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Yih-Shen Hwang Mir S. Mulla Mary Mistrot Pope Cesar Rodriguez 《Pest management science》1982,13(5):517-522
N,N-Diethyl-, N,N-dipropyl-, N,N-di-isopropyl, and N,N-di-isobutylalkanamides in which the acyl moiety ranged from C8 to C21 were synthesised, and their larvicidal activity was determined against the first-instar larvae of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The four homologous series of amides generally showed an increase in their larvicidal activity as the carbon number in the acyl moiety of the amides increased, until the activity reached a maximum. Subsequently, an increment of carbon number resulted in declining activity in the higher homologues, until the activity disappeared. N,N-Diethyltetradecanamide, N,N-dipropylundecanamide, N,N-di-isopropylundecanamide, and N,N-di-isobutlynonanamide or -dodecanamide were the most active compounds in their respective homologous series of amides; however, they were less active than their analogous N,N-dimethylalkanamides previously studied. 相似文献
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The Illinois soybean crop was monitored in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1971, and 1974 for dieldrin residues resulting from aldrin applied to corn in the years before soybean cultivation. Residue levels of dieldrin in soybeans increased between 1965 and 1974. The percent of fields which had soybeans with a dieldrin level above 0.03 ppm increased between 1965 and 1974. Dieldrin residue levels in soybeans grown in Illinois are expected to decline now that the use of aldrin has diminished and will soon cease. No significant correlation was evident between the dieldrin levels in soybeans and the area of the State where they had grown, the date of planting, or the variety. 相似文献
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Mercury, arsenic, and cadmium in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir, Idaho, 1974.
Mercury and cadmium were found in fish, water, and sediment of American Falls Reservoir (AFR), Idaho. Mercury and cadmium levels in some fish exceeded human health standards set by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the World Health Organization. Analyses performed on the flesh of rainbow trout showed mercury residues of up to 1.20 mg/kg, which were higher than residues previously reported in trout collected in 1970 and 1971 from AFR. Cadmium residue levels were as high as 0.80 mg/kg. Although arsenic was found in reservoir sediment at levels of 1.36-2.40 mg/kg, it was not detected in fish. 相似文献
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应用酶联免疫吸附试验法鉴定几种主要马铃薯病毒 总被引：19，自引：2，他引：19
制备了PVX,PVY_o,PVY~n,PVA,PVS,PVM,PLRV和TRV等8种主要马铃薯病毒抗体的辣根过氧化物酶结合物,在检测黑龙江省马铃薯主栽品种克新一、二、三、四号等品种的植株样品1155份和800余份正在脱毒中的试管苗样品中,发现上述8种马铃薯病毒在几个主栽品种中的侵染率较高,而且大多数感病植株是由3至7种病毒复合侵染,并首次查明本省存在PVY~n和PVM病毒。对不带上述8种病毒的样品又用双向反向聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定带马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒(Potato spindle Tuber Viroid)状况,现已获得无上述8种病毒和类病毒的种植材料。 相似文献
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长武旱塬不同麦玉轮作系统产量效应模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用EPIC模型对不同麦玉轮作系统进行模拟,通过对其输出结果的分析,综合考虑产量、经济效益、干旱胁迫和氮肥生产率等因素,对不同麦玉轮作系统进行综合评价,从而比较不同麦玉轮作系统的优劣。结果表明:(1)在模拟研究期间,8种麦玉轮作系统的产量均呈波动性下降趋势,其平均值分别为4.61、4.40、4.16、4.48、4.28、4.29、4.714、.55 t/hm2。所有的麦玉轮作系统中,麦玉轮作系统"春玉米→冬小麦"的经济效益最好。(2)在模拟研究期间,麦玉轮作系统"春玉米→冬小麦→冬小麦"的冬小麦和春玉米所遭受的年均干旱胁迫日数最少(29.51d)。在干旱年份麦玉轮作系统中的冬小麦较春玉米更容易遭受干旱威胁。综合产量、经济效益、作物所遭受的干旱胁迫天数和麦玉轮作系统的氮肥生产率等因素,在长武地区适宜采用的麦玉轮作系统为春玉米→冬小麦。 相似文献
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运用温室葡萄水热平衡观测资料，分析了东北日光温室葡萄的能量平衡和能量分量日变化、生育期变化以及分配规律，同时也分析了潜热通量（λET）对环境因子的响应。结果表明：水热通量各分量在整个生育期日变化总体上呈现为单峰趋势，净辐射（Rn）的峰值最大为618.75 W·m-2，λET峰值最大为242.73 W·m-2，感热通量（H）峰值最大为327.93 W·m-2；在新梢生长期，白天λET较小，为34.55 W·m-2,随着生育期推进，λET逐渐增大，在果实着色成熟期达到最大值（78.49 W·m-2）之后减小；H在各生育期能量中均占了绝大部分；白天潜热通量占净辐射的比例（λET/Rn）在新梢生长期最小，为25.28%，在果实着色成熟期最大，为44.17%；感热通量占净辐射比例（H/Rn）整个生育期几乎都达50%以上，土壤热通量占净辐射比例（G/Rn）相对较小，变化范围为4.46~12.32 W·m-2；在整个生育期能量比率大小依次为H/Rn>λET/Rn>G/Rn。在不同生育阶段瞬时尺度上，Rn是影响潜热变化最主要的气象因子，R2高达0.88。在日尺度上，各气象因子对潜热通量的影响在逐渐变弱，相对湿度（RH）与λET相关系数仅为0.28。但无论从瞬时尺度还是日尺度，Rn都是影响潜热通量最主要的气象因子。各气象因子对潜热通量的影响大小依次为：Rn>VPD>Ta>RH。 相似文献
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施肥对小麦、玉米和大豆连作土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了明确长期施肥和不施肥条件下作物连作对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以典型黑土为研究对象,选取长期定位实验站长期施肥和不施肥条件下的小麦、玉米和大豆连作处理,通过稀释平板法和Biolog Eco微平板法,测定土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量、碳源代谢活性等指标,为建立合理的农田管理措施提供数据支撑和理论依据。结果表明:长期施肥条件下大豆、小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均高于不施肥处理,且均以大豆连作处理细菌和真菌数量最高。不施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数较大豆连作处理分别下降了24.8%和31.0%,真菌总数分别下降了64.0%和51.2%;施肥条件下小麦和玉米连作土壤细菌总数则较大豆连作处理分别下降了29.0%和45.5%,真菌总数分别下降了26.7%和31.5%。Biolog结果表明,不施肥条件下小麦连作处理的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)高于玉米和大豆连作处理,施肥条件下则是大豆连作处理的AWCD值高于小麦和玉米连作处理。不施肥条件下大豆、玉米和小麦连作处理利用最多的碳源是碳水化合物类,施肥后不同连作处理利用最多的是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。大豆和小麦连作不施肥条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是α-D-乳糖,施肥条件下利用率最高的碳源均是D,L-α-甘油,而不论施肥与否,玉米连作条件下土壤微生物利用率最高的碳源均是D-半乳糖醛酸;葡萄糖-1-磷酸盐和γ-羟基丁酸是农田黑土微生物群落特异利用的关键碳源。主成分分析得出,施肥对土壤微生物碳源代谢能力的影响大于作物的影响。 相似文献
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The mode of action of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsulfanilamide), pronamide(N-(1,1-dimethylpropynyl) 3,5-dichlorobenzamide), and propham (isopropyl carbanilate) on purified microtubules from pig brains and on the ultrastructure of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. “Mediterranean,” C. I. 5303) and corn (Zea mays L. “yellow dent, U. S. 13”) roots was compared with that known for colchicine. Colchicine disrupts the in vivo cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. Like colchicine, the herbicides trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide caused the loss of both cortical and spindle microtubules of root cells. The rate of microtubule disappearance depended on the type of herbicide and length of exposure of roots to the herbicide. Unlike colchicine, cortical microtubules were present in propham-treated roots but they were disoriented within the cell.In vitro polymerization studies with pig brain microtubules (Sus scrofa) showed that the herbicides failed to inhibit the assembly of purified microtubular protein into microtubules and that radioactively labeled herbicides did not bind to the microtubular protein. Colchicine inhibited the polymerization of microtubular protein and readily bound to the microtubular subunits. These results indicate that the mode of action of the herbicides is not similar to that of colchicine and that the loss of microtubules from root tip cells treated with trifluralin, oryzalin, and pronamide may be caused by these herbicides interfering with synthesis of microtubular protein or metabolism of endoplasmic reticulum membranes involved in microtubule assembly. The mode of action of propham appears to be on the microtubular organizing centers rather than on microtubules per se. 相似文献
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Jean-Pierre Blein 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1982,17(2):156-161
The activity of 15 herbicides from different families was assayed on nonphotosynthetic Acer pseudoplatanus cells, in batch suspension culture. They inhibited growth, stimulated the oxygen consumption by cells, and changed the pH evolution of the culture medium. Amides did not seem to disturb the membrane properties. Some diphenyl ethers and phenols directly modified the proton compartmentation of cells whereas some other diphenyl ethers, nitriles, triazines, and uracils altered permeabilities to potassium and leucine. Changes in membrane permeabilities to protons and medium constituents were discussed. 相似文献
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CSIRO 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):521-530
Abstract The development of resistance to insecticides and the hazards inherent in their use present ever-increasing problems in insect control today. The difficulties and dangers have given impetus to research on other means of combating pests. Australia has always been prominent in the field of biological control, and the CSIRO Division of Entomology is an important centre, keenly seeking controls for both insects and weeds. Progress in the search for and establishment of parasites of Sirex, the pine pest, was described in Rural Research 64. This article reviews six other projects of particular interest, namely those involving potato moth, buffalo fly, white wax scale, green vegetable bug, lantana, and skeleton-weed. 相似文献
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Dr Ir M. Oostenbrink Ir H. den Ouden 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1953,59(3):95-100
Summary
Heterodera cruciferae is found in the Netherlands in five different locations, living on cabbage, rape and rapeseed, whereas beets are not attacked. ThisHeterodera is distinguished from nearly all otherHeterodera's known in Europe by its small, red brown, roundish lemon-shaped cysts and its short, thick larvae(Fig. 1, 2, 3, 5). The only exception isHeterodera humuli, which has however a thinner cyst wall of a lighter colour with a conspicuous, coarse, irregular punctation and larva stylets with distinctly forward-pointing knobs (Fig. 7, 8). The males are redescribed; they have 5–7 lip annules and three teeth on each spiculum tip (Fig. 4). Population density and type of damage with culture of rape seem to be about the same as with beet sickness caused byH. schachtii (Fig. 6). In the most important cabbage areaH. schachtii plays a more important role thanH. cruciferae. With both eelworms, an advisory service based on soil sample examinations would probably be useful for the culture of cruciferous crops. 相似文献
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The rust fungus Maravalia cryptostegiae , from south-west Madagascar, was introduced into Australia in 1995 as a classical biological control agent against the highly invasive rubber-vine weed Cryptostegia grandiflora , a woody climber endemic to Madagascar. The rust was released at 69 sites between 1995 and 1997 and is now established throughout the plant's exotic range in Queensland, estimated at over 40 000 km2 . Dispersal was low in the first 3–4 months but was virtually linear thereafter, and the rust spread over 100 km within the first year; after 3 years it was recorded 550 km away from the nearest release site. Spraying both dry and aqueous inoculum of uredinioid teliospores from the ground using mist-blowers, as well as from the air by atomizing spore suspensions, resulted in rust-induced defoliation, producing an overall reduction in fecundity and biomass of the weed. In sites with low water tables, weed growth decreased markedly, with a reduction in plant volume from 9 m−3 to 1 m−3 over a 4-year period. Both rust- and drought-induced stress combined to cause up to 75% plant mortality at some sites, and at all monitored sites, seedling recruitment was virtually nil. Improved growth of indigenous grasses amongst rubber-vine thickets has increased fuel loads and created opportunities to use fire as a component of an integrated approach to the management of this economically and ecologically damaging weed. 相似文献
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Joel R. Coats Robert L. Metcalf Inder P. Kapoor 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1974,4(2):201-211
Dianisylneopentane or 1,1-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethylpropane was metabolized largely by O-demethylation to form mono- and diphenol derivatives. Only a small percentage was degraded by α-hydroxylation and rearrangement. In the model ecosystem, dianisylneopentane reacted very similarly to methoxychlor, accumulating in fish to about the same extent and yielding a slightly higher ratio of polar to nonpolar metabolites. The neopentyl group proved to be approximately as stable in biological systems as the isosterically equivalent trichloromethyl group. 相似文献
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P. T. Walker 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(3):349-350
Abstract A new simple mass rearing technique for Heliothis armigera is described. Based on environmental and spatial considerations, the technique employs a semi‐artifical diet in conjunction with group rearing at all stages of development and obviates the need for individual handling of eggs, larvae and adults. 相似文献