and 4.44% of diet), respectively. After the feeding trial, growth, proximate composition, muscle total amino acid profile, blood parameters, mucus lysozyme activity, and stress tolerance to freshwater were measured. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) interactive effects of Leu and Ile were found on growth parameters (final body weight, body weight gain, and special growth rate) of Japanese flounder. Antagonism was discovered in high dietary Leu groups, while stimulatory effects were obtained for increased dietary Ile in low Leu groups. Interactive effects of these two branched-chain amino acids were also found on hepatosomatic index of test fish. In addition, crude lipid content of fish whole body was significantly altered by various diets, with antagonism observed in low dietary Leu groups. Interactive effects also existed in muscle amino acid profiles for low fish meal diets, but no interactive impacts were observed on blood parameters. Furthermore, lysozyme activities and freshwater stress were significantly affected by different diets. And antagonism was found on lysozyme activities in low Leu groups. Moreover, high Leu and high Ile levels of diet significantly altered freshwater stress tolerance of Japanese flounder. These findings suggested that dietary Leu and Ile can effect interactively, and fish fed with diets containing 2.58% Leu with 4.44% Ile and 5.08% Leu with 1.44% Ile showed better growth performance.  相似文献   

18.
The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Chlorella powder (C) supplementation on growth performance, blood characteristics, and whole-body composition in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Four experimental diets were supplemented with C at 0, 1, 2 and 4% (C0, C1, C2, and C4) on a dry-weight basis. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 1.13 ± 0.02 g (Mean ± SD) were randomly distributed in each aquarium and fed one of four experimental diets for 12 wk. After 12 wk of the feeding trial, fish fed C2 diet had higher weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than did fish fed C0 and C1 diets ( P 0.05); however, there was no significant difference among fish fed C1 and C4 diets, and among fish fed C2 and C4 diets ( P > 0.05). Fish fed C2 and C4 diets had a lower serum cholesterol level than did fish fed C0 and C1 diets ( P 0.05). Fish fed C2 and C4 diets had a lower body fat than did fish fed C0 ( P 0.05). These results indicate that dietary supplementation of 2% Chlorella powder in the commercial diets could improve growth, feed utilization, serum cholesterol level, and whole-body fat contents in juvenile Japanese flounder.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract.— Feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate corn gluten meal (CGM) as an alternative protein source for fish meal in the diet of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . A diet containing 75% white fish meal as a sole protein source was the control, and 20, 40, and 60% of fish meal protein was replaced with CGM protein in the experimental feeds. Juvenile fish of about 8 g initial body weight were fed each diet to apparent satiation twice a day. 6 d per week for 8 wk at 20 C. Survival rates of fish ranged from 98 to 100% and were not significantly different ( P > 0.05) among treatments. Final body weight, weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the diets containing CGM up to 40% substitution levels were not statistically different from those of fish fed the control diet. All production parameters for fish fed the diet replacing 60% of fish meal protein were significantly lower than the control ( P ≤ 0.05). Supplements of crystalline amino acids to the CGM diet improved the nutritive value of the diet. Since substitution up to 40% did not adversely affect hematological and hematochemical parameters as well as whole body composition of the cultured fish, it is suggested that up to 40% of fish meal protein can be replaced with CGM in the diet of juvenile Japanese flounder.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT:   Three diets supplemented with taurine, β-alanine andGABA and a control diet were fed to juvenile and fingerling Japaneseflounder to investigate the effects of the diets on growth and metabolicchanges of free amino acids in whole body and tissues. In experimentI, three diets supplemented with 1% each of taurine, β-alanineand GABA and a control diet were fed to juvenile Japanese flounderwith an initial mean body weight of 0.4 g for 4 weeks at20°C. In experiment II, the taurine-supplemented diet anda control diet were fed to fingerling Japanese flounder with an initialmean body weight of 15 g for 4 weeks at 20°C.Only supplementation of taurine in the diet of juvenile flounderimproved their growth performance in experiment I, but fingerlinggrowth performance of experiment II was not significantly relatedto taurine supplementation in the experimental diet. These resultssuggest that there is a greater requirement for taurine for thegrowth of juvenile Japanese flounder than fingerling Japanese flounder.  相似文献   

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