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1.
《CATENA》2001,42(1):59-79
This paper reports a new methodology for assessing regional and national patterns of hillslope scale soil erosion rates in the UK using a MIR (minimum information requirement) version of WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project) known as MIRSED. WEPP is parameterised using a national coverage, environmental database containing topographic, soil, land management and climate variables for all hillslopes within each grid cell to be modelled. The MIRSED matrix summarises the behaviour of WEPP in a multi-dimensional parameter space, allowing results to be queried using a subset of key, spatially variable parameters to produce an averaged hillslope soil erosion response from each 1 km2 grid cell. The approach is demonstrated for the Great Ouse catchment, Cambridgeshire, UK and highlights highest hillslope erosion rates of 2.2 t ha−1 year−1 associated with steepest slopes, erodible soils and management practices that leave the soil exposed for critical times of the year. A mean soil erosion rate of 0.4 t ha−1 year−1 is predicted from hillslopes across the catchment which compares well with observed data collated at different scales, using contrasting measurement techniques. 相似文献
2.
Wojciech Mill 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,130(1-4):1289-1294
The model SONOX has been developed that replicates the sequence of events on the way from emission of sulfur and nitrogen to the potential risk to forest ecosystems as reflected by critical loads exceedance. The model produces a set of emission, deposition and critical load maps in various spatial resolutions as well as maps of critical loads exceedances dynamically generated in response to various sulfur and nitrogen emission scenarios. Optionally, also the share of forest areas protected or unprotected against acidification is spatially presented. The model provides a decision tool to develop strategies aimed at the abatement of excess sulfur and nitrogen emissions. The present version of the model has been tailored to and implemented for Polish conditions. This model has been used to analyse the trends in impacts of acid deposition on Polish forest ecosystems. 相似文献
3.
Modelling of sinkage tests in tilled soils for mobility study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The study of the mechanical behaviour of breached surface soils allows the optimization of the running gear of the vehicles for the off-road mobility.The sinkage of the running gear causes a motion resistance which is opposed to the tractive capacity of the vehicle. In a homogeneous soil, the sinkage is predicted by the interpretation of plate sinkage tests. In order to make possible and easier the sinkage prediction of a vehicle going in a tilled soil, the article has for objective to present a method to model pressure–sinkage curve for a tilled soil with the pressure–sinkage curve of the same soil before tillage.The tilled soil is considered as two layers of the same soil whose density is lower for the upper layer than for the sub-base. The two-layered soil behaviour is modelled as the combination of the behaviour of the loose soil layer and the behaviour of the dense soil. The link between these two behaviours is a critical depth defined as the depth of the plate when the layer of soil in a critical density reaches the limit between the two layers.Sinkage tests with circular plates were carried out on four soils chosen to represent the mechanical properties of a range of soils: a sand for frictional soils, a silt for cohesive soils and a silty sand and a sandy loam for cohesive frictional soils predominant in the agricultural soils. The soils were tested in one-layered and two-layered configurations in small and large bins with well-known and controlled soil conditions.A theoretical approach allows the calculation of the critical depth with a deformation process of the soil below the plate. The critical depth depends on the density of the soil, the tillage depth, the diameter of the plate and the angle of friction of the soil.The critical depth allows the modelling of the pressure–sinkage curve for the tilled soils using the one-layered soil data. The comparison with the experimental tests in tilled soil validate the approach. 相似文献
4.
《Soil & Tillage Research》2002,68(1):1-16
A validation of an extended critical state model was conducted using a heavy agricultural clay soil from Quebec Province, eastern Canada. The numerical model used for this purpose simulated the behaviour of Sainte-Rosalie clay under triaxial compression and one-dimensional compression loading paths. Under triaxial compression, simulations were done for three soil suctions: 0, 300, and 500 kPa. Under one-dimensional compression, simulations were done for suctions 0 and 300 kPa. The model used five parameters while simulating soil mechanical behaviour under saturated condition. Three additional parameters were required for simulating soil mechanical behaviour under unsaturated condition. Results of simulations were then compared to those of laboratory tests. Experimental data compared well with simulation results. It was found that the model reasonably predicted soil behaviour under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. However, some discrepancies arose in both soil conditions: the model predicted an earlier rupture in each case of triaxial compression and it failed to reach the smallest void ratio obtained during one-dimensional compression. These small divergences were attributed to the fact that numerical development of the tested model was based on densified sand behaviour. 相似文献
5.
A critical state soil mechanics model for agricultural soils 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
D.R.P. Hettiaratchi 《Soil Use and Management》1987,3(3):94-105
Abstract. The paper presents the experimentally derived state boundary surfaces of critical state theory for a sand, a loam and a clay soil. Orderly changes to these surfaces with moisture content and two soil micro-structural states have been identified. These findings are used as the basis for the formulation of a fairly simple universal model of the geometry of critical state space for unsaturated soils. Examples are given of how this model can be used to explain known soil behaviour in many practical situations. The indications are that this model can provide the theoretical framework for a fundamental comprehension of the many complex processes involved in soil loosening and compaction. There is, as yet, no simple experimental technique for measuring the critical state boundaries of field soils and this is a major impedement to the development of the model as a practical soil management tool. 相似文献
6.
N. Haregeweyn J. Poesen G. Verstraeten G. Govers J. de Vente J. Nyssen J. Deckers J. Moeyersons 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2013,24(2):188-204
Most regional‐scale soil erosion models are spatially lumped and hence have limited application to practical problems such as the evaluation of the spatial variability of soil erosion and sediment delivery within a catchment. Therefore, the objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to calibrate and assess the performance of a spatially distributed WATEM/SEDEM model in predicting absolute sediment yield and specific sediment yield from 12 catchments in Tigray (Ethiopia) by using two different sediment transport capacity equations (original and modified) and (ii) to assess the performance of WATEM/SEDEM for the identification of critical sediment source areas needed for targeting catchment management. The performance of the two model versions for sediment yield was found promising for the 12 catchments. For both versions, model performance for the nine catchments with limited gully erosion was clearly better than the performance obtained when including the three catchments with significant gully erosion. Moreover, there is no significant difference (alpha 5 per cent) between the performances of the two model versions. Cultivated lands were found to be on average five times more prone to erosion than bush–shrub lands. The predicted soil loss values in most parts of Gindae catchment are generally high as compared with the soil formation rates. This emphasises the importance of implementing appropriate soil and water conservation measures in critical sediment source areas prioritising the steepest part of the catchment (i.e. areas with slope >50 per cent). The applicability of the WATEM/SEDEM model to environments where gully erosion is important requires the incorporation of permanent gully and bank gully erosion in the model structure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
8.
Grazing by large ungulates has been chosen as a management tool in scrub-dominated dune reserves at the Belgian coast. Due to morphological and physiological differences between cattle and ponies, differences in foraging behaviour and habitat use are expected, and these may result in a different impact on the spatially heterogeneous and nutrient-limited ecosystem. Grazing behaviour and habitat use of Shetland ponies and Highland cattle, grazing together in a coastal dune area (60 ha) were investigated at various levels of the foraging hierarchy (habitat, vegetation type, sward height and diet). Habitat use overlap was high in all seasons; both cattle and pony spent most of their grazing time in the grass-dominated habitat. However, Shetland ponies concentrated their grazing activity more on the grass-dominated habitat than did cattle. Cattle spent a greater proportion of their grazing activity in woodland and scrub, compared to the ponies. Foraging activity in woodland and scrub is strongly influenced by season. Within the grass-dominated habitat both species preferred foraging in the grasslands and avoided open vegetation and moss dunes. Within the grasslands, cattle grazed less on the short swards than did ponies. Both cattle and ponies predominantly foraged on graminoids, though there are minor differences between both species and among seasons. Browsing of woody plants occurred only by cattle. Where grazing management has been implemented to maintain dune grasslands and to avoid further invasion by scrub, a combination of cattle and ponies appears to be adequate. Ponies are suitable for maintaining grasslands, but they have no impact on invading scrub. Cattle have an impact on scrub development, both by direct consumption of various shrub species and by opening initially closed scrub. 相似文献
9.
The Mediterranean region has been regarded as a critical hotspot for desertification due to the impact of soil degradation, the land‐use changes and the climate variations. Few large‐scale studies have been devoted to analyse trends in land sensitivity to desertification in the northern Mediterranean basin. The present paper contributes to this deserving issue by quantifying the level of land sensitivity to desertification in Italy at seven points between 1960 and 2010 at a fine spatial scale. The approach used followed the Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme that assesses changes in four key themes (climate, soil, vegetation and land management) related to land degradation processes. Italian land was classified into four levels of sensitivity to desertification (non‐affected, potentially affected, fragile and critical) according to the Environmentally Sensitive Area framework. Interestingly, although land surface area classified as ‘fragile’ and ‘critical’ grew homogeneously in Italy between 1960 and 1990, the increase observed in the most recent time period was spatially clustered and contributed to reverse the polarisation in ‘structurally vulnerable’ and ‘non‐affected’ regions observed in Italy. The paper discussed these trends in the light of socioeconomic changes that occurred in Italy after World War II. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
Climate change meets habitat fragmentation: linking landscape and biogeographical scale levels in research and conservation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Climate change and habitat fragmentation are considered key pressures on biodiversity. In this paper we explore the potential synergetic effects between these factors. We argue that processes at two levels of spatial scale interact: the metapopulation level and the species range level. Current concepts of spatially dynamic metapopulations and species ranges are consistent, and integration improves our understanding of the interaction of landscape level and geographical range level processes. In landscape zones in which the degree of habitat fragmentation allows persistence, the shifting of ranges is inhibited, but not blocked. In areas where the spatial cohesion of the habitat is below the critical level of metapopulation persistence, the expansion of ranges will be blocked. An increased frequency of large-scale disturbances caused by extreme weather events will cause increasing gaps and an overall contraction of the distribution range, particularly in areas with relatively low levels of spatial cohesion. Taking into account the effects of climate change on metapopulations, habitat distribution and land use changes, future biodiversity research and conservation strategies are facing the challenge to re-orient their focus and scope by integrating spatially and conceptually more dynamic aspects at the landscape level. 相似文献
11.
New directions for research identified during the final plenary discussion of the Sixth Symposium on the Biology of Terrestrial Isopods included: locating enzymes buffering pleon fluids during excretion of ammonia and the use of isopods in ecotoxicology including how they adapt to or tolerate high contaminant levels; how they interact with free living and endosymbiotic microbiota and how Wolbacchia avoids the immune response of isopods. New analyses of mating behaviour raised questions concerning mate choice while new microsatellite techniques may help resolve issues of multiple paternity and sperm competition. In relation to their ecology and biogeography new questions included how does the ability to learn the location of high quality food patches in spatially heterogeneous environments and the existence of an Allee effect, influence the population biology of isopods in the field and how do patterns of invasion and colonisation vary between species with different motility and life history strategies? 相似文献
12.
Fernández-García E Rincón F Pérez-Gálvez A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(21):10384-10390
Food emulsion designs, with the aim of delivering lipophilic bioactive compounds, should include an estimate of their bioaccessibility to support the claimed effect. With this goal in mind, in vitro digestion models and experimental design of mixtures were used as analytical tools to measure this parameter and to optimize the formulation of an O/W emulsion, including carotenoids as functional ingredients. Two experimental stages were applied. First, a screening phase was completed to detect the critical factors that exerted a significant effect on the response (bioaccessibility). During this phase, we observed that the response was modified mainly by secondary effects such as synergies and antagonisms of the emulsifying mixture. A group of four emulsifiers was selected at this phase to perform the second experimental stage, the optimization phase. This allowed us to obtain the mixture that produced the maximum carotenoid bioaccessibility. This formulation had emulsifying properties of the liposugars, acyl- and polyacyl-glycerides, as well as the synergistic effect arising from the combination of materials; this maximized the response. The analytical approach applied in this work is of interest for food designers for screening and controlling the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds in a given matrix and, consequently, selecting the formulation conditions for higher bioaccessibilities. 相似文献
13.
Stanislav Kuzel Václav Nýdl Ladislav Kolár Richard Tichý 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1994,78(1-2):51-59
Distribution of cadmium, pH KCl , and organic carbon content in the soil over a 29-ha field was evaluated. Cadmium concentrations were found mostly within the interval 0.17–1.27 ppm, with increasing trend towards one edge of the field. Cadmium concentrations were correlated with pH and organic carbon content. A one-hectare section of the original area was selected to analyze spatial variability of cadmium, pH and organic carbon content using geostatistical techniques. Cadmium concentrations were found to be spatially dependent and anisotropic, whereas pH levels did not reveal space dependence. Similar spatial behaviour of cadmium and organic carbon was observed. Linear correlation analysis at the one-hectare section revealed strong correlation between organic carbon and Cd, whereas no coincidence between Cd and pH was found. Extensive application of a cadmium-contaminated sludge in the past is suggested as a possible cause of this phenomenon. 相似文献
14.
The role of saiga poaching in rural communities: Linkages between attitudes, socio-economic circumstances and behaviour 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Effective conservation of exploited species requires an understanding of the motivations experienced by resource users. When use is illegal, it can be particularly difficult to distinguish users from non-users. The attitudes of local people are critical to conservation success, because they interact with social circumstances to determine behaviour. In this study we explore the factors influencing inferred poaching behaviour of the Critically Endangered saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) in six communities in three countries of the former Soviet Union. We show that local people have a good understanding of the species’ status and positive attitudes towards its conservation, regardless of their household’s inferred poaching status. Poaching is a low prestige occupation, and our analyses suggest that it is carried out by poor, unemployed households who have the means to hunt. These results are consistent for all villages. However we find important regional differences in hunting behaviour, linked to saiga population density and migration patterns, which have implications for the likely effectiveness of different conservation strategies. Community-based interventions are more likely to be appropriate in Russia, where saigas are present year-round and hunting is more subsistence based, than in the strongly seasonal Kazakhstan populations where economies of scale require organised poaching by fewer households. This case study illustrates the complex linkages between attitudes, social circumstances and behaviour in resource user behaviour, and highlights both the consistencies and differences in drivers of poaching between locations at a range of spatial scales. 相似文献
15.
R. I. Smith C. W. Anderson I. Castro Rivadeneyra 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(3):1491-1496
Ozone critical levels in Europe are defined in terms of an accumulated exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb, AOT40. For agricultural crops, for example, the critical level is an AOT40 of 5300 ppb.h during daylight in May to July in the year with the highest cumulative exposure in the last five years. In a region of the size of the UK, however, the worst case year is not the same over the whole region and maps become difficult to interpret. Prediction of crop losses on the basis of a single year out of five also wastes potentially valuable information. An alternative approach estimates the distribution of aggregate exceedances over a threshold by means of a compound Poisson model for episodes of raised ozone concentration with linear modelling techniques used to allow direct incorporation of covariate information. The use of spatial and environmental covariates, along with temporal and spatially correlated random effects, is explored using data from the UK ozone monitoring network. The model produces results similar to those from other mapping methods. By combining this model with a crop loss relationship, crop losses of 5–15% for the UK are predicted but the errors range between 2% and 6% indicating that fine detail in crop loss mapping is unlikely to be very accurate. 相似文献
16.
Soil is a very complex material. It consists of three interacting phases, namely solid, liquid and gas phase, which participate in a number of different processes controlling physical soil behaviour. These include water, solute and heat flow, mechanical stress–strain displacement and failure under shear and tensile forces. Often physical soil behaviour is investigated by treating either process in isolation rather than accounting for their interdependency. This is probably related to the multiplicity and complexity of interactions that need to be combined to fully represent the physical response of soils to variable environmental conditions. This paper describes a computer model that can analyze hydraulic and mechanical processes interactively. However, the computer model by itself is not sufficient, as the accuracy of modelling depends on the sampling, testing and verification of the soils analyzed in the soil problem. Some applications of modelling soil physical behaviour in soil science are presented. 相似文献
17.
In this paper we assess the utility of mapping regolith properties as continuously varying fields using environmental correlation over large spatial areas. The assessment is based on a comparison of results from spatially global and local analysis methods.
The two methods used are a feed-forward, back propagation neural network, applied globally, and moving window regression, applied locally. These methods are applied to five regolith properties from a field site at Weipa, Queensland, Australia. The properties considered are the proportions of oxides of aluminum, iron, silica and titanium present in samples, as well as depth to the base of the bauxite layer. These are inferred using a set of surface measurable features, consisting of Landsat data, geomorphometric indices, and distances from streams and swamps.
The moving window regression results show a much stronger relationship than do those from the spatially global neural networks. The implication is that the scale of the analysis required for environmental correlation is of the order of hundreds of metres, and that spatially global analyses may incur an automatic reduction in accuracy by not modelling geographically local relationships. In this case, this effect is up to 45% error at a tolerance near half of a standard deviation. 相似文献
18.
A.‐L. Lozano F. Cherblanc B. Cousin J.‐C. Bénet 《European Journal of Soil Science》2008,59(5):939-949
When dealing with porous media, the liquid‐gas phase‐change is generally considered instantaneous, while a retardation time is observed in the case of hygroscopic soils. So far, little research has been done to characterize the non‐equilibrium behaviour of water phase change. Therefore, we propose a macroscopic model of the liquid‐gas phase‐change rate in porous media, based on the difference of chemical potentials between the liquid and its vapour, which is taken as the driving force. It introduces a phenomenological coefficient that must be determined experimentally. An original experiment able to create a macroscopic non‐equilibrium between the liquid and its vapour is described. Analysing the return to equilibrium leads to the determination of the phenomenological phase‐change coefficient. Depending on the range of partial vapour pressure, two different behaviours are observed: a linear domain close to equilibrium and a non‐linear one far from equilibrium. The results emphasize the relation between water retention properties in hygroscopic porous media and these phase‐change characteristics. 相似文献
19.
Critical habitat designation under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA) is not working as Congress intended. Issues include the use of science during designation, the costly and litigious delays in designation that have led to repeated lawsuits, and the potential overlap with other ESA protections. In this paper, we address a neglected aspect of critical habitat designation: how the biologically-based designation criteria of the US Fish and Wildlife Service are used during the designation process. We primarily examine whether taxon (within terrestrial animals) or legal status (whether critical habitat was designated after a court challenge) affect the use of the criteria. Court-ordered cases used more criteria than non-court-ordered cases. There were also differences in use of criteria with respect to taxon and region, and a weak relationship with the year of designation. Criteria that focused on discrete elements, such as nest sites or locations where required food species occurred, were used more often than criteria that addressed broader ecological needs such as space for normal behaviour or representation of historic range conditions. Revising the critical habitat designation criteria and enforcing their consistent use during designation would be helpful for conservation of imperiled species in the United States. 相似文献
20.
石羊河流域中下游地区—武威市凉州区和民勤县是水资源严重短缺和生态危机最为严重的地区之一,实施退耕保育工程是恢复该地区生态环境的重要举措。然而,该地区耕地分散度高、地块数量大,给退耕保育的管理工作带来巨大的困难,亟需开发高效快捷的生态信息管理系统。该研究以实地测量数据为基本数据库、资源二号卫星影像资料为辅助校正,采用ArcGIS二次开发技术,通过MO2.4组件和VB6.0语言相结合,建立该地区退耕保育生态信息统计查询系统。该系统通过加载全部2 190个地块的属性,实现对不同空间尺度、不同行政单元和不同年份退耕保育面积及属性进行实时、快捷查询和有效管理。该系统的建立为今后该地区高效动态实时管理提供了快捷、便利的生态信息平台和技术支持。 相似文献